福建周宁水电站水压致裂地应力测量及其应用

周宁水电站在交通洞开挖过程中局部洞段发生了较强烈的岩爆。地下洞室和高压岔管、输水隧道设计及选择衬砌方式，需要查明原地应力状态。为此，采用水压致裂法在3个深钻孔中和岩爆部位进行了原位应力测量。结果表明，平面应力值随孔深增加呈线性增大；在岩爆和地下洞室附近，原位应力最大值为13～15 MPa，以水平挤压应力为主导，最大水平主应力方向为NW向。根据地应力测量资料和相关理论、判据分析认为：地下厂房长轴为NW向有利于围岩稳定；高压岔管和输水隧洞选用钢筋混凝土衬砌是可行的；发生局部岩爆，主要是由于隧道开挖围岩应力重新调整，在掌子面附近应力集中所致。     

滇藏铁路香格里拉—邦达段地应力状态及工程效应分析

滇藏铁路香格里拉—邦达段沿线断层发育,构造运动强烈,为提高沿线工程的稳定性,基于构造形迹、震源机制解和实测数据的多元综合分析法,对研究区主应力方向进行了分析;基于Hoek-Brown强度准则和修正的Sheorey理论,结合实测数据,对研究区岩体强度参数和主应力量值进行了估算和预测,最后对研究区的地应力场特征及其工程效应进行了分析。结果表明:香格里拉-德钦应力区的水平最大主应力方向N0°W~N40°W;芒康-邦达应力区的水平最大主应力方向为N60°E~N80°E;铁路沿线埋深1000 m处,水平最大主应力范围为24.23~37.30 MPa;埋深2000 m处,水平最大主应力范围为47.29~66.69 MPa;香格里拉-德钦应力区隧道轴线设置为N80°W~N40°E有利于围岩稳定,芒康-邦达应力区隧道轴线走向设置为N10°E~N130°E有利于围岩稳定;铁路沿线高地应力显著,埋深超过400 m就可能处于高地应力状态,硬质岩埋深超过700 m会有岩爆风险,软质岩埋深超过1400 m会有大变形风险。     

基于快速应力释放的深埋隧洞岩爆防治对策研究

大型地下工程开挖中,高地应力环境下高储能脆性岩体通常会通过脆性破裂快速释放应变能而产生岩爆。岩爆作为常见的一类动力失稳地质灾害现象,极大地威胁着现场施工人员和设备的安全。作为雅砻江锦屏二级水电站的主要工程,千米级埋深的引水隧洞也面临高地应力下硬岩岩爆问题。针对锦屏二级引水隧洞岩爆的特点,提出采用快速应力释放的方法防治岩爆,并采用数值模拟的方法优选了倾斜辐射爆破孔方案。数值模拟结果表明：该方法能使岩体内的初始应力快速卸荷,同时使应力集中区向岩体深部转移。通过在锦屏二级引水隧洞工程中的试验与运用,采用声波测试法对实施快速应力释放方案的效果进行检验,验证了快速应力释放方法防治岩爆的有效性。研究成果为解决类似工程岩爆防治问题提供了理论依据和借鉴。     

深埋隧道岩爆规模现场快速估算方法

以岩爆破坏的洞壁面积及爆落的岩体体积作为衡量岩爆灾害规模的重要指标,提出一种基于现场测量信息的爆坑几何形态快速建模及岩爆规模估算方法,该方法的重要组成部分包括:爆坑形态类型的概化、爆坑测量断面的选取、控制测点的确定及坐标记录、爆坑纵横断面轮廓线线型的拟合、洞壁破坏面积与爆坑体积估算公式的推导。针对工程中常见的窝型与V型爆坑,分别建立了适用于隧道直线形与拱形洞壁的岩爆规模估算公式,探讨了非典型窝型与V型爆坑,岩爆规模估算的近似处理方法。将所提出的方法应用于我国西南锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞工程的岩爆规模估算,典型案例验证结果表明,利用该估算方法所给出的结果与现场实际的岩爆规模接近一致,估算误差约为15%以内。研究成果能够为岩爆烈度等级划分及严重程度的评定提供重要的基础性指标。     

广东核电站地应力测量及其应用

基于广东省3个核电站厂址区的水压致裂地应力测量结果,获得了各核电站厂址区现今地应力场分布特征,结果表明,各核电站厂址区以水平应力为主导;大亚湾、阳江核电站水平应力值随深度增加而呈线性增大,台山核电站水平应力随深度线性增加不明显;大亚湾、阳江核电站厂址区最大水平主应力方向为NW-NWW,台山核电站为NNW。根据地应力测量结果、相关理论及判据分析认为,大亚湾核电站拟建隧洞长轴方向较不利于隧洞围岩的稳定,台山和阳江核电站拟建隧洞长轴方向利于围岩的稳定和维护;各核电站拟建隧洞横截面形状以水平长轴、垂向短轴且长、短轴比近似于各隧洞截面上侧压力系数的椭圆形为宜;各隧洞在埋深范围内开挖时均没有发生岩爆的可能性。最后,依据Byerlee滑动摩擦准则,探讨了核电站外围现今活动断层的稳定性。     

中间主应力对隧洞岩爆影响的模型试验研究

为探究隧洞纵轴线方向应力对隧洞岩爆的影响,利用真三轴岩爆试验系统,对含预制圆孔的立方体花岗岩试样进行不同中间主应力条件下的岩爆模型试验,在室内再现了隧洞岩爆过程。试验中采用视频观测系统与声发射系统监测岩爆过程。试验研究结果表明：无宏观破坏、颗粒弹射、岩板劈裂和块片喷射是隧洞岩爆孕育过程主要经历的4个阶段;中间主应力越高,颗粒弹射到块片喷射之间的历时越短,岩板劈裂持续时间越长,块片喷射的持续时间越短且喷射破坏越剧烈;中间主应力越高,在环向第一主应力和纵轴向中间主应力的泊松效应迭加作用下,围岩劈裂破坏越严重,岩爆发生需要的应力水平越高,岩爆发生风险有所降低;但当应力集中水平足够高导致岩爆发生时,岩爆烈度越强。     

岩爆类型及其防治

本文将在水电洞室、交通隧洞、矿山坑道岩体或矿体中发生的急剧猛烈释放弹性变形能的动力破坏现象统称为岩爆。在讨论岩爆与其他动力现象之间的区别和岩爆含义基础上,按照地应力作用方式,将其分为水平应力型、垂直应力型以及混合应力型3种主要类型,并分别讨论了各类岩爆的具体特征以及防治措施。     

深埋隧道工程高地应力影响下围岩稳定性分析

隧洞围岩稳定性分析目前主要采用的方法仍以经验判断为主,但高地应力区的深埋隧道,其围岩稳定性问题越来越突出,定量的分析评价显得非常重要。结合正在建设的引大济湟干渠工程中的深埋引水隧道,在分析隧道工程地质条件的基础上,分析隧道沿线地应力的分布规律,利用Fl AC3D软件采用强度折减分析法对隧道围岩进行稳定性定量分析,并对围岩发生岩爆的可能性进行判别。结果表明,隧道埋深较浅时,岩土体以垂直自重应力为主;随着埋深增加,隧道的围岩稳定性逐步降低;在引水隧洞围岩的第十九至第二十六段有中等岩爆至弱岩爆,部分地段可能有较强岩爆。研究结果可以为工程施工提供技术支撑,也可为类似工程的建设提供借鉴。     

千米深埋隧洞高地应力稳定分析及其工程应用

在深埋隧洞勘察设计和施工过程中,高地应力的存在,是影响洞室稳定的重要因素。作为南水北调西线隧洞的天然试验工程,引大济湟工程的千米埋深引水隧洞也面临高地应力下硬岩岩爆和软岩塑性变形问题。根据引大济湟工程地勘资料,拟定硬岩和软岩的典型物理力学参数。应用ANSYS有限元分析程序对围岩进行稳定性分析,在重力地应力场和全地应力场下,按线弹性法和弹塑性法计算,分析比较得到了不同埋深条件的硬岩和软岩的变形分布特性、最大拉应力分布特性、最大压应力分布特性及可能岩爆区和塑性变形区分布、剪切破坏区分布。分析成果较好地应用于引大济湟工程实践,同时也反应出施工阶段的跟踪复核的重要性。     

四川锦屏山隧道岩爆综合防治施工技术

锦屏山隧道工程是锦屏水电枢纽工程的关键性控制施工项目,隧道地处我国西南高地应力区,全长约17.5km,隧道最大埋深约为2375 m,埋深大于1500 m的地段长度约12875 m。通过对锦屏山隧道现场岩爆特征的分析总结和研究,介绍了锦屏山隧道岩爆独特的工程特点和综合防治施工技术。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861