Three-dimensional gravimetric modelling to detect the deep structure of the region Vogtland/NW-Bohemia

The occurrence of swarm earthquakes in the Vogtland/NW-Bohemia area results probably from the physical interactions of fluids, the stress field and the geometry of the geological units. Therefore the present study aims at the development of a 3-D density model of the region with a vertical range of 35 km. A new Bouguer anomaly map is presented containing about 17 000 gravity data points. Prominent Bouguer anomalies are produced by the granites of Eibenstock and Karlovy Vary (low with −75 mGal), the metabasites near Mariánzké Lázně (high with 5 mGal) and the Münchberg Gneiss Massif (gravity high of Hof with 10 mGal). The geometry of the internal model structures correspond to geological units and, thus, the modelled gravity fits well the observed Bouguer anomaly. The 3-D gravimetric modellings indicate detailed geometries of the geological settings. With regard to the periodic occurrence of swarm earthquakes in the Vogtland region the existence of an upwelling mantle or a magmatic body is investigated. Precise information only can be given, if the vertical extension of the near surface bodies is known.     

A regional strategy for geothermal exploration with emphasis on gravity and magnetotellurics

As part of the resource evaluation and exploration program conducted by Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory for the national Hot Dry Rock (HDR) Geothermal Program, a regional magnetotelluric (MT) survey of New Mexico and Arizona is being performed. The MT lines are being located in areas where the results of analysis of residual gravity anomaly maps of Arizona and New Mexico, integrated with other geologic and geophysical studies indicate the greatest potential for HDR resources.The residual gravity anomalies are derived by applying the concept of predicting gravity anomalies from topography. This can be accomplished by employing reductions similar to those used in some isostatic investigations, in which a regional topographic surface is used as the Bouguer reduction datum. The datum is derived by comparison of various harmonics of Bouguer anomalies and elevations of stations. Topography can be used to predict Bouguer anomalies because of isostatic compensation; the resultant anomalies can be considered high frequency residual anomalies or isostatic anomalies corrected for regional compensation. Such maps have been produced for Arizona, New Mexico, west Texas, and Chihuahua, Mexico.The main objective of the MT project is to produce a regional geoelectric contour map of the pervasive deep electrical conductor within the crust and/or upper mantle beneath the Colorado Plateau and the adjacent Basin and Range Province and Rio Grande Rift. The MT survey consists of 200 sites along several long profiles with site spacing of 15–20 km. Pre-existing available MT data are being integrated with the new data. After the data are processed, a one-dimensional inversion is applied to the sounding curve and used as a starting point for 2-D modeling. Such a project and ultimate map will be of major value in studying the regional geophysics and tectonics of the southwest United States as they now apply to HDR resources in particular and geothermal resources in general.Electrical conductivity anomalies of large areal extent are of particular interest in geothermal exploration. Correlation analysis of large conductive anomalies with other geophysical, geological, and geotectonic data is being performed. Preliminary analysis of the data has suggested several major regions of anomalously shallow high electrical conductivity. Among these is the Aquarius area of northwest Arizona which is the site of a longwavelength residual anomaly low, which when modeled and correlated with other geophysical data can be shown to be possibly related to low density and high temperature in the crust at depths of 20 km or less. Preliminary analysis of MT data indicates the possible existence of a mid-crustal high electrical conductivity anomaly in this same region.     

青藏高原东南缘多尺度重力场及构造含义

本文基于EGM2008重力场模型研究了青藏高原东南缘均衡重力异常和多尺度的布格重力异常特征,以鲁甸和景谷地震为例,认识其深部构造环境和动力学过程,为该区域的构造运动和地震孕育环境研究提供依据.结果表明,研究区布格重力异常和均衡重力异常与地质构造格局相关性较好,川滇地块剧烈的区域布格重力异常和非均衡状态与其强烈的地壳变形...     

近地表密度估计的重力贝叶斯分析方法及在云南地区的应用

基于布格重力异常相对于地形起伏光滑分布的约束条件,从一维自由空气重力异常数据出发,采用贝叶斯方法估算近地表岩石密度,同时采用三次B样条函数拟合布格重力异常,获取光滑分布的布格重力异常.数据拟合和光滑约束之间的权重采用Akaike贝叶斯准则(ABIC准则)自动确定.均匀剖分模型和不均匀剖分模型数据试验都验证了该方法的有效性.相关参数评价表明,足够多的样条系数可以提高估计结果的准确性,样条系数的个数接近测点数时可获得较稳定的估计结果.增大异常的噪声水平时,ABIC准则可有效地自动增大先验光滑约束的权重.云南地区两条重力剖面应用结果表明,剖面沿线的近地表密度值起伏变化明显(达2.45~2.8g·cm^-3),前寒武纪和古生代地层密度相对较高(主要为2.53~2.75g·cm^-3),而中生代密度较低(2.45~2.73g·cm^-3);本文估计的近地表密度结果与区域物性资料及地表地质特征较吻合;估计的剖面布格重力异常具有光滑性;红河断裂两侧近地表密度差异较大,可达0.4g·cm^-3.本文获得的两条剖面近地表密度结构和布格重力异常为该区深部结构与构造研究提供更可靠的重力基础数据.     

青藏高原东北缘重力场深部结构及其动力学特征

本文采用欧拉反褶积、场源参数成像(SPI)、场源边界提取(SED)、莫霍面反演、地壳三维可视化等多源方法,对青藏高原东北缘地区的布格重力场进行反演与分析,深入研究该地区的深部结构与变形特征,探讨区域深部孕震环境及动力学机制.研究表明,青藏高原东北缘的布格重力场整体呈负异常值,具有明显的分区性,表现出鄂尔多斯盆地异常值相对偏高、阿拉善块体次之、青藏高原块体极低的特点,其中海源断裂系形成了一条宽缓的弧形重力梯度条带,梯度值达1.2 mGal·km^-1.欧拉结果显示,鄂尔多斯盆地相比于青藏高原块体而言,场源点具有较强的均一性,场源强度值高(密度值高)且深度稳定在25~32 km范围内,而高原块体的中下地壳尺度广泛分布着低密度异常体.SPI图可知,海源弧形断裂系位于“浅源异常”弧形区,反映其地壳较为活跃,易发生中强地震.SED图揭示青藏高原地壳向东北扩展,经过几大断裂系的调节后运动矢量向东或东南转化,SED与GPS、SKS运动特征大致相同,说明地表-地壳-地幔的运动特征有着较强的一致性.青藏高原东北缘地区壳幔变形是连贯的,加之莫霍面由北向南、由东向西是逐渐加深的,因此属于垂向连贯变形机制,不符合下地壳管道流动力学模式.区域形成了似三联点构造格局,其中海源弧形断裂系的深部地壳结构复杂,高低密度异常体复杂交汇,是青藏高原、阿拉善、鄂尔多斯三大块体相互作用的重要枢纽,其运动学特征总体为中段走滑尾端逆冲,而断裂系正处于大型的弧形莫霍面斜坡带之上,具备强震的深部孕震环境,因此大尺度的运动调节与深部孕震条件共同促使了该地区中强震的多发.     

Occurrence of Somma-Vesuvio fine ashes in the tephrostratigraphic record of Panarea,Aeolian Islands

Ash-rich tephra layers interbedded in the pyroclastic successions of Panarea island (Aeolian archipelago, Southern Italy) have been analyzed and related to their original volcanic sources. One of these tephra layers is particularly important as it can be correlated by its chemical and morphoscopic characteristics to the explosive activity of Somma-Vesuvio. Correlation with the Pomici di Base eruption, that is considered one of the largest explosive events causing the demolition of the Somma stratovolcano, seems the most probable. The occurrence on Panarea island of fine ashes related to this eruption is of great importance for several reasons: 1) it allows to better constrain the time stratigraphy of the Panarea volcano; 2) it provides a useful tool for tephrochronological studies in southern Italy and finally 3) it allows to improve our knowledge on the distribution of the products of the Pomici di Base eruption giving new insights on the dispersion trajectories of fine ashes from plinian plumes. Other exotic tephra layers interbedded in the Panarea pyroclastic successions have also been found. Chemical and sedimentological characteristics of these layers allow their correlation with local vents from the Aeolian Islands thus constraining the late explosive activity of Panarea dome.     

蒙古及周边地区重力异常和地壳不均匀体分布

基于全球EGM2008自由空气重力异常模型,本文计算了蒙古及周边地区的布格重力异常和AiryHeiskanen均衡重力异常.在此基础上,本文采用Crust 1.0地壳模型为参考,通过重力正演方法,对蒙古及周边地区不同深度地壳密度结构模型的重力异常进行了计算,并对得到的正演布格重力异常与实际重力异常进行了对比和分析.研究结果表明:蒙古西部杭爱山地区与阿尔泰山地区的构造变形差异性明显,现今均衡重力异常中杭爱山周边没有明显的均衡异常高值区,而阿尔泰山地区西南方向存在均衡重力异常高值分布,分析与新构造运动密切相关;Crust 1.0模型给出的壳幔横向密度不均匀体分布对于计算Moho面起伏引起的重力异常作用明显;Crust 1.0给出的地壳内界面变形可以反映深大活动断裂的深部构造变形.研究结果对于认识蒙古东西部构造特征差异,以及现今西部活动断裂的地球物理场特征具有参考意义,也可以为进一步应用Crust 1.0模型为参考开展三维密度结构反演提供一定帮助.     

3-D gravity and magnetic interpretation for the Haifa Bay area (Israel)

Recently observed features in the subsurface geology of the Haifa Bay area (northern Israel) have been evaluated using 3-D forward gravity and magnetic modeling and inversion schemes. The interpretation is based on updated petrophysical data of the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary layers and volcanics. It has been shown that the Bouguer gravity anomalies correspond mainly to thickness variations in the Senonian to Tertiary sediments. The gravity effect of these sediments was calculated using their actual densities and structural setting as interpreted from seismic reflection data. This effect was removed from the Bouguer gravity in order to study the pre-Senonian geological structures. The pattern of residual gravity anomalies (named “stripped gravity”) is essentially different from the pattern of the Bouguer gravity. The prominent Carmel gravity high, clearly seen on the Bouguer gravity map, completely vanishes on the “stripped” gravity map. That suggests that this relatively positive anomaly is caused by the considerable thickness of the low-density young sediments in the surrounding areas and does not correspond to high-density magmatic rocks or crystalline basement uplift as previously suggested. The average densities of the Jurassic and Cretaceous volcanics are generally lower then those of the background sedimentary rocks. Volcanics are the main cause for magnetic anomalies onshore and offshore northern Israel. The magmatic root of the Asher volcanics is, most probably, located close to the Yagur fault. A large, deep-seated gabbroic intrusion is assumed to be located under the Mediterranean abyssal plain in the NW part of the study area. The Atlit marine gravity low appears to be caused by a thick Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary accumulation. The results presented should be of considerable assistance in delineating some aspects of hydrocarbon exploration in the area.     

Electrical Conductance Map for the Kachchh Rift Basin: Constraint on Tectonic Evolution and Seismotectonic Implications

Geomagnetic field variations recorded by an array of magnetometers spread across the Kachchh Rift basin are reduced to a set of induction arrows as a diagnostic of lateral electrical conductivity variations. A non-uniform thin-sheet electrical conductance model is developed to account for the salient induction patterns. It indicates that the imaged conductivity anomalies can be related to the sediment-filled structural lows in between the fault bounded uplifts. It is suggested that sagging structural lows preserved the marine sediments deposited during the Mesozoic sea transgression and later developed into first order embayment basins for the deposition of sediments in association with Late Eocene transgression. Depth integrated electrical conductance helped in mapping two depo-centres: along the ENE-WSW trending Banni half-Graben bounded by the Kachchh Main fault on the south and, second, along the Vinjan depression formed in response to the subsidence between the Vigodi fault and westward extension of the Katrol Hill fault together with the westward bending of the Median High. Presence of metamorphosed graphite schist clasts in shale dominated Mesozoic sequence and/or thin films of carbon resulting from the thermal influence of Deccan activity on Carbonate-rich formations can account for the high electrical conductivity anomalies seen in the depo-centres of thick Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments. Additionally two high conductivity zones are imaged encompassing a block defined by the 2001 Bhuj earthquake and its aftershocks. In agreement with gravity, magnetic and seismic velocity signatures, aqueous fluids released by recrystallizing magmatic bodies intruded in association with Deccan trap activity account for mapped high conductivity zones. High fluid pressure in such a fractured domain, surrounding the intruded magmatic plugs, perturb the regional stress concentrations to produce frequent and low magnitude aftershocks in the shallow section of the epicentral track of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake.     

攀西地区重力场特征及地壳密度结构

攀西地区位于峨眉山大火成岩省中西部,构造和岩浆特征显著,地震活动强烈.通过对野外重力测量得到的云县—会东和普洱—七甸两条剖面的高精度重力观测数据进行处理和分析,构建了沿剖面的二维地壳密度结构,其中普洱—七甸剖面与孟连—马龙宽角地震剖面部分位置重合.同时结合区域重力异常特征及下地壳视密度填图结果,得到如下初步认识:红河断裂带是南北地震带南段地区重要的构造分界线,断裂带南北向密度结构和莫霍面分布形态存在较大差异,沿走向构造变化.云县—会东剖面上大姚—会东段下地壳底部存在密度较高的壳幔过渡层,结合研究区下地壳底部壳幔过渡层的密度分布特征,认为该过渡层不是攀西裂谷下的"裂谷垫",而是由岩浆底侵作用造成的.     

Late Quaternary deformation history of the volcanic edifice of Panarea,Aeolian Arc,Italy

A series of raised palaeoshorelines is documented along the emergent coastal slopes of Panarea and surrounding islets at elevations of 115 (palaeoshoreline Ia) and 100 m a.s.l. (Ib), 62.5 m (II), 35 m (III), 12 m (IV), 10–12 (Va) and 5 m (Vb). According to stratigraphic constraints and cross-cutting relationships, these palaeoshorelines are correlated with discrete high sea-level stillstands during marine oxygen-isotope stages (MIS) 5e, 5c, 5a and 3. Coastal elevation changes suggest the occurrence of a long-term, sustained uplift trend of the volcanic edifice since the last interglacial (last 124 ka). The uplift rates are not constant but display a progressive deceleration from maximum values of 1.5–1.58 m/ka, in the period between 124 and 100 ka, down to the lowest values of 0.66–0.69 m/ka, which tend to be constant starting from 81 ka BP. The long-term deformation pattern of Panarea suggests that a transitory, volcano-related component of uplift interplayed with the regional tectonic component affecting the sub-volcanic basement, which has undergone a persistent and widespread uplift since the mid-Pleistocene. The volcano-related component of uplift, prevailing between 124 and 100–81 ka, is interpreted as the result of visco-elastic deformation mechanisms which characterize the progressive re-equilibration of the shallow magmatic system following the incoming quiescence of the volcanic edifice. The long-term uplift values at Panarea are higher than in the main portion of the western-central Aeolian Arc, where a mean uplift rate of 0.34 m/ka was estimated since the last interglacial (last 124 ka). Such a pattern of deformation on a regional scale may be a response to active deformation processes connected with the southeastward rollback of the subducting Ionian slab which is still active only in correspondence with the eastern sector of the Aeolian Arc (including Panarea). In the short-term, a localized submergence trend has been documented at the nearby islet of Basiluzzo for the last 2,000 years, likely connected to neo-tectonic movements along main NE–SW trending faults.     

Crustal structure and tectonic setting of the south central Andes from gravimetric analysis

Based on terrestrial gravity data, in this paper we prepared a map of Bouguer anomalies, which was filtered to separate shallow and deep gravity sources. Based on a density model and gravimetric inversion techniques, the discontinuous crust-mantle boundary and the top of crystalline basement were modeled. Subsequently, the equivalent elastic thickness (Te) was evaluated, considering information from the crust-mantle discontinuity and topographic load, finding high Te values in the eastern Andean foothills and west of the Velasco range. These results are consistent with the positive isostatic and residual Bouguer anomaly values, which suggest the presence of high-density rocks in the mid-to upper crust. In addition, petrographic and geochemical analysis conducted in surface outcrops suggest a mantle origin.     

渭河盆地及邻区重力异常小波多尺度分解与解释

基于EGM2008重力场模型计算获得了渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常。采用小波多尺度分解方法对布格重力异常进行了4阶小波逼近和小波细节分解,同时基于平均径向对数功率谱方法定量化地计算出1~4阶小波细节和小波逼近所对应的场源平均埋深。结合区域地质和地震资料,对获得的重力场结果进行分析,得到如下结论:①鄂尔多斯地块、渭河盆地、秦岭造山带3个一级构造单元的布格重力异常之间存在明显差异;构造区内部重力异常也存在横向的显著差异。布格重力异常的走向、规模、分布特征与二级构造区及主要的断裂具有一定的对应关系。②渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常1~4阶细节对应4~23 km不同深度的场源信息,鄂尔多斯地块南缘东、西部的地壳结构存在明显的差异;渭河盆地凹陷、凸起构造区边界清晰,断裂边界与重力异常边界具有较好的一致性;秦岭造山带重力异常连贯性不好,东、西部重力异常变化特征表现出明显的差异。③渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常分布与莫霍面埋深具有非常明显的镜像关系。渭河盆地及邻区地震主要分布在六盘山—陇县—宝鸡断裂带、渭河断裂与渭南塬前断裂交汇处、韩城断裂与双泉—临猗断裂交汇处。渭河盆地及邻区重力异常主要由中上地壳剩余密度体所影响,这可能是该区地震以浅源地震为主的主要原因。     

基于约束三维重力反演的南极大陆地壳密度结构研究

地壳密度是表征其物质组成以及结构特征的一个基本参数,是深入理解构造演化、地球动力学等问题的重要基础.本文利用最新发布的布格重力异常数据,以现有的三维S波速度模型、地表热流以及岩石学数据作为约束条件,采用引入深度加权函数的三维重力反演算法,获取了南极大陆三维精细密度结构模型.研究结果显示,南极大陆地壳尺度范围内密度异常在-0.25～0.20g·cm^-3之间.大致以南极横断山脉为界,受中生代与新生代多期拉张活动的影响,西南极上地壳密度异常以低值为主,与东南极克拉通的高密度异常呈现明显对比关系.通过对比发现,反演的密度结构与岩石圈强度信息存在较好的相关性.进一步分析西南极裂谷系统的密度结构与岩石圈强度,认为受新生代拉张活动和岩浆活动影响的局部地区除外,热沉降作用很可能使得地壳趋于冷却.此外,西南极的低密度特征延伸到南极横断山脉,结合现有的研究结果认为可能需要多种机制来解释南极横断山脉的隆升过程.     

Mean Free-Air Gravity Anomalies in the Mountains

Mean free-air gravity anomalies are often needed in geodesy for gravity field modelling. Two possible ways of compiling the mean free-air gravity anomalies are discussed. One way is via simple Bouguer gravity anomalies and the second and more time consuming way is via refined Bouguer gravity anomalies. In flat areas the differences between using any of the two ways should not be significant. In the mountains however, every effect introducing a high dependency, such as e.g. terrain effect, can negatively affect the interpolation process. In fact, a numerical experiment conducted in one part of Rocky Mountains revealed large and systematic differences. The effect of these differences on the geoid model is more then two meters in the test area. Our investigation shows that this bias is caused by the location of gravity measurement points, chosen mostly on hill-tops. At such points, the terrain correction to gravity is systematically larger than the mean value of the correction. Therefore, it is not possible to prevent the mean free-air gravity anomalies obtained from simple Bouguer gravity anomalies from having a systematic bias. One can see this bias as a result of the aliasing effect because the simple Bouguer gravity anomalies in the mountains contain a higher frequency signal (terrain effect) that is, according to sampling theorem, impossible to reconstruct by sparse measured gravity data, see e.g. (Goos et al., 2003). Therefore, the more rigorous way of computing the mean free-air gravity anomalies is via refined Bouguer gravity anomalies.     

A gravity study of the Island of vulcano,tyrrhenian sea,Italy

A detailed gravity survey was carried out on the island of Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. Gravity was measured on 107 stations and the Bouguer anomalies were computed by assuming geological densities. Aim of this survey was to complete the island structural pattern relatively to the shallower structures. Separation of the gravity anomaly field was carried out by means of data filtering, and two main components were discerned. The λ>2.2 km wavelength component, filtered out of the longer wavelength components, was interpreted quantitatively along a NW profile. The best fitting model consists of an upper layer of recent pyroclastic products (p=2.1 g/cm³) lying upon a highly compacted pyroclastic series or lavas (p=2.4 g/cm³). The shorter wavelength residual gravity field (λ<2.2 km) is characterized by two anomalies, located on Vulcanello and the «Fossa di Vulcano» crater. Vulcanello anomaly could be interpreted, given the geothermal state of the area, as due to an increase of the rock density consequent to propylization processes by high temperature fluids (T>200°C). «Fossa di Vulcano» anomaly is instead attributable to the local volcanic chimney. A schematic comprehensive model of Vulcano is also presented, which accounts for the available main geological and geophysical data.     

Volcanological implications of crystal-chemical variations in clinopyroxenes from the Aeolian Arc, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy)

Crystal chemistry and structural data for clinopyroxene from the Aeolian islands (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) were determined with the aim of obtaining geobarometric information and exploring implications for the structure of volcanic plumbing systems. Cell and M1 site volumes for clinopyroxenes, which are known to decrease with increasing pressure of crystallization, revealed variable values, both within some single islands and along the entire arc, indicating polybaric conditions of crystallization. The lowest cell and M1 volumes were found at Filicudi, plotting close to values of clinopyroxenes from high-pressure ultramafic xenoliths entrained in alkali basalts. Indications of high-pressure crystallization were also found at Salina and, to a lesser extent, at Alicudi, all situated in the western sector of the Aeolian Arc. The central and eastern islands of Lipari, Vulcano, Panarea and Stromboli generally show higher values of cell parameters, suggesting crystallization in shallow magma chambers. These islands are characterized by the occurrence of large calderas, which are apparently lacking at Salina and Filicudi. Time-related variations were observed for cell and M1 volumes of clinopyroxene for some islands. At Salina, the early-erupted products display low values of cell parameters with respect to later activity, thus indicating a decrease in crystallization pressure with time. A similar, although less striking, pattern is observed at Alicudi and Lipari. An overall increase in cell parameters with time was observed at the scale of the entire arc. The observed variations in clinopyroxene structural parameters highlight the significance of pyroxene crystal chemistry for petrogenetic and volcanological interpretation. Correlation with time and the structural characteristics of volcanoes suggest significant regional and temporal modifications in the plumbing systems of Aeolian volcanoes. Clinopyroxenes from Filicudi and the older Salina crystallized at high pressure in deep magma chambers, in the lower crust or at the mantle-crust boundary. The lower crystallization pressure in the younger Salina is interpreted as evidence of upward migration of magma chambers with time. Similar evolution can be envisaged for Alicudi. Instead, the entire evolutionary history of the central and eastern islands was dominated by low-pressure crystallization, with formation of calderas and generation of abundant acid products that are scarce or absent in the western islands. Evolution of the plumbing system of single volcanoes and of the Aeolian arc in general is probably related to modification of stress regimes and/or thinning of the arc basement, due to the effect of uprising mantle material above the Ionian subduction zone.     

Wavelet analysis and interpretation of gravity data in Sichuan-Yunnan region, China

Introduction Sichuan-Yunnan region, located in the east margin of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetean) Plateau, is a transitional zone between the rapidly upheaving Tibetean Plateau and relatively steady Yangtze Platform. Under the pressure exerted by the northward movement of Indian Plate, Sichuan-Yunnan region has been undergone strong deformation and regmagenesis, becoming one of the regions with the most intensive seismicity in the world. The research on the tectonics and seismicity there is alw…     

A “PROCESSING DENSITY’TO CALCULATE MARINE BOUGUER GRAVITY FREE OF TOPOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN CASE OF UNKNOWN BOTTOM DENSITY *

In marine gravity interpretation, the density required for the Bouguer correction is not easily measured, and, therefore, one often uses either standard values or extrapolates density from a station or a profile to an entire survey. If the real density varies, this leads to inconsistencies. In this paper a method is proposed to eliminate as much as possible the gravimetrical effects of real density variations. The principle is to apply Nettleton's method to the whole space, but also to use a continuously variable density in the Bouguer gravity computation. It is possible to avoid affecting real gravity anomalies by using stations situated on suitable area elements the optimal size of which is determined by the program. The density that is obtained is called “processing density’ because it is not a real one, but rather the resultant of the densities affect on each station. Use of the method is demonstrated on an example from the southeastern part of Bay of Biscay.     

3D upper crustal density structure of the Deccan Syneclise,Central India

A constrained 3D density model of the upper crust along a part of the Deccan Syneclise is carried out based on the complete Bouguer anomaly data. Spectral analysis of the complete Bouguer gravity anomaly map of the study region suggests two major sources: short wavelength anomalies (<100 km) caused primarily due to the density inhomogeneities at shallow crustal level and long wavelength anomalies (>100 km) produced due to the sources deeper than the upper crust. A residual map of the short wavelength anomalies is prepared from the complete Bouguer anomaly using Butterworth high‐pass filter (100 km cut‐off wavelength). Utilizing the constraints from deep resistivity sounding, magnetotellurics and deep seismic sounding studies, 2.5D density models have been generated along 39 profiles of this region. The mismatch between the calculated response of the a priori 2.5D model with the residual (short wavelength) gravity anomalies is minimized by introducing high‐density intrusive bodies (≥2.81 g/cm³) in the basement. With these 2.5D density models, the initial geometry of our 3D density model, which includes alluvium, Deccan trap, Mesozoic sediment and high‐density intrusive bodies in the basement up to a depth of 7 km (upper crust), is generated. In the final 3D model, Deccan trap extends from 200 m to nearly 1700 m below the 90–150 m thick Quaternary sediment. Further down, the sub‐trappean Mesozoic sediment is present at a depth range of 600–3000 m followed by the basement. The derived 3D density model also indicates six intrusive bodies of density 2.83 g/cm³ in the basement at an average depth of about 4–7 km that best fits the residual gravity anomaly of the study area.