杭州湾北岸金山咀—龙泉港岸段近岸滩槽冲淤演变分析

以杭州湾北岸金山咀—龙泉港岸段边滩及海床为研究区域,利用1989—2014年实测及海图资料分析岸滩断面地形变化和岸段冲淤变化。结果表明:在该研究时段,岸段存在长期稳定的冲刷深槽;近岸海床的冲淤表现出“波动性”,5 m等深线(2014年)以浅区以淤积为主,5 m等深线以深冲淤更迭,1989年以来总体呈现冲刷态势。长江入海泥沙量变化为该岸段发生侵蚀/淤积的影响因子之一,台风大浪及海床侵蚀/淤积波的移动导致海床冲淤复杂化。     

杭州湾淤泥质海岸岸线变化及其动态模拟

通过对杭州湾北岸南竹港-龙泉岸段实测岸滩断面资料的统计分析,进而对淤泥质海岸岸线变化、影响因素及其动态模拟预报进行探讨。结果表明:因长江来沙减少以及侵蚀/淤积波自东向西移动,导致近10a来该岸段岸滩处于侵蚀状态,其中岸线整体后退;因季节性的波侯作用,岸滩具有冬淤夏冲的特征,岸线则表现为冬涨夏退,因局部工程作用影响的岸线则具有冬退夏涨的特征。此外,基于-3m和-8m等深线构建的径向基函数神经网络模型预报岸线的变化是可行的。     

宁波镇海沿岸岸滩演变分析

基于1959、1979、2010、2013年4个年份的水深资料,采用地理信息技术,研究了1959—2013年间宁波镇海沿岸海域的岸线变化、特征等深线分布变化及剖面变化,并定量计算了水下岸坡的冲淤变化.结果表明,在这54 a间,岸线持续向海推进约3～5 km,0、3、5 m等深线总体上也向海推进,幅度约330～5 600 m;但由于0 m等深线的推进速率小于岸线,因此干出滩面积锐减.相应的,不同时段水下岸坡的淤积速率分别为0. 46、2. 82、14. 14 cm/a,说明该水下岸坡经历了冲淤基本平衡—轻微淤积—较快淤积的调整过程.结合实测水文泥沙资料,探讨了水下岸坡的冲淤原因和动态趋势,得到了杭州湾南岸大规模围垦工程会维持并加快水下岸坡淤积的结论.     

近期杭州湾北岸金山岸段滩势演变机制及趋势分析

基于杭州湾北岸岸线变迁和2013—2016年金山深槽等深线数据,以金山深槽为典型地貌单元分析了杭州湾北岸的滩势演变,认为其近期主要呈现稳定的态势。同时,通过对金山岸段2005—2014年平面冲淤变化数据、等深线变化数据及2006—2017年典型断面变化数据的比对分析,研究了其近期演变特征,认为:杭州湾北岸东侧部分岸段冲刷而进入水体的泥沙实现了水体含沙量的补给,缓解了长江入海泥沙减小对金山岸段的影响。同时,圈围工程对部分岸段边滩有一定的掩护作用,金山岸段边滩在近期及未来一段时间内应能保持淤积或冲淤平衡态势。     

港口工程对粉砂淤泥质岸滩的影响

渤海湾西南岸粉砂淤泥质海岸处于岸滩蚀退状态,利用ECOMSED数值模拟方法,分析了港口工程建设对水动力和海底蚀淤的影响。研究结果表明,近岸海域-2 m等深线以内以侵蚀为主,侵蚀速率一般小于10 cm/a;-2~-6 m等深线以淤积为主,淤积速率一般在10 cm/a以下,局部大于20 cm/a,-6 m等深线侵蚀速率小于10 cm/a。黄骅港导沙堤建设后淤积区整体向海扩展,延伸至约-8 m等深线,面积增加约5.4%;航道最大淤积速率由61.9 cm/a减小为46.8 cm/a;导沙堤堤头受挑流作用冲刷速率达到29.7~30.2 cm/a。     

近50年来杭州湾七姊八妹列岛海域海床演变分析

七姊八妹列岛海域位于杭州湾南部的灰鳖洋内,除了岛礁周围局部存有深沟外,其余地区海床平缓.为了探究该海域海床演变情况,在了解杭州湾来水来沙特征基础上,分析了七姊八妹列岛海域的水动力、悬沙和底质分布特征.不同时期海图的对比分析表明,该海域近岸水深较小,人类活动频繁,围涂筑堤工程较多,一直处于淤积状态,属淤涨型岸滩,而离岸较远的海域,泥沙难于落淤而随潮反复搬运,基本处于冲淤平衡状态.1962～2008年这46 a间,七姊八妹列岛海域总体呈现与岸线走向一致的淤积、冲刷间隔分布的冲淤带.平均淤积厚度约2.2 m,淤积幅度约5.0 cm/a,大多数地方平均冲刷厚度约2.4 m,冲刷幅度约5.0 cm/a.这些特点与当地的水动力条件和泥沙沉积特性相一致.     

1980年以来山东文登张家埠港冲淤演变分析

山东文登张家埠港位于山东半岛南部的靖海湾，属于潮汐汊道-溺谷型海湾，研究其冲淤演变特征，对于认识这类海湾的动力地貌演变以及人类活动对海湾的影响具有一定参考价值。本文基于1980、1997、2009和2021年4年份的海图水深资料，采用GIS技术进行等深线叠加分析和数字化定量冲淤计算，分析1980年以来张家埠港航道地区的等深线变化、平面冲淤变化及固定剖面的地形变化。结果表明：1980-2021年，张家埠港整体处于淤积态势，平均淤积厚度为1.08 m;0 m等深线整体向航道中心淤进，5 m等深线淤积变浅面积减少了67.01%；航道在塘子咀至长会口咀岸段西侧的淤积厚度远大于东侧。自1980年以来，张家埠港两侧养殖池的修建改变了当地的潮流状况，导致航道内由淤积转为侵蚀状态，长会口外的拦门沙被迫下移，张家埠港的地貌发生了深刻变化。     

莱州三山岛—刁龙嘴近岸海域冲淤特征

以2013年莱州三山岛黄金海岸海滩剖面等实测资料为基础,结合海图和遥感影像等历史资料,利用数值模拟、泥沙起动流速计算和沿岸输沙计算等方法对研究区的冲淤特征进行了研究,并在此基础上初步探讨了影响冲淤演变的主要因素。结果表明,2009—2012年期间王河口至黄金海岸东端之间岸线保持平衡,黄金海岸岸线全线后退,处于侵蚀状态,黄金海岸西段至刁龙嘴之间岸段由于养殖池建设部分岸线向海推进;1984—2004年期间研究区整体处于侵蚀状态,等深线呈不同程度后退;2004—2013年期间研究区整体呈侵蚀状态,近岸海域侵蚀量在0.5~1m之间,7m等深线以深海域呈微淤积状态,淤积量0.5m;人类活动是影响研究区近期冲淤变化的根本因素。     

典型无居民海岛(担子岛)岸滩冲淤变化过程研究

通过统计分析、空间分析、三维分析等方法,本文重现了50年担子岛及其周围海域的冲淤变化过程。得出如下结论:(1)近50年来,研究区内淤积面积大于侵蚀面积,但侵蚀强度大于淤积强度;侵蚀区主要分布在担子岛岸滩的-2m以浅区域,侵蚀呈明显的带状分布;冲淤速率呈加剧趋势,冲淤演变呈现明显的周期变化。(2)担子岛岸滩有4条剖面的冲淤形态以"整体侵蚀后退"居多,其他剖面呈"上冲下淤"的形态,剖面冲淤转换不同的剖面水深不同,在-2m以浅的岸滩,冲淤转换一般在-1.2m左右。剖面上下部位冲淤强度的不同,造成不同剖面具有不同的冲淤平衡点。本文研究成果为控制担子岛岸滩侵蚀的速率,减缓担子岛侵蚀程度提供一定的理论依据。     

杭州湾北岸岸滩冲淤分析

杭州湾北岸经历了先侵蚀后淤涨的历史过程。近年来由于南汇边滩大规模促淤圈围工程及长江来沙量减少,造成冲刷带由东向西移动。经分析东部南汇段2003年以来处于冲淤平衡阶段,奉贤段总体上处于冲刷状态,顶冲点移至三团港附近,金山段处于相对稳定状态。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.     

The stages of the development of the basin of the Bransfield Strait

The study of the sedimentary body of the Bransfield Strait has made it possible to identify several sedimentary complexes, to construct the first electronic charts for the acoustic basement, and to establish four stages of the evolution of its floor, which updates the previous knowledge about the formation of the strait. At the first stage, there was an increase in tension stresses that were accompanied by the local splits of the continental crust at the periphery of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the second stage, a graben-like structure filled with the Lower stratigraphic complex was formed northward of the Antarctic Peninsula. At the third stage, the continuing processes of extension led to intensive explosive activity of the growing volcanic structures and filling of the graben with sediments of the Middle seismostratigraphic complex. The fourth stage, which has continued until recently, is characterized by quasi-linear localization of the major centers of volcanic activity in the band closer to the South-Shetland Islands and the formation of the Upper seismostratigraphic sedimentary complex. The evolution of the floor of the Bransfield Strait reflects the process of penetration of the American-Antarctic ridge to the continental lithosphere of the Antarctic Peninsula for the last million years.     

Influence of the dynamics of currents on the hydrophysical structure of the waters and the vertical exchange in the active layer of the Black Sea

An analysis of the data of measurements of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations of hydrophysical fields in the upper 200-m layer of the Black Sea carried out using CTD profilers and a Baklan free falling microstructure and turbulence profiler revealed the existence of a positive correlation between the intensity of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations and the dynamics of the currents. On the other hand, the level of the fine structure and microstructure fluctuations reflects the rate of the vertical turbulent exchange. It was shown that, in the case of the absence of the Black Sea Rim Current (BSRC) jet or clearly manifested mesoscale eddy structures, the vertical turbulent exchange in the pycnocline is weak, while, in the opposite case, it is stronger. The results obtained support the supposition that the interbasin dynamics play an important role in the maintenance of the rate of small-scale mixing in the pycnocline and halocline and provide the vertical transport of dissolved oxygen from the cold intermediate layer into the deeper layers of the sea.