Starbirth in galaxy collisions

When galaxies collide, stars are born. But many such close encounters also result in the formation of clusters with many of the characteristics of ancient globular clusters. Richard de Grijs argues the case that this process represents continuing formation of globular clusters in a hierarchical scheme of galaxy formation.     

全波场地震勘探技术

全波场地震勘探是近年来出现的一个全新的勘探理念,它包括全波场采集和全波场处理等各方面.本文首先描述了全波场地震勘探的特点,然后从观测系统设计、对采集设备要求及布置方式、矢量滤波、各向异性速度分析以及各向异性成像等方面介绍了其与常规3D地震勘探的差异,说明了全波场勘探可以从根本上解决有关储层物性和流体性质方面的信息问题,将引起地震勘探技术的革命.     

Magnetic fields in galaxy halos and their importance

Abstract

The observational facts about magnetic fields in galactic halos are reviewed. The existence, origin and significance of poloidal field components are described. Observational evidence that magnetic fields channel winds from active galactic centres is discussed. Field strengths adduced from the radio polarizations of edge-on galaxies are given. Priorities for future research are suggested.     

转换层位置对拱式转换层结构抗震性能的影响

拱式转换层结构是一种新型转换层结构形式,通过算例分析比较,对高位拱式转换层结构的抗震性能和受力特点等进行了研究。结果表明,当转换层位置逐渐上移时,结构周期及振型仅有一些量的变化,而没有质的变化;随着转换层位置的提高,转换层本身的层间位移角变化较小,表明其转换层本身的整体性很强,转换层下部楼层的层间位移角增大,因此结构设计时,转换层不宜设置过高。     

层间隔震技术评述

层间隔震结构是隔震技术的新发展,它将隔震层设置在建筑物某层柱子和楼板之间进行结构的地震反应控制。层间隔震结构在减震机理、振动特性以及设计方法等诸多方面有别于基础隔震结构和屋盖隔震结构。本文对层间隔震结构的适用范围、优点以及其在实际工程中的应用情况进行了综述,最后,指出了层问隔震结构需要进一步研究的问题。现有的研究成果和工程应用情况表明,层间隔震结构具有明确的减震效果,施工方便,是一种具有发展前途的减震体系。     

The Gravity Module Assembly used in airborne full tensor gradiometry surveys

In airborne gravity gradiometry, the Gravity Module Assembly is an optional gravimeter unit that is mounted on the same stabilized platform as the Full Tensor Gradiometer. Direct measurements of the gravity field are needed from this device to constrain the long wavelengths when gradient data are integrated mathematically to form high-resolution gravity fields. The Gravity Module Assembly is, however, capable of providing independent gravity data with a specification approaching that expected from a dedicated airborne gravity system. Presented here is an error analysis of data from this instrument collected alongside the Full Tensor Gradiometer during an airborne survey. By having both gradiometry and gravity datasets, comparisons of the information content in these two types of measurement are made.     

核辐射测井全能谱分析方法综述

多元素能谱测井通过全能谱分析方法求取单个地层元素的产额,进而求取元素重量百分含量和矿物百分含量,为识别复杂油气藏岩石类型和矿物类型、建立复杂油气藏新的测井解释模型及应用正确评价方法开辟了新的途径,为地质问题和工程问题的解决提供了新的手段,全能谱分析方法研究是当前国内核辐射测井研究热点之一.本文表分析多元素能谱测井的重要...     

The pre-glacial evolution of Wales

The classical explanation of the development of the Welsh landscape by the effects of a pulsed ‘eustatic’ uplift during the Cenozoic times is challenged by new data on the geology and geomorphology of Wales and the adjacent regions. The post-Caledonian surface developed over most of Wales in the upper Westphalian plays a major role in landform development. Since its emergence before mid-Cretaceous times, the Welsh Massif has suffered a long subaerial evolution which favoured a powerful chemical weathering. In Anglesey and St. David's Land, residual hills were formed by a process of differential weathering, and downwearing in saprolites. The Millstone Grit quartzites have been deeply weathered and dolines or flat-bottomed basins have been developed. From Cretaceous to Miocene times, a morphotectonic equilibrium has existed between uplift and denudation, so that, in the major part of Wales, the original planation surface was constantly maintained by lowering on itself and in some places it is possible to prove that no more than a few dozen metres of rock thickness disappeared during that period. Several main escarpments were produced by the warping of the planation surface along sharp flexures, during Neogene times. The Cenozoic vertical movements were controlled by the Caledonian or pre-Caledonian tectonic pattern which has divided the continental crust into major structural units. Welsh tectonic development is related to the opening of the North Atlantic, associated stresses reactivating ancient lines of weakness in the heterogeneous lower crust or upper mantle.     

The legacy of initial conditions in landscape evolution

Landscapes subject to constant forcing tend to evolve toward equilibrium states in which individual landforms have similar characteristics. Yet, even in landscapes at or near equilibrium, there can be significant variability among individual landforms. Furthermore, sites subject to similar processes and conditions can have different mean landform characteristics. This variability is often ascribed to on‐going transient evolution, or to heterogeneity in processes, material properties, forcing, or boundary conditions. Three surprising outcomes of landform evolution models suggest, however, that such variability could arise in equilibrium landscapes without any heterogeneity in the physical processes shaping the topography. First, homogeneous systems subjected to constant forcing can generate a heterogeneous distribution of equilibrium landforms. Second, even simple non‐linear systems can have multiple stable equilibrium states. Third, evolving landscapes can exhibit path dependence and hysteresis. We show how these three mechanisms can produce variability in landforms that arises from the characteristics of the initial topographic surface rather than from heterogeneity in geomorphic processes. Numerical experiments on the formation of low‐order fluvial valleys and transportational cyclic steps in erodible streambeds illustrate why it is important to consider the influence of initial conditions when comparing models with natural topography, estimating the uncertainty of model predictions, and studying how landscapes respond to disturbances. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国地震工程地质学之发展

综述了中国地震工程地质学（亦称为地震岩土工程学）在过去５０年中的发展,历史地震年表、中国地震目录、中国地震区划图和新中国地震烈有等是本学科发展初期的里程碑。在进一步的发展中,逐步形成了两个学科分支：区域地震危险性评定（ＳＨＡ）和场地抗震性能评价。１９６６～１９７６年的一系列强烈地震发生后,ＳＨＡ和地震小区划的方法有了迅速改进,更深刻地认识了局部地条件对地震中强地震动和场地失效的影响。若干“地硅工程     

Lunchtime lecture season in full swing

A series of public lectures at Burlington House on topics of broad interest has got off to a good start – and there's more to come this year, so tell your friends!     

绝对重力仪研究的最新进展

经典绝对重力仪和原子干涉绝对重力仪是目前国际上研制用来直接测量重力加速度值的主要精密计量仪器．经典绝对重力仪测量的相对不确定度可达到2×10(-9);原子干涉绝对重力仪一分钟测量的相对不确定度可达到3×10(-9),两天测量的相对不确定度可达到1×10(-10)．本文分别介绍了经典绝对重力仪和原子干涉绝对重力仪的测量原理及方法,重点介绍了国际上新出现的凸轮式绝对重力仪．还简单介绍了中国计量科学研究院在这一方面研究的最新进展．     

GAMA: towards a physical understanding of galaxy formation

Simon P Driver, Peder Norberg, Ivan K Baldry, Steven P Bamford, Andrew M Hopkins, Jochen Liske, Jon Loveday, John A Peacock and the GAMA Survey Team (Galaxy and Mass Assembly) review progress on the latest large galaxy redshift survey now underway on the 3.9 m Anglo-Australian Telescope.     

The evolution of bubble size distributions in volcanic eruptions

We review observations of bubble size distributions (BSDs) generated during explosive volcanic eruptions and laboratory explosions, as inferred from vesicle size distributions found in the end products. Unimodal, polymodal, exponential and power law BSDs are common, even in the absence of coalescence, and both power law and exponential distributions have been generated in the same eruption. To date theoretical models have proposed incompatible mechanisms for producing the various distributions. We here present a unifying mechanism. Data from our laboratory analogue experiments suggest that power law distributions are associated with highly non-equilibrium degassing. A numerical model is developed in which bubbles nucleate repeatedly and grow in the spaces between those of previous generations, where, in a non-equilibrium degassing scenario, the volatile concentration remains high. This process causes the BSD to evolve from unimodal, through exponential, into a power law. The exponent of the power law is a measure of the number of nucleation events, or the duration of the nucleation period compared with the timescale of bubble growth. The mathematical inevitability of the evolution from unimodal (Poissonian) to power law is discussed. The findings may resolve the apparent contradiction between the equilibrium degassing conduit flow models and the non-equilibrium degassing conditions derived from bubble growth models of explosive volcanic eruptions. The process of ongoing nucleation is the mechanism whereby the volcanic system maintains near-equilibrium in the case of rapid depressurisation and slow volatile diffusion.     

The natural combination of full and image‐based waveform inversion

Integrating migration velocity analysis and full waveform inversion can help reduce the high non‐linearity of the classic full waveform inversion objective function. The combination of inverting for the long and short wavelength components of the velocity model using a dual objective function that is sensitive to both components is still very expensive and have produced mixed results. We develop an approach that includes both components integrated to complement each other. We specifically utilize the image to generate reflections in our synthetic data only when the velocity model is not capable of producing such reflections. As a result, we get the migration velocity analysis working when we need it, and we mitigate its influence when the velocity model produces accurate reflections (possibly first for the low frequencies). This is achieved using a novel objective function that includes both objectives. Applications to a layered model and the Marmousi model demonstrate the main features of the approach.     

太湖的泥沙与演变

历史时期,太湖是不断扩展的,其平均扩展速率为0.37km~2/a。据沙量平衡分析与计算表明。因湖岸崩塌和太湖水系的输沙作用,近期太湖的泥沙淤积量为9.28×10~5t/a.泥沙数量虽然不大,但经过长期的积累,对太湖演变具有深刻影响。就自然演变趋势而言,近期太湖面积仍以0.168km~2/a的速率扩大,容积则以3.95×10~5m~3/a的速率减小,太湖正进一步向浅平方向演变。然而,因围湖造田,建国以来,太湖的面积则以4.58km~2/a的速率在减小。     

骆马湖的成因与演变

骆马湖位于江苏北部,其湖盆是由郯庐大断裂带活动而形成的断裂凹陷.地质时期曾因古水文网的变化而成湖。历史时期因黄河南移夺泗、淮后,黄、沂诸水屡屡漫溢,到明代终于集水潴积于湖盆而成一较大之湖泊.后因黄河泥沙严重淤积及围垦之兴起,到民国时前后三百余年终于淤积面消亡成陆.1958年随治淮工程开展,经筑堤闸,拦蓄沂、运之水又复新生。