中国江河水沙变化趋势与主要影响因素

通过选定中国主要河流的代表水文站,分析了中国主要河流代表站总径流量和总输沙量的变化趋势。结果表明,全国主要河流代表站总径流量随时间没有明显的趋势性增加或减小,多年平均径流量为14090亿m3;年总输沙量在1960年前变化不大,1960年后逐渐减小,从20世纪50年代的26.43亿t减小至2001～2008年间的5.95亿t;平均含沙量则从50年代的1.74kg/m3减至2001～2008年间的0.46kg/m3。中国南方主要河流和主要内陆河流的代表站径流量没有明显的增加或减少趋势,北方河流代表站径流量除淮河、松花江外,具有明显的减少趋势;中国各主要河流代表站年输沙量除塔里木河外,都有不同程度的减少,其中北方河流的减小幅度较大。影响中国主要河流水沙变化的主要因素分为自然和人类活动因素,其中自然因素包括流域降雨量变化和流域下垫面条件;人类活动因素包括水土保持措施、水库工程、流域调水调沙及引水引沙、河道采砂等。     

近50年延河流域水沙变化特征及其原因分析

利用Mann-Kendall秩相关分析确定了1961~2008年近50年延河流域水沙变化趋势,结果表明,降水量、径流量和输沙量都有显著的减少趋势。进一步分析表明延河流域的径流量和输沙量在1974年和1997年均发生了突变。以1961~1973年为无人类活动影响的基准年,比对1974~1996年和1997~2008年径流量和输沙量,年均径流量分别减少0.17×108m3和0.86×108m3,年均输沙量减少0.17×108t和0.41×108t。双累积曲线分析表明,延河流域径流量和输沙量的变化主要受人类活动的影响。     

1956—2018年中国江河径流演变及其变化特征

地表水资源是维系区域生态平衡和促进经济社会发展的制约性要素,河川径流是地表水资源的主要形式,二者的丰枯变化均直接影响流域水资源管理。基于江河实测径流量资料和水资源公报资料,初步分析了1956—2018年中国主要江河实测径流量和中国十大水资源区地表水资源的变化和演变特征。结果表明:① 除长江大通站外,中国主要江河代表性水文站实测年径流量均呈现下降趋势。② 黄河上游唐乃亥站实测年径流量为非显著性减少趋势,黄河花园口站实测径流量呈现显著性减少趋势;1980—2000年和2001—2018年唐乃亥站实测径流量较基准期1956—1979年分别变化1.8%和-5.9%,而同时期花园口站实测径流量分别减少26.7%和41.0%。③ 地理分布上,黄河是中国南北地区径流变化的分水岭,黄河以南地区江河径流量为非显著性变化,黄河以北江河径流量为显著性减少趋势,特别是海河流域,实测径流量减少最为显著;21世纪以来,黄河以北河流实测径流量较1980年之前减少幅度超过25%,海河减幅高达80%以上。④ 1956—2018年全国地表水资源量约为27 266亿m³,较第二次全国水资源评价结果偏少122亿m³。21世纪以来,海河、黄河、辽河地表水资源明显减少,进一步加重了区域水资源供需矛盾。     

1956-2018年中国江河径流演变及其变化特征

地表水资源是维系区域生态平衡和促进经济社会发展的制约性要素,河川径流是地表水资源的主要形式,二者的丰枯变化均直接影响流域水资源管理。基于江河实测径流量资料和水资源公报资料,初步分析了1956—2018年中国主要江河实测径流量和中国十大水资源区地表水资源的变化和演变特征。结果表明:①除长江大通站外,中国主要江河代表性水文站实测年径流量均呈现下降趋势。②黄河上游唐乃亥站实测年径流量为非显著性减少趋势,黄河花园口站实测径流量呈现显著性减少趋势;1980—2000年和2001—2018年唐乃亥站实测径流量较基准期1956—1979年分别变化1.8%和-5.9%,而同时期花园口站实测径流量分别减少26.7%和41.0%。③地理分布上,黄河是中国南北地区径流变化的分水岭,黄河以南地区江河径流量为非显著性变化,黄河以北江河径流量为显著性减少趋势,特别是海河流域,实测径流量减少最为显著;21世纪以来,黄河以北河流实测径流量较1980年之前减少幅度超过25%,海河减幅高达80%以上。④1956—2018年全国地表水资源量约为27266亿m 3,较第二次全国水资源评价结果偏少122亿m 3。21世纪以来,海河、黄河、辽河地表水资源明显减少,进一步加重了区域水资源供需矛盾。     

近60年长江中游宜昌站水沙变化与驱动因素分析

根据长江中游宜昌站1952～2015年长时间序列径流泥沙资料,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、小波分析法和均值差异T检验等方法,揭示宜昌站径流泥沙的演变规律及其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)径流量无显著下降趋势,而输沙量下降趋势明显;(2)径流量在2005年发生突变,输沙量在2002年发生突变;(3)通过小波分析发现年径流量和年输沙量存在以20～24a为主周期的变化规律;(4)年径流量可分为1952～1955,1961～1968,1979～2001年3个多水期和1956～1960,1969～1978,2002～2015年3个少水期,输沙量可分为1952～1993,1998～2002年2个多沙期和1994～1997,2003～2015年2个少沙期;(5)年输沙量显著减少主要为水库拦沙、河道采砂和水土保持工程等人类活动所致。     

黄河源唐乃亥水文站水沙序列重建与变化规律研究

选用泽库气象站(1959~2011年)的降水量、唐乃亥水文站(1956~2011年)的年径流量、年输沙量分别与相邻位置的δ18O测定序列构造相关关系,建立以10a为滑动期的降水量变化曲线、以5a和10a为滑动期的年径流量/年输沙量变化曲线(公元192~2003年),研究千年尺度的降水量和水沙变化规律。结果表明:除了以5a为滑动期的唐乃亥年输沙量率定方程外,其它拟合方程的R2均大于0.6,相关性较高。黄河源的年径流量总体呈减小的趋势,但年输沙量变化趋势大致相同,其变化主要与降水量有关。以唐乃亥水文站为代表,1800a尺度上黄河源的年径流量/年输沙量的趋势变化可分为9个阶段,且5次呈增大趋势,4次呈减少趋势,表明水沙序列的长期变化呈多阶段性特征。     

南方多沙河流水沙演变特征及水库的影响分析

以我国南方一多沙河流控制性水文站1959~2010年共52年的实测水沙资料为基础,运用Mann-Kendall法、变差系数、类比法和灰色系统理论等分析了该河的水沙演变特征及其梯级开发的影响。结果表明:①该河的水沙演变特征具有明显的年代际差异;在梯级开发前水沙均呈上升趋势,在梯级开发建库后呈下降趋势;输沙量的变化较径流量的变化显著。②水沙变化呈正相关关系;梯级开发后径流量和输沙量都明显小于梯级开发前;在1986年和2008年水沙关系有较明显的变化。③梯级开发会使径流量和输沙量减少;梯级开发是该河2008年水沙关系发生变化和输沙量明显减小的主要原因。     

赣江中下游近60年水沙时空分布特征

基于赣江中下游4个代表水文站(吉安站、峡江站、樟树站、外洲站)60多年的水沙时间序列资料,分析了赣江中下游水沙时空分布特征,探讨了水库滞沙、人为采砂、水土保持等人类活动对径流、输沙特性的影响。结果表明:年径流量整体上呈微弱增加趋势,受万安水库运行的影响,1990年以后汛期径流量集中程度微弱降低;各站年输沙量在20世纪50~80年代没有明显变化趋势,进入90年代以后整体上呈逐渐降低趋势,1990年汛期输沙量降幅最为明显,各测站下降幅度大小与水文测站距水库的远近有关;降雨量是影响年径流量的主要因素,水土保持和水库滞沙是年输沙量急剧下降的主要因素,而万安水库的蓄水拦沙作用和人为采砂是影响近期水沙条件的主要因素。     

柴河流域水沙特征分析

柴河流域降雨和径流主要集中在6～9月,均呈单峰型,峰值出现在7月,降雨和径流形成良好的对应关系,输沙量较降雨量和径流量年内分配波动性更大。在降雨量和径流量没有明显变化的情况下,由于生态环境受到一定的破坏,输沙量呈现上升趋势。     

黄河泥沙百年演变特征与近期波动变化成因解析

黄河泥沙未来变化趋势关系到新时期治黄策略制定，科学认知入黄沙量变化特征，特别是一些典型或极端情况下的沙量变化原因，对于科学研判黄河泥沙未来情势具有重要指导意义。本文在分析百年黄河沙量演变特征基础上，重点解析了2013年和2018年典型"大沙"年份以及2017年典型"极端降雨"年份潼关沙量波动变化原因。结果表明：1919—2018年百年尺度上黄河潼关站输沙量呈"台阶式"减少特征且减少趋势极显著（P<0.001），尤其2000年以后年均输沙量降至2.44亿t左右；随着黄土高原下垫面土壤侵蚀环境大幅改善，黄河上游相似来水年头道拐—潼关区间流域输沙量减少82%，相似极端降雨情景下流域次洪输沙量平均减少50%~85%，2017极端降雨年并未导致大沙年出现，水土保持生态建设成果在减少入黄泥沙方面发挥了关键作用；2013年和2018年典型"大沙"年潼关站泥沙来源解析表明，河道淤积泥沙冲刷和水库排沙成为新时期黄河潼关站沙量波动变化的主要影响因素。     

Influence of the Three Gorges Project on saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze River Estuary

The Three Gorges Project (TGP) is a transcentury project that has aroused world attention. It is expected that the flow velocity and runoff of the Yangtze River will be changed after the project has been accomplished. Consequently, however, the ecological environment in the Yangtze River Basin, particularly in the estuary region, will be affected. Salinity intrusion into the Yangtze River estuary, in general, is mostly affected by the Yangtze River discharge and its external tidal level. This paper focuses on examining the influence of changes in runoff on salinity value. The question, to which should be paid attention is: how is the interaction between changes in runoff of the Yangtze River and salinity distribution in the Yangtze River estuary, China? In this research, a three-dimensional model has been used to identify the effects of runoff change on salinity distribution. The drawn conclusion is that the change of salinity is influenced by discharge variation. Positive and negative impacts of TGP would both turn up but in different period. In sum, TGP is in favor of restraining saltwater intrusion. Nevertheless a suitable method should be found to resolve its negative influences.     

The comprehensive evaluation on resource environmental bearing capacity of central cities in the Yellow River Delta-A case study on Dongying City

Dongying City, which is the most important central city in the Yellow River Delta, is located in the estuary of the Yellow River. With a short land formation time, ecological environment is very weak in this area. To realize the sustainable economic development of the Yellow River Delta, resource environment and resource environmental bearing capacity (REBC) must be improved. This study builds assessment system of regional REBC through resource and economic characteristics in Yellow River Delta and uses principal component analysis (PCA) method to evaluate REBC of five counties and districts in Dongying City in 2011-2015 on the dimensions of time and space. Results show that, on the time dimension, Guangrao County is ranked first, Dongying district second for four years and Hekou and Kenli districts with lower ranks in 2012-2015, indicating that more attention needs to be paid to REBC of Hekou and Dongying districts and these two districts should be included into key monitoring areas. From space scale, REBC in five counties and districts has been gradually improving. In order to further develop REBC in Dongying City, measures such as intensifying protection of urban ecological environment and developing circular economy, etc. should be implemented.     

Evolution of the freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River under the influence of climate change and its hydrological effects

As an important water source and ecological barrier in the Yellow River Basin, the source region of the Yellow River (above the Huangheyan Hydrologic Station) presents a remarkable permafrost degradation trend due to climate change. Therefore, scientific understanding the effects of permafrost degradation on runoff variations is of great significance for the water resource and ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin. In this paper, we studied the mechanism and extent of the effect of degrading permafrost on surface flow in the source region of the Yellow River based on the monitoring data of temperature and moisture content of permafrost in 2013–2019 and the runoff data in 1960–2019. The following results have been found. From 2013 to 2019, the geotemperature of the monitoring sections at depths of 0–2.4 m increased by 0.16°C/a on average. With an increase in the thawing depth of the permafrost, the underground water storage space also increased, and the depth of water level above the frozen layer at the monitoring points decreased from above 1.2 m to 1.2–2 m. 64.7% of the average multiyear groundwater was recharged by runoff, in which meltwater from the permafrost accounted for 10.3%. Compared to 1960-1965, the runoff depth in the surface thawing period (from May to October) and the freezing period (from November to April) decreased by 1.5 mm and 1.2 mm, respectively during 1992–1997, accounting for 4.2% and 3.4% of the average annual runoff depth, respectively. Most specifically, the decrease in the runoff depth was primarily reflected in the decreased runoff from August to December. The permafrost degradation affects the runoff within a year by changing the runoff generation, concentration characteristics and the melt water quantity from permafrost, decreasing the runoff at the later stage of the permafrost thawing. However, the permafrost degradation has limited impacts on annual runoff and does not dominate the runoff changes in the source region of the Yellow River in the longterm.     

黄河三角洲河口地区经济发展思路探讨

随着国家对黄河三角洲高效生态经济区发展规划的批复,如何加强黄河入海流路管理及其范围内土地开发,既要符合国家对河口治理的综合规划和土地规划,又能促进黄河三角洲高效生态经济快速发展,已成为突出问题。文章对黄河入海河口基本情况及如何管理和对其范围内土地进行合理利用开发提出了建议和意见。     

甘南黄河水源补给区生态补偿方式的选择

甘南黄河水源补给区生态环境日趋恶化,严重影响着黄河流域的生态安全,亟需建立健全生态补偿机制.作为生态补偿的关键环节,补偿方式尤其应该得到关注.在概括介绍国际上生态补偿项目补偿方式的基础上,利用问卷调查资料,分析了甘南黄河水源补给区农牧民对不同补偿方式的偏好、不同补偿方式对生态补偿项目持续性及农牧民生计能力的影响.结果表明:甘南黄河水源补给区的农牧民对现行退牧还草工程的补偿方式不太满意,大部分农牧民希望提供有助于能力建设的补偿方式.基于提高项目可持续性以及农户能力的设计理念,提出现阶段甘南黄河水源补给区生态补偿项目应选择能力补偿与现金/实物补偿相结合的补偿方式.     

黄河流域天然河川径流量演变归因分析

受气候变化和人类活动影响,黄河流域水资源量持续衰减。以往水资源归因分析的研究主要针对气候变化和人类活动对实测径流量衰减的贡献,对天然径流量衰减的原因关注不够,不利于支撑黄河流域水资源高效利用和科学管理。基于黄河二元水循环模型评价不同时期黄河流域天然河川径流量,并采用多因素归因分析方法分析主要影响因素对天然河川径流量衰减的贡献。结果表明,2016年水平年情景相比于1956—1979年水平年情景,花园口断面多年平均天然河川径流量减少114.6亿m³,其中气候变化、下垫面变化和社会经济取用水影响的贡献率分别为24.4%、25.0%和50.6%。从分区来看,兰州以上气候变化是主导因素,兰州以下人类活动是主导因素。为遏制天然河川径流量衰减的趋势,促进黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展,应加强深度节水、刚性控水、适度增水、强化管水和立法护水。     

甘肃黄河流域与疏勒河流域降水径流变化特性对比分析

分析了甘肃黄河流域及内陆河疏勒河流域降水径流的年际变化特性。结果表明,黄河流域降水量与径流量变化一致,总体呈现减少的趋势;内陆河疏勒河流域降水量与径流量的变化趋势不一致,降水量呈总体减少趋势,径流量为总体增加趋势。两流域径流补给来源有差异,黄河流域径流补给来源为降水,疏勒河流域径流主要补给来源除降水外,与气温升高融雪水增大有关。     

Temporal and spatial evolution of the coastal profiles along the Yellow River Delta over last three decades

The subaerial delta of the Yellow River has undergone a notable reshaping process with drastic changes in erosion and accretion patterns both temporally and spatially. These morphological changes not only have significant impact on the long-term evolution of delta but also pose severe threat to the existing infrastructures adjacent to the eroding delta lobe. This paper presents a data-based study of waves, currents, sediments and subaqueous bedforms including the application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to the measured coastal profiles in order to understand qualitative and quantitative processes that are responsible for the observed changes. The results demonstrated that the Yellow River Delta has recently been dominated by recession process due to the reduced sediment supply from the Yellow River in the recent decades. A critical threshold of river sediment discharge was formulated and used to explain the observed morphodynamic processes. It was found that the coast of the Yellow River Delta could be broadly divided into three geomorphic zones: the area near abandoned delta, the estuarine area, and Laizhou Bay. At the nearshore zone of the abandoned delta, waves are the main agent for bed erosion and sediments suspension. The tidal current is effective in transporting suspended sediments and exerts the main control on the depths of the erosion–accretion balance zone on the coastal profiles. The area near the present estuary has seen rapid deposition with the progradation rate being governed by the relative intensity of fluvial and marine processes while the coasts in Laizhou Bay are stable and the particular characteristics of the tidal current field prevent the sediments supplied by the Yellow River from reaching this area.     

Suspended sediment dynamics and morphodynamics in the Yellow River, China

The Yellow River in China carries large amounts of sediments in suspension at concentrations up to several hundreds of kilograms per cubic metre; the sediment is composed mainly of silt. These high sediment concentrations influence the hydrodynamics (flow velocity and turbulence) which, in turn, determine the sediment concentration profile, whereas both the high sediment concentrations and pseudo-cohesive properties of silt determine the morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The effect of sediment on the hydrodynamics is analysed using the Richardson number and the Reynolds number to provide a framework to differentiate between various flow regimes in the Yellow River, which is calibrated and validated with Yellow River data. The flow may be sub-saturated (stable flow), super-saturated (unstable flow characterized by high deposition rates, caused by collapse of turbulence), or hyperconcentrated sub-saturated (stable flow because of hindered settling effects), depending on the Richardson number. Independent of this, the flow may be turbulent, transitional or laminar, depending on the Reynolds number. Analysis of these flow types improves understanding of the flow regimes and morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The morphodynamics of the Yellow River are also affected by pseudo-cohesive behaviour caused by shear dilatance, which results in increasing critical shear stress for erosion at decreasing grain-size. This pseudo-cohesive behaviour may be partly responsible not only for the high deposition rates which characterize the lower Yellow River, but also for mass erosion during river floods.     

南黄海表层沉积物的碎屑矿物、地球化学特征及物源分析

以南黄海中、西部表层沉积物的测试数据为基础,分析了表层沉积物的碎屑矿物组合特征、分布规律和能灵敏指示物源的CaCO₃、TiO₂、Cu、Sr和Ba的含量特征、分布规律,将这些特征分别与黄河和长江沉积物、黄土进行对比,探讨了南黄海中、西部的物质来源。南黄海西北部主要来源于现代黄河物质和山东半岛及邻近海域的侵蚀基岩;苏北黄河三角洲沉积物主要来源于全新世海侵期海水对古黄河沉积物的改造,其次为海水对基岩的侵蚀,现代黄河物质的影响较小;中部表现出多源性,沉积物部分来源于海侵期海水对海底基岩的侵蚀、改造、再沉积,部分来源于长江物质、黑潮物质及古黄河物质,长江物质影响大于古黄河物质;南部主要来源于长江物质。研究结果表明,现代黄河物质影响的范围小于长江物质;古黄河曾于晚更新世在苏北入海。