工程措施影响滑坡地下水动态的数值模拟研究

大多数滑坡的发生与地下水活动有关 ,地下水的动态变化直接关系到滑坡的稳定性状况。因此 ,在滑坡治理工程中 ,首先需要研究各种影响因素和工程治理措施对坡体地下水位的影响方式 ,从而正确分析滑坡成因机制和制定合理的滑坡治理方案。基于工程滑坡实例研究 ,利用数值模拟 ,揭示了滑坡治理工程中地下排水洞的排水效果 ,分析了地表水集中入渗和设置抗滑桩后地下水渗流场的变化特征。表明数值模拟研究 ,可以有效地揭示工程措施及主要影响因素对滑坡地下水动态的影响方式 ,为滑坡治理奠定必要的基础     

Parametrical landslide modeling for the hydrogeological susceptibility assessment: from the Crati Valley to the Cavallerizzo landslide (Southern Italy)

The article deals with a tool for landslides susceptibility assessment as a function of the hydrogeological setting at different scales. The study has been applied to a test area located in Southern Italy. First, a 3D groundwater flow model was implemented for a large-scale area. The simulation of several groundwater conditions compared with the landslide activity map allows drawing a hydrogeological susceptibility map. Then, a slope scale analysis was carried out for the Cavallerizzo landslide. For this purpose, a 2D groundwater parametrical modeling was coupled with a slope stability analysis; the simulation was carried out by changing the values of the main hydrogeological parameters (recharge, groundwater supply level, etc.). The results enabled to connect the slope instability to some hydrogeological characteristics that are easy to survey and to monitor (e.g., rainfall, piezometrical level, and spring discharge), pointing out the hazard thresholds with regards to different triggering phenomena.     

滑坡充气截排水有效性数值模拟

为验证充气截排水在实际滑坡中能有效控制坡体地下水位和坡体稳定性,本文以小旦滑坡为例,在滑坡变形破坏发展特征分析和形成机制研究的基础上,采用数值模拟方法研究了充气截排水技术应用在此类滑坡治理中应用的有效性。通过二维有限元数值模拟,分析了不同充气压力下坡体稳定性的变化规律。结果表明：在滑坡后缘适当位置进行充气能够形成稳定的非饱和截水帷幕,达到降低潜在滑坡区地下水位的目的;小旦滑坡的最佳充气压力值为125 kPa,在最佳充气压力作用下,小旦滑坡坡脚未开挖状态下稳定性系数由1.144增大到1.209,开挖状态下的稳定性系数由1.106增大到1.139;雨季边坡后缘入渗量增大的情况下,充气截排水对滑坡稳定性的提高作用更为显著。     

Comparing the performance of TRIGRS and TiVaSS in spatial and temporal prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides

This study compares the performance of transient rainfall infiltration and grid-based regional slope stability (TRIGRS) model and time-variant slope stability (TiVaSS) model in the prediction of rainfall-induced shallow landslides. TRIGRS employs one-dimensional (1-D) subsurface flow to simulate the infiltration rate, whereas a three-dimensional (3-D) model is utilized in TiVaSS. The former has been widely used in landslide modeling, while the latter was developed only recently. Both programs are used for the spatiotemporal prediction of shallow landslides caused by rainfall. This study uses the July 2011 landslide event that occurred in Mt. Umyeon, Seoul, Korea, for validation. The performance of the two programs is evaluated by comparison with data of the actual landslides in both location and timing by using a landslide ratio for each factor of safety class (\({\text{LR}}_{\text{class}}\) index), which was developed for addressing point-like landslide locations. Moreover, the influence of surface flow on landslide initiation is assessed. The results show that the shallow landslides predicted by the two models are highly consistent with those of the observed sliding sites, although the performance of TiVaSS is slightly better. Overland flow affects the buildup of the pressure head and reduces the slope stability, although this influence was not significant in this case. A slight increase in the predicted unstable area from 19.30 to 19.93% was recorded when the overland flow was considered. It is concluded that both models are suitable for application in the study area. However, although it is a well-established model requiring less input data and shorter run times, TRIGRS produces less accurate results.     

Physically based hydrogeological and slope stability modeling of the Turaida castle mound

This study explores the potential of integrating state-of-the-art physically based hydrogeological modeling into slope stability simulations to identify the hydrogeological triggers of landslides. Hydrogeological models considering detailed morphological, lithological, and climatic factors were elaborated. Groundwater modeling reveals locations with elevated pore water pressures in the subsurface and allows the quantification of temporal dynamics of the pore water pressures. Results of the hydrogeological modeling were subsequently applied as boundary conditions for the slope stability simulations. The numerical models illustrate that the hydrogeological impacts affecting hillslope stability are strongly controlled by local groundwater flow conditions and their conceptualization approach in the hydrogeological model. Groundwater flow itself is heavily influenced by the inherent geological conditions and the dynamics of climatic forcing. Therefore, both detailed investigation of the landslide’s hydrogeology and appropriate conceptualization and scaling of hydrogeological settings in a numerical model are essential to avoid an underestimation of the landslide risk. The study demonstrates the large potential in combining state-of-the-art computational hydrology with slope stability modeling in real-world cases.     

Hydrogeological pattern of groundwater flow of landslides in Cretaceous claystones based on long-term groundwater monitoring and hydrologging measurement

Long-term groundwater monitoring has been carried in the model locality of the landslide area at Třebenice, situated in the northern part of the Czech Republic in Cretaceous claystones to marlstones. Primarily, long-term fluctuation of the groundwater and piezometric levels has been monitored. Monitoring of groundwater flow was carried out in selected wells also by the photometry logging method using a dilution technique of a marked liquid. On the basis of these results, the pattern of the groundwater flow through the landslide area was determined in lithologically homogeneous Cretaceous claystones to marlstones. Interpretation of monitoring results indicated that water flows preferentially through the zone of near-surface loosening of the claystone rock massif, in general parallel to the slope inclination between 8 and 10-m depth below ground level. This zone exhibits a higher permeability given by 1–2 orders of hydraulic conductivity compared with overlying strata and underlying rock in which this zone is closed. This verified pattern of groundwater flow has a significant effect on the stability of the sliding slope and it is one of the main factors affecting the evolution of landslides on the slopes formed by these rocks.     

充气位置及压力对边坡截排水效果的影响

充气截排水主要依据非饱和渗流理论,通过向坡体后缘压入气体驱除部分地下水,形成非饱和帷幕带,降低土体的渗透性,截排斜坡后缘地下水的入渗,降低潜在滑坡体内地下水位。多孔介质的多相渗流问题相当复杂,模拟技术往往是有效的研究方法。笔者以试验得到的地下水位及渗流量为基础进行数值反演分析,得到土质参数,构建数值计算模型,研究不同充气位置对边坡潜在滑坡区地下水位的影响。结果表明:在坡体后缘压入气体能够降低潜在滑坡区的地下水位线;在坡体后缘充气时,充气点放置在距离潜在滑坡区较近的位置时,截排水效果更好;充气点充气压力越大,潜在滑坡区的地下水位线下降得越多;选择充气点深度时,宜选择较深的充气深度,这样能够选择较大的充气压力。     

Topography and volume effects on travel distance of surface failure

The authors investigated factors affecting the travel distance of a surface failure and developed a simple model for estimating the distance based on soil properties and topographic factor. The authors conducted field surveys and various soil tests for a number of surface failures that occurred during torrential rain at the end of August 1998 in southern Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The authors studied the effects of various factors such as landslide volume, pore-water pressure, slope inclination, and the internal friction near the slip surfaces on the travel distances. The analyses showed no clear relationship between landslide volume and equivalent coefficient of friction, which was likely attributable to the very small range of volume compared to other studies on catastrophic landslides. The effect of excess pore-water pressure was likely negligible because undrained conditions were not to be maintained at the shallow flow depths. A positive correlation was shown between slope inclination and equivalent coefficient of friction. This correlation was attributable to two factors, one was positive correlation between the internal friction on the slip surface and slope inclination, and the other was the kinetic energy dissipation of moving mass that occurred at the inclination changing point between a slope and a sedimentary flat surface. The authors then developed a predictive model for critical flow inclination of landslide by installing the factors of soil properties and slope inclination factors. The model predicted equivalent coefficient of frictions, which were very similar to the observed values, thus verifying the effectiveness of the model.     

大型滑坡地下水系统的概念模型以长江三峡库区宝塔滑坡为例

本文以中国长江三峡工程库区大型滑坡宝塔滑坡为例 ,在地质结构研究的基础上 ,尝试通过地下水动力场、水化学场、水温度场和水的环境同位素的调查研究 ,查清地下水补给、径流、排泄条件和地下水随外界因素 (降雨、水库蓄水和人为入渗、排水等 )变化的规律 ,从而建立滑坡地下水系统的概念模型。这既是滑坡的地下水预测和变形预测的必要基础 ,也为滑坡的治理指明了方向。     

A temporal model for landslide risk based on historical precipitation

Of the recognized nonsteady-state factors that influence slope stability, probably most critical in many field situations is the character of precipitation and infiltration activity. A groundwater response model used in conjunction with precipitation records can provide a historical catalog of estimated maximum groundwater levels in a particular study area. An extreme-value statistical analysis of this catalog is linked with geotechnical slope stability analyses to provide a landslide hazard model for estimating the probability of slope failure within a given time. This modeling approach can provide meaningful input to risk assessments for landslide mitigation programs and to decision analyses and cost-benefit studies important for land-use planning and resource management.This paper was presented at Emerging Concepts, MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 13–15 April 1987.     

滑坡稳定性变化与地下水非稳定渗流初探--以三峡库区黄蜡石滑坡群石榴树包滑坡为例

把滑坡体离散化为一定数量的条块,基于水均衡原理建立了滑坡体地下水一维非稳定渗流的差分方程组,其中考虑了滑坡体地下水通过弱透水滑动带的越流排泄,对动态边界提出了处理方法.以三峡库区黄蜡石滑坡群的石榴树包滑坡为例,根据三峡水库蓄水前和蓄水后排泄区的不同水位条件,模拟了在强降雨过程中滑坡地下水的动态过程.结合考虑地下水渗透力的传递系数法,计算了石榴树包滑坡稳定性系数随时间的变化,结果表明无论是在三峡水库蓄水前还是蓄水后的极端降雨条件下石榴树包滑坡都是不安全的.在地下水非稳定渗流的影响下,滑坡稳定性对降雨和排泄区水位的响应具有滞后性.     

地下水对碎石土类边坡稳定性影响分析

在碎石土类边坡中常常发育地下水管网渗流系统,他们控制地下水水位上升,对保持边坡稳定十分重要。当坡脚开挖或坡体堆载时,会破坏管道状地下水排泄系统,从而导致地下水水位升高,使潜在滑面上的孔隙水压升高,最终导致滑坡的发生。本文综合分析了滑坡与水相互作用机理,并以官家滑坡为例,通过对滑坡稳定性计算中与地下水有关的各因素敏感性分析．发现地下水位变化对孔隙压力比、水头高度和水力坡度的影响极大的影响了碎石土边坡的稳定性;通过官家滑坡极限状态的塑性变形发现,碎石土边坡的变形破坏往往是在部分脆弱部位,通过长期蠕变积累首先展开,并逐渐扩展至整个滑面,由此得到在滑坡稳定性计算中,强度参数按照饱水面积比影响下经衰减的数值进行计算,所得到的稳定性系数更符合工程实际现状,对滑坡剩余推力的计算和治理设计具有积极的指导意义。     

Shallow landslides in pyroclastic soils: a distributed modelling approach for hazard assessment

An effective assessment of shallow landslide hazard requires spatially distributed modelling of triggering processes. This is possible by using physically based models that allow us to simulate the transient hydrological and geotechnical processes responsible for slope instability. Some simplifications are needed to address the lack of data and the difficulty of calibration over complex terrain at the catchment's scale. We applied two simple hydrological models, coupled with the infinite slope stability analysis, to the May 1998 landslide event in Sarno, Southern Italy. A quasi-dynamic model (Barling et al., 1994) was used to model the contribution to instability of lateral flow by simulating the time-dependent formation of a groundwater table in response to rainfall. A diffusion model [Water Resour. Res. 36 (2000) 1897] was used to model the role of vertical flux by simulating groundwater pressures that develop in response to heavy rainstorms. The quasi-dynamic model overestimated the slope instability over the whole area (more than 16%) but was able to predict correctly slope instability within zero order basins where landslides occurred and developed into large debris flows. The diffusion model simulated correctly the triggering time of more than 70% of landslides within an unstable area amounting to 7.3% of the study area. These results support the hypothesis that both vertical and lateral fluxes were responsible for landslide triggering during the Sarno event, and confirm the utility of such models as tools for hazard planning and land management.     

A 2D integrated FEM model for surface water–groundwater flow of slopes under rainfall condition

Numerical modeling of water infiltration in slopes under rainfall conditions, especially under rainstorm conditions, is a fundamental problem for slope stability assessment. To obtain representative results, surface water–groundwater flow models are incorporated in the simulation. Based on finite element representation of Richards’ equation and of kinematic wave equations, an integrated 2D numerical model (IMCR2D) of the surface water–groundwater system was established. The model has a symmetrical matrix that modifies the flux boundary according to the runoff solution on the slope. IMCR2D was verified using two laboratory experiments, and it showed good agreement with numerical and experimental results. Additional numerical examples were used to study the effect of flux supply from runoff on infiltration. In comparison with SimMd (an existing method), IMCR2D displayed advantages in cases where surface runoff develops in an upper low-permeability section of the slope and flows down into a high-permeability section of the slope. To illustrate the advantages of the new method, the seepage field and stability condition of a case study in the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Reservoir were analyzed using IMCR2D and SimMd. The deformation of a landslide in part reflects its stability, and therefore, we also used displacement monitoring data to estimate the variation of stability conditions from that aspect. Comparison of the two numerical models indicated that flux supply greatly affects the seepage field, and that rainfall plays an important role in landslide stability evaluation, but only when considering flux supply from upper slope surface runoff.     

A Study of the hydrogeological environment of the lishan landslide area using resistivity image profiling and borehole data

Resistivity Image Profiling (RIP) surveys was used to develop a lithological and hydrogeological model of the subsurface in the southeastern part of Lishan landslide area of central Taiwan. The bedrock consists of slate in the study area. Based on RIP and rock samples collected from boreholes results, three electrical strata are recognized: colluvium, the shear zone composed of shear gouges and shattered slate, and the undisturbed slate formation. The steep shear zone with resistivity ranging between 100 ~ 260 Ω-m, plays a crucial role in the local hydrogeological environment, because it forms a natural barrier which blocks and retains groundwater flowing down the slope. Groundwater will brim over the barrier when the water level is high. Thus the inclined groundwater table remains stable from long-term monitoring. It strongly indicates that the groundwater recharge is greater than that of discharge. Therefore, the shear zone can provide information about the optimum locations for draining the excess groundwater in-situ for slope stability consideration.

The curved basal surface of the colluvium and the weathered slate can also be discerned from the resistivity variations and boreholes data. A series of circular patterns may associate with the main slope failure which migrated upwards from the lower slope.     

滑床渗透性对超覆型库岸老滑坡稳定性的影响

超覆型库岸老滑坡滑床前缘大多发育一砂卵石层,该砂卵石层的强渗透性将影响滑坡渗流场,从而影响滑坡的稳定性.以三峡库区万州中学老滑坡为例,在确定该滑坡中地下水作用模式为承压水含水层作用模式的基础上,假定砂卵石层的4种不同渗透系数,来研究在库水位波动条件下,滑床砂卵石层渗透性对滑坡稳定性的影响.分析表明,超覆型老滑坡砂卵石层的渗透系数不同,滑坡中浸润线也不同,渗透系数越小,浸润线越低,滑坡中地下水相对库水位的滞后效应越明显;库水位上升阶段、高水位运行阶段和下降初期,万州中学老滑坡各级滑坡的稳定性系数随砂卵石层渗透系数k2的增大而减小;库水位稳定在150 m时,老滑坡整体稳定性随k2的增大而增大,k2的变化对次级滑体和三级滑体的稳定性影响不明显.这对于库区老滑坡的复活和监测预警工程有较强的应用价值.     

三峡地区泥灰质岩石斜坡带岩溶作用及其对工程稳定性的影响

泥灰质岩石岩溶是岩溶研究一个薄弱环节,将工程稳定性与岩溶作用相结合是岩溶地区地质灾害评价和治理所面临的新课题。三峡地区巴东组（T2b）泥灰质岩石的岩溶问题是新近发现的重大工程地质问题。由于构造破碎和河流切割引起岩石卸荷与松动,使岩石有利于水的渗入和岩溶作用。水是岩溶的溶剂,在峡谷斜坡地带,雨水是地表水和地下水的主要水源,地处亚热带的三峡地区雨水丰沛。通过对15个不同类型水样的化学成分测试和计算表明,雨水呈酸性,方解石的饱和指数（SI）低,具有强烈的溶蚀性,在地表和地下运移的过程中对泥灰质岩石产生了强烈的溶蚀作用。不同的地貌位置和构造层位具有不同的地表水和地下水状态,从而产生不同强度和不同形式的地表和地下岩溶。地质历史时期,岩溶作用使岩石发生成分和结构的一系列变化,从而导致岩石力学强度降低,岩体发生不均匀沉降、地裂缝、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和地面塌陷。测试和计算还表明,不仅雨水及其转化成的地表水和地下水,而且江水和自来水均有一定的溶蚀性。将来,水的岩溶作用和水的诱发作用可能导致地基不均匀沉降、地裂缝、滑坡、崩塌、泥石流和地面塌陷,从而破坏工程稳定性。防治三峡地区地质灾害的关键在于防止水向地基的入渗。建议对三峡地区泥灰质岩石斜坡带岩溶进行深入研究。     

Using hydrogen,oxygen, and tritium isotopes to identify the hydrological factors contributing to landslides in a mountainous area,central Taiwan

Over a 1-year period, 343 samples, including precipitation, creek, pond, and groundwater, were collected from June 2003 to May 2004. Analyses were performed for stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions. Selected samples were also analyzed for tritium. The goal was to identify possible hydrologic factors contributing to a severe landslide in the Li-Shan area, central Taiwan. The isotope characteristics indicate that groundwater from Fu-Shou-Shan farm located up-slope from the landslide area is a major source for slope groundwater, in addition to precipitation. The groundwater is mainly recharged by pond water at Fu-Shou-Shan farm. According to the calculation of a two-end member equation with δ ¹⁸O, the contribution of farm groundwater to slope groundwater is significantly higher than that of precipitation, up to a factor of five. The estimated drainage efficiency of the existing system is only 23%. Draining off the slope groundwater in the up-slope region to decrease farm groundwater flow into the slope area is a feasible strategy to effectively reduce the risk of landslide.     

Field monitoring of groundwater responses to heavy rainfalls and the early warning of the Kualiangzi landslide in Sichuan Basin,southwestern China

The Kualiangzi landslide was triggered by heavy rainfalls in the “red beds” area of Sichuan Basin in southwestern China. Differing from other bedrock landslides, the movement of the Kualiangzi landslide was controlled by the subvertical cracks and a subhorizontal bedding plane (dip angle < 10°). The ingress of rainwater in the cracks formed a unique groundwater environment in the slope. Field measurement for rainfall, groundwater movement, and slope displacement has been made for the Kualiangzi landslide since 2013. The field monitoring system consists of two rainfall gauges, seven piezometers, five water-level gauges, and two GPS data loggers. The equipments are embedded near a longitudinal section of the landslide, where severe deformation has been observed in the past 3 years. The groundwater responses to four heavy rainfall events were analyzed between June 16 and July 24 in 2013 coincided with the flood season in Sichuan. Results showed that both of the water level and the pore-water pressure increased after each rainfall event with delay in the response time with respect to the precipitation. The maximum time lag reached 35 h occurred in a heavy rainfall event with cumulative precipitation of 127 mm; such lag effect was significantly weakened in the subsequent heavy rainfall events. In each presented rainfall event, longer infiltration period in the bedrock in the upper slope increased the response time of groundwater, compared to that of in the gravels in the lower slope. A translational landslide conceptual model was built for the Kualiangzi landslide, and the time lag was attributed to the gradual formation of the uplift pressure on the slip surface and the softening of soils at the slip surface. Another important observation is the effect on the slope movement which was caused by the water level (H _w) in the transverse tension trough developed at the rear edge of the landslide. Significant negative correlation was found for H _w and the slope stability factor (F _s), in particular for the last two heavy rainfall events, of which the drastic increase of water level caused significant deterioration in the slope stability. The rapid drop (Δ?=?22.5 kPa) of pore-water pressure in the deep bedrock within 1 h and the large increase (Δ?=?87.3 mm) of surficial displacement were both monitored in the same period. In the end, a four-level early warning system is established through utilizing H _w and the displacement rate D _r as the warning indicators. When the large deformation occurred in flood season, the habitants at the leading edge of the landslide can be evacuated in time.     

含碎块石土质边坡的稳定性问题

含碎块石土质边坡中常发育有地下水排泄管道，他们控制地下水水位上升，对保持边坡稳定十分重要。当坡脚开挖或坡体堆载时，会破坏管道状地下水排泄系统，从而导致地下水水位升高，使潜在滑面上的孔隙水压升高，最终导致滑坡的发生。以小旦滑坡为例探讨这类边坡的变形破坏机制。