近10 年来长江口水下三角洲的冲淤变化 ——-兼论三峡工程蓄水的影响

根据对近10 年来长江入海泥沙量和河口冲淤的对比分析, 探讨水下三角洲冲淤对长江入海泥沙锐减以及三峡工程运行的响应。结果表明: (1) 三峡水库蓄水导致长江入海泥沙减少1×10⁸ t/a 量级; (2) 1995-2000 年、2000-2004 年和2004-2005 年研究区淤积(冲刷) 面积分别占75.5% (24.5%)、30.5% (69.5%) 和14% (86%), 垂向冲淤速率(负为冲刷) 分别为6.4 cm/a、-3.8 cm/a 和-21 cm/a。(3) 由于地形和水动力的变化以及工程的影响, 研究区内冲淤对河流来沙减少的响应存在显著空间差异。结论包括: 三峡水库蓄水加剧了长江入海泥沙的减少; 入海泥沙的锐减是水下三角洲从淤积为主向侵蚀为主转变的主要原因。随着水库拦沙能力的增强等流域人类活动的影响, 长江入海泥沙将进一步下降, 河口口门区的冲刷可能加剧, 值得有关部门重视。     

长江干流河道对流域输沙的调节作用

利用长江干流和主要支流上测站1956~2004年的输沙量资料,对干流未测区域的来沙进行了估计。根据泥沙平衡 (Sediment budget) 概念,对长江干流河道的冲淤对来水来沙的响应以及对入海泥沙的影响进行研究发现,长江干流屏山至大通河道平均淤积速率为88.58×10⁶ t/a,河道淤积占总的来沙量及大通站输沙量比例分别为14%与21%。由于河道淤积,大通站输沙量减少了17.5%。总体来说上游淤积较轻,宜昌至汉口区间淤积严重,汉口至大通区间为微冲。长江干流的河道冲淤与流域总的来沙具有显著的相关关系,但各段河道的冲淤对流域来沙的响应各不一样。上游的冲淤与流域的径流量和来沙量均没有很好的相关性,宜昌-汉口段河道冲淤的变化与宜昌站的来沙具有显著的相关性;影响汉口-大通间河道的冲淤变化的主要因素是流域的来水量,河道的冲淤与大通站径流量的存在显著的负相关关系。三峡水库蓄水后整个长江干流的冲淤形势发生了根本的变化。三峡水库的蓄水运用有效地减轻了洞庭湖的泥沙淤积,同时也降低了洞庭湖的对长江干流泥沙的调节作用;长江上游干流河道淤积增强,中下游河道出现冲刷,但不同的河段表现不一;中下游河道冲刷量小于预测值,三峡水库的蓄水运用直接导致了长江入海泥沙的减少。     

塔里木河中游河段水文要素分析——以乌斯满河口上下游河段为例

采取工程措施调整干流上、中、下游区水量泄放比例,完成塔里木河流域综合治理工程项目,实现塔里木河的综合治理生态河流目标。由于中游河道比降小、砂质河岸极易侵蚀,河床宽浅,河道行洪能力低下;该段是塔里木河冲积平原南北伸展最宽的地段,是塔里木河河道泛滥地段,洪水使河道改道频繁。为进一步论证塔里木河中游河段控制型拦河枢纽工程对上下游河段堤防和两岸生态闸的影响,进行塔里木河中游拟建枢纽工程上下游河段内的水文要素观测、测量实验分析,掌握河段各项水文要素变化特征,分析河段内洪水的水面线、糙率的变化情况和中游河段的年径流量、最大洪峰流量、泥沙含量、输沙量等水文要素衰减率,以及河道内断面冲淤变化等问题,是为进一步研究洪水冲刷对堤防、水利工程影响的基本资料,是流域综合治理工程项目论证工作的必要条件。     

1717-2011年高宝诸湖的演变过程及其原因分析

高宝诸湖位于江苏省中部,紧邻大运河西岸,是淮河重要的入江水道。近300年来受到黄淮关系演变和人类垦殖活动的影响,高宝诸湖的形态发生了较大变化。在对古今地图中高宝诸湖的形态进行数字化和空间比较的基础上,结合对历史文献和部分钻孔资料的综合分析,将高宝诸湖的演变分为三个阶段：① 清康熙至乾隆年间为近300年来水域面积最大的时期,1717年水域面积为1606.02 km²;② 清中期以后受淮河通过高家堰不定期排泄泥沙的影响,湖中沙洲开始发育;③ 1851年开始,淮河改道经由洪泽湖东南的三河闸,通过高宝诸湖进入长江,其携带的部分泥沙在高宝诸湖沉淀下来,形成三河三角洲,随着三河三角洲在在高宝诸湖内的不断淤涨,湖面萎缩速度加快,1868年湖面缩小到1494.03 km²,1916年为1071.97 km²,2011年为886.90 km²。洪泽湖泥沙是导致近300年来高宝诸湖不断萎缩的主要原因,此外,圩田的兴建进一步加剧了这一过程。     

江苏海岸侵蚀过程及其趋势

江苏省侵蚀海岸的总长度为 30 1 7km ,分为 4段 :废黄河三角洲海岸、港海岸、吕四海岸以及海州湾的沙质海岸。各段海岸侵蚀原因不同。废黄河三角洲海岸是因黄河改道失去泥沙来源 ;吕四与港海岸则因辐射沙洲调整过程中滨岸水道的向岸移动造成的 ;而北部沙岸则是因人类活动 (上游建设水库及开挖海滩沙 )的干扰。江苏海岸是一个沉积物准封闭系统 ,全球性海平面上升将加剧这一侵蚀过程 ,预计未来侵蚀海岸的长度将增加 ,辐射沙洲区的外围沙洲将因侵蚀而向中心区退缩。一些目前是隐型侵蚀的岸段将向显性侵蚀的阶段发展。由于连云港到长江口北支的岸段是软性海岸 ,缺乏硬质节点 ,在没有建造大型人工设施的前提下 ,估计江苏海岸动态及制定开发规划时必须考虑平直化的大趋势。     

长江中下游河道冲淤与河床自动调整作用分析

根据实测河道测图资料及水沙资料，首次利用断面地形法和输沙平衡法较全面地系统地计算分析了长江中下游河道泥沙的冲淤变化及其分布规律，计算结果表明宜昌－大通段呈冲槽、淤滩、淤汊特征；同时剖析和验证了长江中下游河床具有较强的自动调整作用。     

塔里木河现代河道冲淤变化的探讨

通过对现代塔里木河干流河道大断面的泥沙堆积情况、河道的基本特征和上游来水来沙条件的研究，认为塔里木河河道冲淤较大，主槽摆动频繁；涨水时低滩地淤积，落水时冲刷；每经一个汛期，滩面有所抬高；长时期内滩槽相对高差变化不大；河道淤积量大小主要取决于上游来沙、来水量，尤其是汛期水沙量对河道变迁的意义重大     

江苏北部开敞淤泥质海岸的侵蚀过程及防护

开敞淤泥质海岸是淤泥质海岸的主要类型，其自然演变过程，主要受沿海河流泥沙供应条件的制约，一旦泥沙供应消失，海岸往往进入不可逆转的侵蚀过程。江苏北部淤泥质海岸的侵蚀过程，起自１８５５年黄河入海口北归利津入海以后，主要是在近岸破波对岸滩物质的冲刷和潮流的输移扩散作用下进行的。通过对淤泥质海岸动力和沉积物性质的认识和概化，对海岸侵蚀过程作出定量模拟，并对该地区海岸防护工程作出评价和讨论。     

海勃湾枢纽对坝后河道冲淤的影响

随着黄河上游控制性水利枢纽相继投入运用,黄河内蒙古段河道冲淤演变格局得到重塑。利用水文站实测数据,系统分析了海勃湾水利枢纽建设运行前后坝后河道水沙变化特征。基于河道断面高程数据,从滩槽冲淤（横向）及沿程冲淤（纵向）两方面定性分析坝后河道形态变迁,采用断面地形法定量计算坝后河道冲淤变化量。结果表明：海勃湾水利枢纽蓄水运用后,坝后河道的水沙搭配条件显著改善,来沙系数、单位径流量的输沙量降幅较大,对坝后河道减淤冲刷作用明显。坝后河道横纵断面变迁以冲刷为主,冲淤演变过程经历了淤积（2004—2012年）、冲淤过渡（2012—2014年）、冲刷（2014—2020年）3个阶段。     

黄河下游河道萎缩对冲淤临界的影响

通过实测年系列水沙资料分析,运用统计分析方法,按照非萎缩期(1950~1985年)和萎缩期(1986~1999年)两个时期,分别得到黄河下游河道的冲淤临界值。对于年沙量、>0.05mm年粗沙量、年均含沙量、年均粗泥沙含沙量、年均来沙系数而言,冲淤临界值均有不同程度减小。这意味着河道萎缩后,由于输沙功能减弱,在年沙量、>0.05mm年粗沙量、年均含沙量、年均粗沙含量、年均来沙系数处于比非萎缩期更低的水平时,下游河道就有可能出现淤积,从而使得控制河道淤积抬高变得更为困难,使河道防洪面临新的问题。     

Evolution of sedimentary environments of the middle Jiangsu coast, South Yellow Sea since late MIS 3

An evolutionary model of sedimentary environments since late Marine Isotope Stage 3 （late MIS 3, i.e., ca. 39 cal ka BP） along the middle Jiangsu coast is presented based upon a reinterpretation of core 07SR01, new correlations between adjacent published cores, and shallow seismic profiles recovered in the Xiyang tidal channel and adjacent northern sea areas. Geomorphology, sedimentology, radiocarbon dating and seismic and sequence stratigraphy are combined to confirm that environmental changes since late MIS 3 in the study area were controlled primarily by sea-level fluctuations, sediment discharge of paleo-rivers into the South Yellow Sea （SYS）, and minor tectonic subsidence, all of which impacted the progression of regional geomorphic and sedimentary environments （Le., coastal barrier island freshwater lacustrine swamp, river floodplain, coastal marsh, tidal sand ridge, and tidal channel）. This resulted in the formation of a fifth-order sequence stratigraphy, comprised of the parasequence of the late stage of the last interstadial （Para-Sq2）, including the highstand and forced regressive wedge system tracts （HST and FRWST）, and the parasequence of the postglacial period （Para-Sql）, including the transgressive and highstand system tracts （TST and HST）. The tidal sand ridges likely began to develop during the postglacial transgression as sea-level rise covered the middle Jiangsu coast at ca. 9.0 cal ka BP. These initially submerged tidal sand ridges were constantly migrating until the southward migration of the Yellow River mouth to the northern Jiangsu coast during AD 1128 to 1855. The paleo-Xiyang tidal channel that was determined by the paleo-tidal current field and significantly different from the modern one, was in existence during the Holocene transgressive maxima and lasted until AD 1128. Following the capture of the Huaihe River in AD 1128 by the Yellow River, the paleo-Xiyang tidal channel was infilled with a large amount of river-derived sediments from AD 1128 to 1855, causing the emergence of some of the previously submerged tidal sand ridges. From AD 1855 to the present, the infilled paleo-Xiyang tidal channel has undergone scouring, resulting in its modern form. The modern Xiyang tidal channel continues to widen and deepen, due both to strong tidal current scouring and anthropogenic activities.     

基于遥感和GIS的江苏省海岸线时空变化

以江苏省海岸1973-2012年的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+遥感影像为数据源,利用遥感和GIS技术,对江苏省海岸线的时空变化进行分析。结果表明：显著侵蚀岸段以废黄河口为中心,北至新淮河口,南至双洋港,长度约79.05 km,占研究区岸线总长度的8%;淤涨岸段以弶港为中心,北至运粮河口,南至新中港,长约715.50 km,占72%;其它部分稳定岸段与淤涨岸段相间存在。最大侵蚀速率为-23.37±11.92 m/a,位于废黄河口南侧;最大淤涨速率为445.37±66.80 m/a,位于射阳河口南侧。围垦是江苏省岸线变化的主要因素。总的来看,1973年以来40年间共围垦1912.4 km²,1980年前后出现了一个围垦高峰,之后围垦强度明显减弱且进入休养期,90年代以后围垦又普遍加强。     

1570—1971年长江镇扬河段江心沙洲的演变过程及原因分析

受黄河夺淮的影响,从1570年开始淮河下游由向东独流入海逐渐演变为南下入江,成为长江一条支流。这一变化为长江河流地貌的演变增加了新的变量,改变了长江镇扬河段原有的河槽特征和水流结构,洲滩冲淤、岸线进退随之发生变化。本文使用历史文献考证与古地图判读相结合的研究方法,对淮河入江口外沙洲群的形成年代与演变过程进行考证,认为裕民洲、南新洲等沙洲至少在17世纪前已经存在于淮河入江口外,是成化、弘治年间藤料沙等沦没后新淤长的沙洲。淮河入江后上述沙洲不断扩大、与新淤长沙洲一起向北并岸,致使镇扬河段北汊消亡,并由江心洲型河床向弯曲型河床转化。曲流的形成又使位于上游凹岸的瓜洲受到侵蚀,而位于凸岸的镇江不断淤积,长江镇扬河段逐渐演变为今天的面貌。     

在沿海地区培育新增长极的构想--胶、辽携手带动环渤海,南、北并进拓展长三角

通过对区域自然地理和社会经济条件的综合分析,论证中国北部和中部沿海新增长极的合理选址所在(分别是渤海的入口处、长江口的崇明岛、位于杭州湾东侧的宁波-舟山),并就如何培育这些新增长极提出了初步的设想,包括:建设“渤海门户组合港”、莱州湾的围海成湖、封堵长江口北支、在崇明岛建设“江北上海”、把整个杭州湾全部围垦成陆。     

黄河入海悬沙季节输送变化与输送机制的数值研究(英文)

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

Numerical simulation on seasonal transport variations and mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

Overflow probability of the Salt Lake in Hoh Xil Region

After the bursting of Huiten Nor in Hoh Xil Region in September, 2011, the topic on whether the water overflowed from the Salt Lake would enter into the Chumaer River and become the northernmost source of the Yangtze River has aroused wide concern from public and academic field. Based on Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI remote sensing images during 2010–2015, SRTM 1 arc-second data, Google Earth elevation data and the observation data from the Wudaoliang meteorological station, the study initially analyzed the variations of the Salt Lake and its overflowing condition and probability. The results showed that the area of the Salt Lake expanded sharply from October 2011 to April 2013, and then it stepped into a stable expansion period. On October 27, 2015, the area of the Salt Lake had arrived at 151.38 km², which was about 3.35 times the area of the lake on March 3, 2010. The Salt Lake will overflow when its area reaches the range from 218.90 km² to 220.63 km². Due to the differences between SRTM DEM and Google Earth elevation data, the water level of the Salt Lake simulated would be 12 m or 9.6 m higher than the current level when the lake overflowed, and its reservoir capacity would increase by 23.71 km³ or 17.27 km³, respectively. Meanwhile, the overflowed water of the Salt Lake would run into the Qingshui River basin from its eastern part. Although the Salt Lake does not overflow in the coming decade, with watershed expansion of the Salt Lake and the projected precipitation increase in Hoh Xil region, the probability of water overflow from the Salt Lake and becoming a tributary of the Yangtze River will exist in the long term.     

江苏近海辐射状沙脊地貌的发育

本文阐述江苏近海辐射状沙脊的分布和形态特征,划分了沙脊和潮谷的地貌类型,讨论了沙脊地貌的发育规律。