中国东部陆缘中区第三纪构造-火山事件及其对含油气盆地的控制

中国东部陆缘中区第三纪主要发育5期构造-火山事件高峰，分别发生在58～46Ma、38～36Ma、26～24Ma、20～16Ma、8～4Ma。形成的火山岩岩性相对单一，主要为玄武岩，大量隐伏于新生代含油气断陷盆地中，这与裂谷作用有关，而野外露头区只发育古新世、中新世和上新世火山岩。研究表明，火山作用伴随着盆地发育的全过程。成盆早期的火山岩代表着裂谷作用的开始。成盆中期火山活动相对强烈，不但形成大量火山岩，而且也是盆地生油岩发育的主要时期。盆地形成后期火山作用微弱。新生代火山作用的中心往往成为成盆中心和油气聚集区。     

中国东部新生代火山作用时代与构造环境变迁

中国东部新生代火山岩K-Ar年龄与岩石化学研究表明,早第三纪(40—55Ma)均为拉斑与钙-碱性岩浆喷发,代表了弧后引张环境。渐新世期间火山作用处于相对平静阶段。中新世以后表现出拉斑与碱性玄武岩的交替喷发,在不同的构造带上表现出19—21Ma、14—15 Ma、5—8Ma与<1Ma期间的强碱性玄武岩喷发,大约7Ma为一周期。这种火山作用的时空与岩性变化特征与全球板块构造环境的重大变迁密切相联。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒晚新生代熔岩台地40Ar/39Ar年代学研究

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟达里诺尔与阿巴嘎新生代大规模熔岩溢流火山作用形成数千平方千米的熔岩台地。本文利用⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年代学测试技术以及ALOS-DEM数据研究熔岩台地时空分布规律。达里诺尔与阿巴嘎火山作用早期都有大规模熔岩溢流形成熔岩台地,晚期单成因火山作用形成零散分布的火山渣锥。贝力克牧场平顶山高低两级熔岩台地分别形成于～2.5Ma和～1.1Ma,阿巴嘎火山群熔岩台地形成于约6.2～7.5Ma。本文提出区域剥蚀模型解释在火山群边缘常见的多级熔岩台地的成因。火山作用与当地特殊气候引发的区域剥蚀共同作用造成多级熔岩台地地貌。     

中国西部喀喇昆仑—昆仑山地区火山岩的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar年龄及地质意义

本文对中国西部喀喇昆仑—昆仑山地区通天桥火山岩、阿鲁克库勒的9号和10号次火山岩获得的40Ar-39Ar年龄分别为69.2Ma、1.00Ma和0.37Ma,邦达错橄榄玄武岩的K-Ar年龄为44Ma,据此对青藏高原北部地区火山作用的时空演化规律进行探讨。     

中国西部喀喇昆仑—昆仑山地区火山岩的40Ar-39Ar年龄及地质意义

本文对中国西部喀喇昆仑—昆仑山地区通天桥火山岩、阿鲁克库勒的9号和10号次火山岩获得的⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年龄分别为69.2Ma、1.00Ma和0.37Ma,邦达错橄榄玄武岩的K-Ar年龄为44Ma,据此对青藏高原北部地区火山作用的时空演化规律进行探讨。     

浙闽边界区晚中生代火山作用时序与过程分析

浙闽边界区是东南沿海晚中生代火山岩带中研究较薄弱的地区.本文对该区代表性晚中生代火山岩地层进行了系统的野外调查和锆石U-Pb年代学研究,分析了它们的岩性岩相特征,在此基础上解剖了火山作用过程.该区火山活动起止时间为143～ 111Ma(高峰期143～ 126Ma),时代属早白垩世,其间存在较长的火山活动沉寂期(126～ 116Ma),火山作用过程可明显划分为5个阶段.上述研究结论有助于深化对东南沿海早白垩世火山活动时空演化规律的认识.     

大兴安岭黄岗梁火山构造隆起西南段火山岩相、火山构造格架与火山作用过程重溯

火山机构是一切火山岩的源头和绝大多数火山岩、火山岩相的赋存空间,是陆相火山岩区地质调查与研究的中心。本文选择大兴安岭黄岗梁火山构造隆起西南段,通过典型火山机构内火山活动时序的建立和不同火山机构相互关系的厘定,恢复火山构造格架,重溯火山作用过程。研究揭示黄岗梁火山构造隆起西南段包括两个火山隆起、三个破火山、一个凝灰岩环,以及若干个小的火山口,它们之间或并列、或叠套、或切割、或覆盖,构成了复杂的火山构造样式。区内火山活动大致可分为早期、峰期和晚期三个演化阶段,不同阶段在火山作用方式、形成的火山机构类型及主要岩性组合各具特色:早期火山作用主要形成瓦窑沟火山隆起,火山活动除开始阶段有一定烈度的爆发外,喷发强度总体中等偏低,形成产物以溢流相的安山岩和火山颈相的安山玢岩为主;峰期火山作用主要表现为大规模爆发,强烈爆发后塌陷形成多个破火山;晚期火山作用主要表现为压低沸腾外溢→侵出→侵入,形成黄岗梁火山-侵出隆起,火山活动烈度是三期中最弱的。三期火山作用产物的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄分别为143.7±1.5 Ma、140.1±1.4 Ma和141.1±1.0 Ma,在误差范围内几乎一致,说明黄岗梁...     

青海锡铁山铅锌矿床赋矿火山岩LA-ICPMS 锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

锡铁山铅锌矿床是我国西北地区大型铅锌矿床之一，但是，有关其成矿时间问题一直缺乏较好约束。本文通过对靠近矿体底部的火山岩LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb定年，获得了三组锆石U-Pb谐和年龄，分别变化于500～470 Ma, 465～450 Ma和440～420 Ma,形成的三个权重平均年龄分别为(479.4±5.2) Ma,(455.5±6.1) Ma和(431.8±3.7) Ma。结合区域滩间山群成岩构造环境及矿床成矿构造背景，文章认为前两组权重平均年龄代表了早古生代滩间山群两期强烈火山作用的峰期年龄，其年龄跨度(500～455 Ma)代表了滩间山群岛弧火山作用的时间跨度。第三组权重平均年龄代表了滩间山群火山岩成岩之后区域造山事件的主期变质年龄。锡铁山海底喷流沉积成矿合理时间应在455 Ma左右。     

北票—义县地区义县组岩石地层特征

北票-义县地区的义县组地层是一套火山-沉积地层,其中火山岩地层占80%以上,具有四个火山作用亚旋回,第一亚旋回以基性-偏碱的基性-中基性火山作用为特征,第二亚旋回以中基性-酸性的火山作用为特征,第三亚旋回以基性-中性火山作用为特征,第四亚旋回以中酸性火山作用为特征;义县组火山-沉积地层包含至少7个沉积夹层,可以进一步归纳为四套沉积层,即底砾岩层、下部火山岩中的沉积夹层、中部湖相沉积层和上部河湖相沉积层,沉积层中生物化石主要集中在3个主要层位.综合火山岩的旋回性特征,岩石组合、岩石产出特征,不同岩石组合的上、下接触关系和岩石形成环境的分析结果,结合同位素年代学及生物地层学的研究成果,区内义县组被划分成了4个岩性段.同位素年龄数据显示义县组时代为早白垩世,其形成年龄介于135~120Ma之间,含中华龙鸟、孔子鸟和辽宁古果等珍稀化石的湖相沉积层是在125~127Ma之间形成的.     

青藏高原新生代火山作用与构造演化

青藏高原的新生代火山作用是印度-亚洲大陆碰撞的火山响应,它显示了系统的时、空变化。随着印度-亚洲大陆碰撞从~65 Ma的接触-碰撞(即"软碰撞")转变到~45 Ma的全面碰撞(即"硬碰撞"),火山作用也逐渐从钠质+钾质变为钾质-超钾质+埃达克质。65~40 Ma的钾质和钠质熔岩主要分布于藏南的拉萨地块,少量分布于藏中的羌塘地块。从45~26 Ma,在藏中的羌塘地块中广泛发育钾质-超钾质熔岩和少量埃达克岩。随后的碰撞后火山作用向南迁移,在拉萨地块中产生~26~10 Ma间的同时代超钾质和埃达克质熔岩。尔后,从~18 Ma始,钾质和少量埃达克质火山作用重新向北,在西羌塘和松潘-甘孜地块中呈广泛和半连续状分布。此种时-空变异对形成青藏高原的深部地球动力学过程提供了重要约束。该过程包括:已消减的新特提斯大洋板片的回转、断离及随后增厚拉萨岩石圈根的去根作用,及因此而造成的印度岩石圈向北下插。青藏高原的隆升是自南向北穿时发生的。高原南部被创建于渐新世晚期,并保持至今;直到中新世中期,由于下插印度岩石圈的持续向北推挤,西羌塘和松潘-甘孜岩石圈的下部开始塌陷和拆离,高原北部才达到其现今的高度和规模。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the