热带印度洋春季海表温度异常与南海夏季风强度变化的关系

利用50年的Reynolds月平均海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR全球大气再分析资料,分析了热带印度洋春季海温异常对南海夏季风强度变化的影响。结果表明:1)热带印度洋春季海表温度距平(SSTA)的模态主要是全区一致型(USBM)和热带南印度洋偶极型(SIODM),USBM模态既有年际时间尺度的变化特征,又有年际以上时间尺度的变化特征,既包含有对冬季ENSO信号响应的变化特征,又有独立于ENSO的变化特征;SIODM模态主要表现为独立于ENSO的年际时间尺度变化。2)USBM模态与南海夏季风强度变化呈显著负相关关系,且二者都是对冬季ENSO信号的响应,USBM模态的年际变化不能独立于ENSO信号影响南海夏季风的强度变化。3)经(1~8年)带通滤波及去除ENSO信号的热带印度洋春季SSTA的SIODM型分布是影响南海夏季风强度变化的主要模态,表现为热带东南印度洋为负(正)、其他海区为正(负)时,南海夏季风强度增强(减弱),大气环流对热带东南印度洋SSTA热力作用的响应是造成这一关系的直接原因,SIODM型的SSTA分布与南海夏季风年际异常关系在热带印度洋长期变化趋势的暖位相期显著,在长期变化趋势的冷位相期不显著。     

热带北大西洋海温异常对南海夏季风的影响及其机理

利用HadiSST资料、CMAP降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了热带北大西洋(Northern Tropical Atlantic,NTA)海表温度异常(Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA)与南海夏季风(South China Sea Summer Monsoon,SCSSM)的联系及可能机制。观测分析表明,夏季NTA海温异常与SCSSM存在显著的负相关关系;NTA海温正异常时,北半球副热带东太平洋至大西洋区域存在气旋式环流异常,有利于热带大西洋(热带中太平洋)地区产生异常上升(下沉)运动,使得西北太平洋地区出现反气旋环流异常,该反气旋环流异常西侧的南风异常使得SCSSM增强。利用春季NTA指数、东南印度洋海温异常指数、北太平洋海温异常指数、南太平洋经向模(South Pacific Ocean Meridional Dipole,SPOMD)及Niňo3.4指数构建了SCSSM季节预测模型,预测模型后报与观测的SCSSM指数的相关系数为0.81,表明该模型可较好预测SCSSM。     

印度洋海温异常和南海夏季风建立迟早的关系 II.机理分析

通过区分ENSO外部影响和偶极子内部局地作用,探讨了前期春季的印度洋海温异常对南海夏季风建立早晚的可能影响途径。结果表明:在没有去除ENSO信号(外部作用)的情况下,全区一致型的海温分布主要通过影响热带印度洋上空纬向季风环流的强弱来影响南海夏季风建立的早晚。去除ENSO信号后,非ENSO全区一致型的海温分布则主要通过影响低层东西向的气压差异和对流层中上层的南北温度梯度的逆转,进而对南海夏季风建立的早晚产生影响;而南印度洋偶极子(SIODM)型的海温分布则主要通过影响亚洲大陆热低压、西太平洋副热带高压和高低层的辐合辐散运动影响南海夏季风的建立。     

The interannual variability of East Asian Monsoon and its relationship with SST in a coupled Atmosphere-Ocean-Land climate model

1.IntroductionThelargestinterannualvariabilityassociatedwiththeENSOcycleexistsinmonsoonregionsliketheAfricanmonsoon,Australianmonsoon,Pan--AmericanmonsoonandAsianmonsoon(RopelewskiandHalpert,1987;WebsterandYang,1992;JuandSlingo,1995).OnebasicquestionishowtorepresenttheAsianmonsoonanditsvariability.WebsterandYang(1992)foundareasonableindexbyaveragingthezonalwindshearbetween850hpaand200hpaovertheSouthAsianregion(40--110E,0--20N)todescribetheSouthAsianmonsooncirculationanditsvariability.…     

印度洋海温异常和南海夏季风建立迟早的关系I.耦合分析

运用CSVD和联合CSVD等较新颖的统计方法,在去除/未去除ENSO影响的思路下,探讨了印度洋海温异常和南海夏季风建立迟早的关系,结果表明:在没有去除ENSO信号(外部作用)影响的情况下,全区一致型的海温异常分布对南海夏季风建立迟早起着重要的作用。当全区温度距平为正(负)时,南海夏季风建立较晚(早)。在去除了ENSO信号的影响后,非ENSO全区一致型和SIODM型是影响南海夏季风建立早晚的两个主要的印度洋海温分布型。对于非ENSO全区一致型的海温分布,当前期海温全区为负(正)距平时,南海夏季风建立较早(晚)。而对于SIODM型的海温分布,则当前期海温距平为西负东正(西正东负)的SIODM型时,南海夏季风建立较早(晚)。     

Role of TBO and ENSO scale ocean–atmosphere interaction in the Indo-Pacific region on Asian summer monsoon variability

Interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall has two dominant periodicities, one on the quasi-biennial (2–3 year) time scale corresponding to tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO) and the other on low frequency (3–7 year) corresponding to El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the present study, the spatial and temporal patterns of various atmospheric and oceanic parameters associated with the Indian summer monsoon on the above two periodicities were investigated using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data sets for the period 1950–2005. Influences of Indian and Pacific Ocean SSTs on the monsoon season rainfall are different for both of the time scales. Seasonal evolution and movement of SST and Walker circulation are also different. SST and velocity potential anomalies are southeast propagating on the TBO scale, while they are stationary on the ENSO scale. Latent heat flux and relative humidity anomalies over the Indian Ocean and local Hadley circulation between the Indian monsoon region and adjacent oceans have interannual variability only on the TBO time scale. Local processes over the Indian Ocean determine the Indian Ocean SST in biennial periodicity, while the effect of equatorial east Pacific SST is significant in the ENSO periodicity. TBO scale variability is dependent on the local factors of the Indian Ocean and the Indian summer monsoon, while the ENSO scale processes are remotely controlled by the Pacific Ocean.     

2004年南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面过程的可能影响 I： 诊断分析

南海夏季风的爆发受高原、海洋(海气相互作用)、冷空气和陆地(陆面过程或陆气相互作用)等多种因素的影响,其中中南半岛由于是连接南海夏季风和印度、孟加拉湾季风的关键区,而且孟加拉湾不仅是亚洲最早爆发夏季风的地区,又是副热带高压最早断裂的地区。因此它的陆面过程对南海夏季风的影响是不可忽视的。文章从2004年南海夏季风爆发前后的环流和降水分析其活动特征,并进一步研究中南半岛陆面过程对南海夏季风的爆发日期和强度的影响。2004年南海夏季风于5月19日爆发,利用NCEP再分析资料及地面站点降水资料对这次季风爆发前后的环流形势和降水分布进行分析,结果表明:强对流活动由孟加拉湾移到中南半岛,引起中南半岛的降水增大,导致陆面过程发生改变(包含土壤湿度,感热、潜热通量,向上长波辐射),最终使得中南半岛—南海之间的低层气温差出现符号逆转,为南海夏季风的爆发提供了必要的条件。此外,中南半岛—南海低层气温差同南海夏季风的活跃程度有密切的联系。通常负的温差出现后不久,南海夏季风即进入活跃期或非活跃期,正的温差出现之后则常常是南海夏季风的中断期。     

CONNECTION OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON TO MARITIME CONTINENT CONVECTION AND ENSO

The relationship between the intensity of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) and the Nino3.4 index and anomalous atmospheric circulation patterns associated with a strong and weak SCSSM are investigated using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST) data and Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) data. The SCSSM is significantly positively correlated with the Nino3.4 index in the succeeding northern autumn and winter. In the strong minus weak SCSSM composite, a positive East Asia-Pacific teleconnection (EAP) pattern and a negative Europe-Asian-Pacific teleconnection (EUP) pattern appear in the 500 hPa height difference field; low-level cross-equatorial flows are strengthened over the Maritime Continent (MC) region; positive (negative) precipitation anomalies occur in the South China Sea and western north Pacific (MC). A possible mechanism through which SCSSM affects ENSO is proposed. A strong (weak) SCSSM strengthens (weakens) cross-equatorial flows over the MC. The anomalous cross-equatorial flows cool (warm) the SST around the MC through enhanced (reduced) surface latent heat fluxes. The cooling (warming) further leads to suppressed (enhanced) convection over the MC, and causes the anomalous westerly (easterly) in the equatorial western Pacific, which favors the onset of El Ni?o (La Ni?a) through modulating the positive air-sea feedback process.     

Equatorial pacific SSTA-related decadal variations of potential predictability of ENSO and interannual climate

Summary Based on analysis of NCEP reanalysis data and SST indices of the recent 50 years, decadal changes of the potential predictability of ENSO and interannual climate anomalies were investigated. Autocorrelation of Nino3 SST anomalies (SSTA) and correlation between atmospheric anomalies fields and Nino3 SSTA exhibit obvious variation in different decades, which indicates that Nino3 SSTA-related potential predictability of ENSO and interannual climate anomalies has significant decadal changes. Time around 1977 is not only a shift point of climate on the interdecadal time scale but also a catastrophe point of potential predictability of ENSO and interannual climate. As a whole, ENSO and the PNA pattern in boreal winter are more predictable in 1980s than in 1960s and 1970s, while the Nino3 SSTA-related potential predictability of the Indian monsoon and the East Asian Monsoon is lower in 1980s than in 1960s and 1970s. Received October 19, 1999 Revised December 30, 1999     

TBO的原因－异常东亚冬季风与ENSO循环的相互作用

基于对 ＮＣＥＰ／ ＮＣＡＲ再分析资料以及其他资料（ＯＬＲ，降水和气温等）的分析研究，结果表明东亚和西北太平洋地区的对流层环流和气候变化都有明显的准两年振荡（ＴＢＯ）特征。同时，异常东亚冬季风可以影响次年夏季的大气环流和气候变化，特别是在东亚地区；而异常东亚冬季风和ＥＮＳＯ循环间又有明显相互作用：持续的强（弱）东亚冬季风通过海─气相互作用可以激发 Ｅｌ Ｎｉ　ｏ（Ｌａ Ｎｉ　ａ）， Ｅｌ Ｎｉ　ｏ（Ｌａ Ｎｉ　ａ）反过来又可通过遥相关或遥响应而导致东亚冬季风偏弱（强）。强或弱的冬季风和ＥＮＳＯ循环是相互衔接在一起的，因此可以认为异常东亚冬季风与ＥＮＳＯ循环的相互作用是ＴＢＯ对流层准两年振荡）的基本原因。     

2007 年南海夏季风季节内振荡的北传及影响因子

利用2007年全球降水气候计划GPCP(the Global Precipitation Climatology Project)卫星红外窗口导出的全球降水指数GPI(the Global Precipitation Index)的日降水资料及频率-波数分析方法,分析2007年南海夏季风季节内振荡(Intraseasonal Oscillation,ISO)的传播特征,并使用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)/美国大气研究中心(NCAR)再分析的逐日资料,探讨影响其传播的主要因子.结果表明,南海夏季风ISO有明显的北传趋势,并且明显比南传分量占优.影响南海夏季风ISO北传的主要因子是平均纬向风垂直切变和平均经向风对异常水汽的输送.之所以异常经向风对平均水汽的输送及海-气相可作用的影响在南海地区不重要,而在印度季风区有一定的贡献,是因为平均水汽和纬向风分布在两个地区的差异.     

ENSO及其年代际异常对中国东部气候异常影响的观测分析

在不同的ＳＳＴ年代际背景下,东亚季风和ＥＮＳＯ事件的关系是不同的。中国东部降水异常在冷态和暖态下,不是简单的线性反相关关系。在冷态时,最大的正距平中心发生在第二年早夏的长江以南地区;在暖态时,发生在第二年冬春季的华南地区。气温变化与降水变化并不对应,高温高湿的相关性不明显。不同的年代际海温背景使海气交换发生变换,改变了海陆热力对比,从而改变了海陆气压差,也就改变了季风的强度,使ＥＮＳＯ和东亚季风的     

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN NORTHEAST CHINA AND THE GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY (SSTA) IN PRECEDING SEASONS

1 INTRODUCTION Chilling damage, flooding and drought in summer are the major climatic disasters inNortheast China. Before the 1980s chilling damage often occurred, and after 1990s flooding and drought disasters were more noticeable in this region. These c…     

中国东部夏季风雨带季内变化各模态的环流及海温特征

本文根据中国气象局国家气候中心提供的中国160站月平均降水量,NCEP/NCAR再分析的850 hPa风场,及NOAA扩展重建的海温场资料,用合成分析和相关分析,研究了1951～2005年间中国夏季风雨带季内变化各模态的西太平洋副高夏季各月活动特点的差异,及其与前期冬季东亚季风和太平洋海温异常的联系,并分析了我国夏季风雨带季内变化各模态与夏季雨型的关系。结果表明,不仅不同模态对应的西太平洋副高自春至夏的两次北跳有明显不同的过程,而且两次北跳还具有相对独立性。第一次北跳主要对6月的雨带特征有重要影响,第二次北跳对7、8两月的雨带分布有决定性意义。太平洋海温异常对我国夏季风雨带季内变化的影响是多态的,在不同季风—ENSO循环的位相有不同的表现。第一模态主要出现在El Ni?o减弱位相,第二模态在La Ni?a发展位相,第三模态在El Ni?o发展位相,第四模态在La Ni?a减弱位相,第五模态ENSO的信号较弱,第六模态在La Ni?a持续位相。此外,不同海洋关键区的海温异常对我国雨带季内变化也有不同的调控作用。黑潮区的海温与6月的雨带活动关系密切,而赤道东太平洋的ENSO循环对7、8两月的雨带有重要影响。对我国夏季风雨带季内变化模态与夏季雨型关系的分析则表明,它们之间存在某些联系,但这并不意味着可以相互取代。     

DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY OF RAINFALL AROUND THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF THE YANGTZE RIVER AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

1 INTRODUCTION Summer climate plays an especially important role in the people’s daily life around East Asia, one of the most populated regions in the world, for most of the regions receive more than 70% of the annual precipitation in summer due to the effect of monsoon climate. Global climate change caused by mankind activities have become a hot topic in recent years, though it is still not clear how these activities result in the climate change around East Asia. Successive studies (Qi…     

Relationship Between East Asian Winter Monsoon and Summer Monsoon

Using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data and monthly Hadley Center sea surface temperature(SST) data,and selecting a representative East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) index,this study investigated the relationship between EAWM and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) using statistical analyses and numerical simulations.Some possible mechanisms regarding this relationship were also explored.Results indicate a close relationship between EAWM and EASM:a strong EAWM led to a strong EASM in the following summer,and a weak EAWM led to a weak EASM in the following summer.Anomalous EAWM has persistent impacts on the variation of SST in the tropical Indian Ocean and the South China Sea,and on the equatorial atmospheric thermal anomalies at both lower and upper levels.Through these impacts,the EAWM influences the land-sea thermal contrast in summer and the low-level atmospheric divergence and convergence over the Indo-Pacific region.It further affects the meridional monsoon circulation and other features of the EASM.Numerical simulations support the results of diagnostic analysis.The study provides useful information for predicting the EASM by analyzing the variations of preceding EAWM and tropical SST.     

The characteristics of longitudinal movement of the subtropical high in the western Pacific in the pre-rainy season in South China

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the China rainfall data of the China Meteorological Administration, and the sea surface temperature (SST) data of NOAA from 1951-2000, the features of the anomalous longitudinal position of the subtropical high in the western Pacific (SHWP) in the pre-rainy season in South China and associated circulation and precipitation are studied. Furthermore, the relationship between SHWP and SST and the eastern Asian winter monsoon is also investigated. Associated with the anomalous longitudinal position of SHWP in the pre-rainy season in South China, the flow patterns in both the middle and lower latitudes are different. The circulation anomalies greatly influence the precipitation in the pre-rainy season in South China. When the SHWP is in a west position (WP), the South China quasi-stationary front is stronger with more abundant precipitation there. However, when the SHWP is in an east position (EP), a weaker front appears with a shortage of precipitation there. There exists a good relationship between the longitudinal position of SHWP and SST in the tropical region. A negative correlation can be found both in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean.This means that the higher (lower) SST there corresponds to a west (east) position of SHWP. This close relationship can be found even in the preceding autumn and winter. A positive correlation appears in the western and northern Pacific and large correlation coefficient values also occur in the preceding autumn and winter. A stronger eastern Asian winter monsoon will give rise to cooler SSTs in the Kuroshio and the South China Sea regions and it corresponds to negative SST anomaly (SSTA) in the central and eastern Pacific and positive SSTA in the western Pacific in winter and the following spring. The whole tropical SSTA pattern, that is, positive (negative) SSTA in the central and eastern Pacific and negative (positive) SSTA in the western Pacific, is favorable to the WP (EP) of SHWP.     

春季南半球环状模与长江流域夏季降水的关系：Ⅱ 印度洋和南海海温的“海洋桥”作用

用回归、合成、相关、ESVD等方法分析了春夏季印度洋、南海海温异常在春季南半球环状模(SAM)与夏季长江中下游降水关系中的作用.研究发现春季南半球环状模指数(SAMI)正(负)异常时,同期南印度洋中高纬、北印度洋海域海温出现了明显正(负)异常,这种海温的正(负)异常在夏季依然存在,并且北印度洋的海温异常得到加强.对印度洋和南海海域详细划分区域后的进一步分析表明春季南半球热带外大气环流(SAM)异常可以强迫南印度洋中高纬海域海温发生明显异常.这种异常可以持续到夏季,而且表现出传播特性,即南印度洋中高纬海温异常可以传播到北印度洋(包括阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾)和南海海域,加强这些海域的海温异常.对东亚夏季风与夏季海温关系的分析表明东亚夏季风异常对应的夏季北印度洋、南海海温异常与春季SAM异常对应的夏季北印度洋、南海海温异常的形势相似,符号相反.说明印度洋、南海海温是春季SAM影响夏季长江中下游降水的一个"桥梁".基本思路为强(弱)春季SAM可以引起南印度洋中高纬海域海温的偏高(偏低);南印度洋中高纬海域偏高(偏低)的海温从春季持续到夏季并且传播到阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、南海海域;这些海区偏高(偏低)的海温可以导致东亚夏季风减弱(加强),而东亚夏季风减弱(加强)是长江中下游降水偏多(偏少)的一种有利条件.     

在准两年尺度上ENS0与亚洲季风相互作用的研究

对ENSO过程中的准两年振荡进行了诊断分析，并在此基础上分析了ENSO与亚洲季风的相互作用，结果表明：在准两年尺度上亚洲季风对ENSO循环有着十分明显的影响，这种影响主要通过亚洲季风爆发南下到热带西太平洋，激发出那里的强对流，进而影响到ENSO循环，这种现象不仅仅反映在准两年模态中，在实际亚洲冬季风的年限变化中也较突出。     

东亚季风系统的时空变化及其对我国气候异常影响的最近研究进展

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