云南安宁盆地上侏罗统含盐系中粘土矿物特征及其环境意义

粘土矿物在安宁盆地含盐系中分布很广。其矿物学、结晶学及地球化学特征与成盐环境和成盐作用密切相关。石盐层序中主要含伊利石;硫酸盐层序中,除伊利石外尚有绿泥石及绿/蒙混层矿物。这是由于不同盐类沉积阶段,卤水浓度、成分及pH值不同所致。在结构上,粘土矿物以三八面体型组合为特征（伊利石除外）,反映了成盐盆地中相对富Mg²⁺的特点。此外,粘土矿物中硼和钾的含量远高于非盐系地层,因为这些元素在盐盆地中均得到了蒸发浓集。显然,粘土矿物的上述特征,很好地反映了蒸发环境的具体特点,具有良好的指相意义。     

气候环境变化研究中影响粘土矿物形成及其丰度因素的讨论

粘土矿物在形成过程中受构造运动、气候、盆地规模、地表母岩、土壤、植被、地貌、介质环境、风以及成岩作用等多种因素的影响,这些因素对地层中粘土矿物的类型和含量的影响程度不一。构造运动和气候是影响粘土矿物形成的两个主要因素,对沉积物中的粘土矿物形成和含量以及影响粘土矿物形成的其他次要影响因素有着控制作用。在构造活动稳定的状态下,气候则成为影响粘土矿物形成和含量的决定性因素,其他因素尽管也有不同程度的影响,但可以看成是相对稳定不变的,粘土矿物携带的主要是气候环境变化的信息。地表水系的复杂程度引起的沉积物的混合程度影响粘土矿物信号的清晰度,沉积埋藏成岩作用对粘土矿物的影响也不容忽视。     

粘土矿物在气候环境变化研究中的应用进展

在古环境和古气候的重建中,粘土矿物和碳-氧同位素、孢粉、树轮、冰芯等代用指标一样具有同等重要的地位。在没有地质构造运动影响时,气候是影响粘土矿物形成的主要因素,沉积物中的粘土矿物可用来分析古气候和古环境。粘土矿物及其组合可以独立或作为主要指标反映气候和环境变化,并已应用于高分辨率的晚第四纪地层的气候环境研究中。粘土矿物在很短的时间内也会发生明显地变化,不仅可以反映千年-百年尺度的气候环境变化,而且也可以反映几十年尺度的古气候环境变化过程。粘土矿物与其它指标对同一气候环境响应的相位差有待深入研究。不同的半定量分析方法测量出的同一剖面中粘土矿物的含量变化趋势和特征具有一致性。     

贵州花溪P-T界线附近粘土矿物结构及成因意义

为了揭示贵州花溪区海相P-T界线附近粘土岩的成因及物质来源,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及差示扫描量热法(DSC),对粘土层中粘土矿物的精细结构进行了深入的研究.结果表明,样品中的粘土矿物共有两种物质来源.样品YN06质地致密,粘土颗粒具有一定的定向性,主要粘土矿物成分为伊利石和少量绿泥石.粘土矿物颗粒具有不规则的轮廓及参差不齐的边缘;样品脱羟基反应温度为590℃,表明样品中的伊利石主要为tv结构,来源于陆地机械风化作用.其余五件样品主要粘土矿物为伊蒙规则混层和伊利石以及少量蒙脱石、绿泥石,脱羟基温度均大于600℃,表明样品中的粘土矿物主要以cv结构为主,含有少量的tv结构,指示粘土岩主要来源于火山物质的蚀变并伴随部分陆源碎屑物质沉积形成.     

粘土矿物分离及样品制备

粘土矿物颗粒极细,粒径一般小于2μm,其中含有有机质、碳酸盐、游离铁、非晶质等,因此样品必须经过严格分选后才能正确鉴定粘土矿物.阐述了利用比重和粒径的差别用水簸(淘洗)的方法分离出粘土矿物和非粘土矿物,然后利用不同粘土矿物的重力或离心力下降的难易程度(决定于粒度的大小和比重的差异)加以分离.由于提取的粘土矿物单一结晶片很细小,所以介绍了研究粘土矿物最常用的方法——X射线衍射样品的制备方法.     

全风化花岗岩样品中粘土矿物含量变化对比

全风化花岗岩三大矿物组分——石英、长石和粘土矿物含量变化情况怎样?粘土矿物含量变化幅度多大?以香港九龙3个探坑中采到的18箱(边长30cm的立方体)样品为例, 将1箱样品的不同区分别取样后的XRD鉴定结果(包括全岩3种主要矿物成分变化、粘粒中高岭石和伊利石变化范围值)进行对比, 结果发现它们中矿物成分含量变化范围一般为10%~20%.高岭石相对含量变化幅度大于伊利石, 粗粒结构样品变化值大于细粒样品值.对同一样品不同分析人员得出的结果差别很大.分析后认为样品自身的非均质性和分析人员经验不同, 都可造成粘土矿物含量的明显差别.为进一步分析XRD鉴定样品间矿物成分差异值的可靠性, 还将XRD结果同薄片统计结果进行了对比.结果发现来自石硖尾样品中的石英含量普遍较高, 长石含量普遍较低, 而粘土矿物含量在石硖尾和观塘都有高有低.从两者差值看, 矿物含量相差0%~35%.这项研究说明全风化花岗岩一定范围内的非均质性程度同风化物中矿物是原矿物还是粘土矿物的认定一起对最终结果产生很大影响.      

可可西里盐湖表层沉积物中粘土矿物的环境信息

通过对可可西里盐湖表层沉积物中粘土矿物的研究,以期获得近年来湖区的某些环境信息.研究结果表明:沉积物中的粘土矿物主要为伊利石和绿泥石,非粘土矿物主要为石英、方解石和长石以及少量白云石、文石、闪石和石膏等.样品中＜2μm的粘土矿物以伊利石和绿泥石为主,局部样品含少量有序伊/蒙混层.根据样品分布特点和粘土矿物的组合类型,将样品划分为3个区域:1区和3区的矿物组合为伊利石、绿泥石和有序伊/蒙混层;2区为伊利石和绿泥石,无伊像混层矿物.其中1区和3区样品的结晶度(IC)范围为0.41～0.59,均值为0.51;2区样品的结晶度范围为0.25～0.40,均值为0.34,明显低于1区和3区,说明2区样品中的伊利石具有更高的结晶度.样品的伊利石化学指数(CI)均小于0.5,表明该伊利石为富Fe-Mg伊利石,主要是物理风化作用的结果.伊利石和绿泥石作为主要粘土矿物反映了近年来整个湖区的环境以干冷为主,局部区域(1区和3区)出现的少量有序I/S混层矿物则指示在短期内曾经历过短暂的干湿交替环境.此外,在酸性介质条件下,少量伊利石发生弱水解作用导致晶格中的K+淋失,并转化为伊/蒙混层矿物,同时也降低了伊利石的结晶度.     

基于近红外光谱技术的烃类与粘土矿物识别及其地质意义

沉积岩中自生粘土矿物受成岩过程中物化条件控制,是成岩系统物化条件的指示。近红外反射光谱技术对粘土矿物反应灵敏,在金属矿产勘探中已经得到了日益广泛的应用。首次对油气勘探地质井的试验工作,验证了近红外光谱数据不仅可以第一时间从岩石样品中直接提取微量烃信息,还能解译详细的粘土矿物组合及其变化,从而获取对油气勘探有价值的成岩温度和热成熟度信息。对鄂尔多斯富县地区试验样品的数据分析表明,生油和储油层中的粘土矿物组合(包括铵伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石)变化直接反映了成岩和构造演化物化条件的变化,对于全面理解盆地的环境条件并且判断油气生成的有利区位具有实际应用意义。     

全风化花岗岩全岩和粘粒中粘土矿物含量变化对比

工程实践和理论研究中常用全岩和粘粒中粘土矿物绝对和相对含量。对同一样品探求两者关系,便于数据对比,有利于工程应用。以采自香港九龙的2处边坡3个探坑中51个全风化花岗岩样品为例,作者用同一套仪器、测试方法,先后采用了颗分法测粘粒质量百分比、物理化学方法测比表面积、XRD方法测矿物成分,分别得出了全岩和粘粒中粘土矿物的绝对含量和相对含量,以及用粘粒质量百分比乘以相对含量得出的换算含量。另外还将全岩XRD矿物成分同薄片统计结果进行了相关分析。对粘土矿物绝对含量基本为20%～45%的全风化花岗岩,对比分析不同含量结果表明:全岩中的某些粘土矿物,如高岭石、蛭石的绝对含量远大于换算含量;不同样品中高岭石和蛭石的相对含量变化幅度远大于它们在全岩中绝对含量变化,两者变化呈现某种一致性;全岩中粘土矿物含量远大于粘粒(粒径<2μm和<5μm两个界限)的含量。后两者相对而言变化基本一致,差值不大;同全岩中粘土矿物含量相关性较好的是比表面积;同薄片统计结果相比,全岩XRD粘土矿物含量受对风化矿物处理不确定性的影响,结果往往偏大。     

川东华蓥山二叠系／三叠系界线附近粘土层中粘土矿物的类型及成因

对川东华蓥山二叠系／三叠系界线附近粘土层中的粘土矿物进行野外采样和室内X射线衍射分析,结果表明,这些粘土矿物主要由规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石组成,其中1个样品可能舍有少量不规则混层绿泥石-蒙脱石等粘土矿物。总地看来．该界线粘土层中的规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石中伊利石层的含量自下而上呈现减少的趋势,平均含量约83％,所经历的最大古地温在125-150℃之间。这些粘土矿物的构成和特征与前人在华南其他地区相同层位取得的成果总体上具有较好的一致性．显示了该粘土层成因的相同性及所具有的等时意义。不同地区粘土矿物构成的差异性（如高岭石的存在与含量）可能与二叠系／三叠系界线不整合的存在与否或间断时间有关,规则混层伊利石-蒙脱石的混层比则与埋藏历史和沉积-沉积期后的流体介质有关。     

A Reconstruction and Discussion of the Effect of Diagenetic Environment on Hydrocarbon Generation Based on Diagenetic Mineral Assemblage in Mudstone

Inorganic minerals in mudstone are composed of clay minerals,carbonate and detrital minerals.Detrital minerals(such as quartz and feldspar)are mainly original deposit.However,clay minerals(kaolinite,illite,and chlorite)and carbonate(calcite and dolomite)are mostly diagenetic minerals.Furthermore,conversion of the four kinds of clay minerals are common.The formation of clay minerals and carbonate is controlled by temperature,pressure,p H,Eh and type of cations during diagenesis.Therefore mineral assemblage can indicate the characteristics and change of diagenetic environment.In addition to inorganic minerals,there are also organic matter of different sources and chemical properties in mudstone.Traditionally,it is considered that evolution of organic matter is controlled by thermal effect.Now studies show that inorganic and organic matter can interact with each other and form clay-organic complexes.This suggest that attention should be paid to the influence of diagenetic mineral assemblage and diagenetic environment on the evolution of organic matter* Samples of mudstone from 1500-4500m of the Palaeogene in the Dongying Depression,China,were collected to investigate the changes of mudstone diagenetic environment.XRD,thin section and SEM were used to detect diagenetic minerals and assemblage characteristics.Results showed that content of detrital minerals,which are floating in mud matrix or preserved as silt laminae,is basically unchanged from shallow to deep strata.Clay minerals which are gathered as argillaceous matrix or preserved as argillaceous laminae have growth and decline relation to carbonate which mainly appear as micropoikilitic ferriferous calcite and ferriferous dolomite.All these characteristics indicate that detrital minerals are exogenetic,whereas carbonate is diagenetic minerals.Based on the SEM analysis of the clay minerals,it was found that smectite present honeycomb and reticulate structure,while illite present filiform and schistose structure and there are growth and decline relationship between them.Nevertheless,hexagonal tabular and stratified kaolinite has the highest content from 2400m to3300m.Rosette and stratified chlorite shows increase trend when the burial depth is deeper than 3300m.These characteristics indicated that clay minerals are diagenetic minerals and there are conversions among the four types.Therefore form shallow to deep,three diagenetic mineral assemblage zones can be divided based on the characteristics of carbonate and clay minerals in mudstone.Namely,smectite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2000-2500m;kaolinite+illite/smectite zone in the depth of 2500-3300m and illite+chlorite+carbonate zone below 3300m.Previous studies showed that kaolinite is stable under acidic conditions,while other clay minerals and carbonate are stable under alkaline conditions.Hence according to mineral assemblages feature,it was inferred that diagenetic environment of mudstonehasundergonethechangeof alkaline-acid-alkaline.For the organic matter with different chemical properties in mudstone,the hydrocarbon generation will be different in the acidic and alkaline diagenetic environment even if the conditions of temperature and pressure are the same.Therefore,for hydrocarbon generation we should not only focus on thermal effect,but also pay more attention to the differences of diagenetic environment which have great significance for the understanding of hydrocarbon generation,hydrocarbon expulsion and reservoir formation in mudstone.     

长江三角洲东西部晚新生代地层中的 重矿物差异及其物源意义*

主要针对长江三角洲东西部两个晚新生代钻孔的重矿物分布特征,探讨了近河口区和内陆三角洲平原区物源演化差异。研究结果表明,近河口区自下而上地层中可以划分出5个不同的重矿物组合带,内陆平原区可划分出4个重矿物组合带,这些组合带分别对应着上新世、早、中、晚更新世和全新世。两区在上新世时期重矿物特征十分相似,以金红石、锆石、电气石等酸性-中酸性矿物为主,伴随着许多强氧化自生矿物,如赤铁矿、褐铁矿、白钛石等,表明了以基底和西部天目山为主的物源,指示了强烈风化的沉积环境。进入第四纪,两区沉积物来源发生了变化,内陆平原区继承了西部山地物源,但不稳定矿物增加,并伴随出现许多还原性自生矿物,如黄铁矿、重晶石、碳酸盐等,指示还原环境占主导。相比之下,近河口区物源明显发生变化,尤其是中更新世后矿物种类丰富,金红石、榍石等酸性-中酸性矿物,紫苏辉石、钛铁矿等基性矿物,透辉石、蓝晶石、符山石、十字石等典型变质岩矿物都稳定出现,意味着随着沉积盆地下沉,河口区逐渐接受了长江中下游和上游沉积物的物源。     

淮南煤田煤系页岩气储集空间特征及其岩相控制作用

海陆过渡相煤系泥页岩广泛分布,具有良好的天然气资源潜力。以淮南煤田煤系泥页岩为研究对象,运用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等分析手段,对淮南煤田煤系地层泥页岩的矿物学、岩相、储层特征等方面进行相关测试,并探讨了泥岩岩相对页岩气储集空间的控制作用。研究表明:淮南煤田煤系泥页岩矿物成分中黏土矿物含量多、自生非黏土矿物相对较少,致使岩石脆性降低并对压裂裂缝产生具有负效应,但部分菱铁矿的存在可能起改善作用;存在花斑状高岭石泥岩、浅灰色高岭石泥岩、鲕状泥岩、暗色泥岩、粉砂质泥岩等5种岩相。泥页岩储层裂缝包括层面剪切缝、有机质演化异常压力缝、层间页理缝、构造裂缝等宏观类型和与石英和高岭石有关的微裂缝类型;泥页岩孔隙包括化石孔、粒间孔、粒内孔和晶间孔及可能的有机质孔等类型,为页岩气赋存提供了储集空间。不同沉积环境下的泥岩岩相不同,进而决定了矿物成分特征与有机质相对含量,对泥页岩储集空间起主要控制作用。     

Clay petrology of the Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic terrestrial strata of the Newark Supergroup,Connecticut Valley,U.S.A.

The clay mineralogy of the Newark Supergroup (Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic) in the Connecticut Valley was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. Clay minerals identified in 126 samples are illite, chlorite, smectite, kaolinite, vermiculite, expandable chlorite, mixed-layer illite/smectite, mixed-layer chlorite/smectite, and mixed-layer chlorite/vermiculite. In general, the rocks are illitic with subordinate amounts of chlorite. However, the various lithofacies in the Newark Supergroup are characterized by distinct clay-mineral assemblages. Red beds of floodplain origin contain clays mainly of detrital nature with 2M illite most abundant. Subordinate amounts of chlorite, smectite, vermiculite, kaolinite and mixed-layer illite/smectite are also present. An interstratified chlorite/vermiculite occurs in red mudstone underlying basalt flows. Lacustrine gray beds are generally characterized by the clay-mineral assemblage 1Md illite + chlorite with minor amounts of smectite ane expandable chlorite. An interstratified chlorite/smectite predominates in gray mudstone associated with perennial lake cycles in the East Berlin Formation. Black shales of deeper lacustrine origin contain the assemblage 1Md ifillite + trioctahedral smectite and traces of chlorite. Illite and smectite also occur as mixed-layer phases.In many respects, the distribution of clay minerals in the Connecticut Valley can be likened to the general scheme proposed for the Permo-Triassic basins of Europe and Africa. These display both vertical and horizontal variations in clay-mineral assemblages that reflect the chemical and spatiotemporal evolution of intrabasin depositional and diagenetic environments. Chemical data indicate that magnesium, especially, was concentrated in the black muds of large perennial lakes that intermittently occupied the Connecticut rift valley. Pore waters derived from these sediments played an important role in the development of Mg-rich 2 : 1 and interstratified clay minerals during early diagenesis.     

Depositional processes of the Zhushadong and Mantou formations (Early to Middle Cambrian), Shandong Province,China: roles of archipelago and mixed carbonate–siliciclastic sedimentation on cycle genesis during initial flooding of the North China Platform

To understand the depositional processes and environmental changes during the initial flooding of the North China Platform, this study focuses on the Lower to Middle Cambrian Zhushadong and Mantou formations in Shandong Province, China. The succession in the Jinan and Laiwu areas comprises mixed carbonate and siliciclastic deposits composed of limestone, dolostone, stromatolite, thrombolite, purple and grey mudstone, and sandstone. A detailed sedimentary facies analysis of seven well‐exposed sections suggests that five facies associations are the result of an intercalation of carbonate and siliciclastic depositional environments, including local alluvial fans, shallowing‐upward carbonate–siliciclastic peritidal cycles, oolite dominant shoals, shoreface and lagoonal environments. These facies associations successively show a transition from an initially inundated tide‐dominated carbonate platform to a wave‐dominated shallow marine environment. In particular, the peritidal sediments were deposited during a large number of depositional cycles. These sediments consist of lime mudstone, dolomite, stromatolite and purple and grey mudstones. These shallowing‐upward cycles generally resulted from carbonate production in response to an increase of accommodation during rising sea‐level. The carbonate production was, however, interrupted by frequent siliciclastic input from the adjacent emergent archipelago. The depositional cycles thus formed under the influence of both autogenetic changes, including sediment supply from the archipelago, and allogenic control of relative sea‐level rise in the carbonate factory. A low‐relief archipelago with an active tidal regime allowed the development of tide‐dominated siliciclastic and carbonate environments on the vast platform. Siliciclastic input to these tidal environments terminated when most of the archipelago became submerged due to a rapid rise in sea‐level. This study provides insights on how a vast Cambrian carbonate platform maintained synchronous sedimentation under a tidal regime, forming distinct cycles of mixed carbonates and siliciclastics as the system kept up with rising relative sea‐level during the early stage of basin development in the North China Platform.     

南阳凹陷下第三系核桃园组砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物及其成因的初步探讨

本文主要阐述了南阳凹陷核桃园组砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的矿物成份、产状及分布特征.研究表明,核桃园组中碳酸盐胶结物的成分、含量和分布明显受沉积相和成岩作用的控制.碳酸盐胶结物的形成是砂泥岩系统相互作用的结果.泥岩压实及粘土矿物的成岩转化提供了其主要的物质来源.这种认识为砂岩储层的评价提供了重要的依据.     

酒西盆地石北地区晚侏罗-早白垩世沉积相研究

本文运用沉积学和地球化学、地球物理学及数理统计学方法,对研究区上侏罗--下白垩统的沉积特征。依地面与井下资料作了综合研究,划分出7种沉积相类型,探讨了相组合分布、相序演化规律及构造运动、古气候、古地形等诸多控制因素,建立了石北箕状同生凹陷沉积模式,并总结出各类沉积相的元素指标及伴随相演化、锶/钡、钒/镍、镁/钙等多项元素比值变化的规律。     

长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示*

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。     

长试管静置沉降实验结果对湖盆细粒沉积纹层成因的启示*

沉积结构与沉积构造的研究是目前细粒沉积学中的重要内容。同时,富有机质泥/页岩的纹层成因也一直是困扰人们的难题。影响湖盆细粒沉积物纹层形成的因素很多,其中盐度、有机质含量是非常重要的因素,尤其是油页岩在淡水与咸水环境均可发育,其纹层的形成与水体盐度有何关系需要深入探讨。通过长试管静置实验,模拟并观察在静水条件下,黏土矿物、富有机质泥质沉积物在淡水、微咸水及咸水3种湖盆水体环境中的沉降过程与沉降速率,通过实验观察绘制沉降过程曲线并计算沉降速率。研究表明: 在淡水中富有机质泥的沉降速率明显高于黏土矿物的沉降速率;而在微咸水与咸水中,黏土矿物的沉降速率明显比富有机质泥要高;同时,2种类型的细粒沉积物在3类水体环境中各自的沉降速率也存在不同的规律。通过分析实验结果,指出在不同水介质条件下,絮凝作用类型的差异与浮力作用的影响是造成细粒沉积速率差异的主要原因。而有机质、黏土矿物及水体盐度共同控制细粒沉积物的沉降速率,一旦这些条件发生变化,那么就容易形成类似或不同的纹层,尤其是有机质丰度与盐度变化时,更容易形成不同成分的纹层。因此,油页岩的形成除需要相对安静水体环境外,还与有机质丰度、黏土矿物含量、絮凝过程及水体盐度变化的综合响应有关,而并非单独与水体盐度相关。另外,受沉积作用影响,湖盆不同区域的细粒沉积构造类型有差异。     

Siliciclastic deposit of the Nahr Umr Formation, sedimentological and depositional environment studies, central and southern Iraq

The depositional facies and environments were unraveling by studying 21 subsurface sections from ten oilfields in the central and southern Iraq and a large number of thin sections of the Nahr Umr (siliciclastic deposit) Formation (Albian). This formation is mainly composed of sandstone interlaminated with minor siltstone and shale, with occurrence of thin limestone beds. Nahr Umr Formation is subdivided into three lithostratigraphic units of variable thicknesses on the basis of lithological variations and log characters. Mineralogically and texturally, mature quartz arenite and sandstones are the common type of the Nahr Umr Formation. The sandstones are cemented by silica and calcite material and have had a complex digenetic history. Compaction, dissolution, and replacements are the main diagenetic processes. Prodelta, distal bar, distributary mouth bar, distributary channel, over bank, and tidal channel are the main depositional environments recognized for the Nahr Umr Formation, within the studied wells. This formation was deposited in shallow marine and fluvial–deltaic environments and exhibit progradational succession of facies. Eight sedimentary facies that have been identified in the Nahr Umr Formation include claystone lithofacies, claystone siltstone lithofacies, lenticular-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, wavy-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, flaser-bedded sandstone–mudstone lithofacies, parallel and cross lamination sandstone lithofacies, trough cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies, and planar cross-bedded sandstone lithofacies. The depositional model of the Nahr Umr Formation environment was built based on the lithofacies association concepts.