地下爆炸地震耦合效应的静态分析

首先修正了地下爆炸地震耦合效应的准静态理论,然后利用改进之后的理论对剪切模量、材料强度、围压以及孔隙率不同的介质中地下爆炸的震源强度进行了分析.分析结果表明,对于密实硬岩介质来说,在其它条件不变的情况下,介质的剪切模量越大,震源强度越低;介质的强度越大,震源强度越低;震源强度随着埋深的增加而降低.而干燥多孔介质中的干孔隙率也对震源强度有重要影响.     

由非相干散射雷达数据重建极光沉降粒子能谱

本文研究了由极区地面雷达电子密度高度剖面测量数据重建极光沉降粒子能谱的基本原理和方法.在4～30 keV能量范围内,重建结果与FAST卫星实测数在数值水平和变化趋势上基本吻合;在地磁平静和磁暴期间,重建获得能谱特征与前人研究结果相一致.该方法开辟了获取沉降粒子能谱特征的一条新途径,可以弥补卫星能量粒子观测数据磁地方时分辨率的不足,对于建立空间环境扰动模式具有重要的学术意义和应用价值.     

提高碳氧比能谱测井分辨率的反褶积法

在地层孔隙度比较低的情况下,由于受放射性统计涨落以及地层中其它核反应所产生的伽马射线的影响,传统的碳氧比能谱测井解释的分辨率不高。这些伽马射线形成了碳氧比能谱测井的本底,本底越高,碳氧比值精度越差。因此,必须设法降低本底值来提高谱线的分辨率。本文通过反褶积技术来提高谱线的分辨率,应用修正的高斯函数作为系统响应函数对测井曲线进行反褶积;采用修正的 Blackman 窗函数来消除放射性统计涨落的高频噪声,通过实际资料验证,利用"反褶积-开窗"法对碳氧比能谱测井的谱线进行处理以及用变系数法求取非弹性散射伽马谱,提高了测井资料对油、水储集层的分辨率,对油田的合理开发及油藏管理具有重要的现实意义。     

融合电阻率成像法及图像法的DNAPL污染过程研究

本文应用图像法和电阻率成像法(ERT)监测二维模型中DNAPL在饱和非均质多孔介质中的运移分布特征,研究DNAPL在实际环境条件下的运移机理与分布特征.图像法是利用数码相机对污染物注入过程进行实时拍摄,以提供一个直观的角度以观察二维模型里多孔介质中DNAPL运移状态,与此同时利用ERT对模型中的电阻率变化进行监测,并导出数据到Surfer软件中绘制成电阻率分布图像.将两种方法的结果图进行对比分析,采用图像法验证ERT的数据结果,结果表明,DNAPL的运移、扩散方向会倾向于介质松散的位置,在黏土裂隙分布区域产生运移速度更快的优势运移通道;在DNAPL的重分布过程中,DNAPL的运移主要受重力作用的影响,污染区域下移,污染区域的DNAPL含量减小,电阻率相对值减小.ERT的监测结果基本可以反映DNAPL在多孔介质中运移和分布,但是局部污染区域监测受到限制,说明ERT分辨率需要进一步提高.本文融合两种方法进行污染物运移监测,实验结果对于理解DNAPL的运移机理与分布特性,以及确定污染范围和污染程度方面具有重要意义.     

双能CT图像域基材料分解算法的研究进展

能谱CT可产生不同X射线能量下的基材料图像,所产生的基材料图像可用于组织成分和造影剂分布的定性与定量评价,且对成像物质分离、鉴别的能力明显优于传统单能CT。能谱CT中双能谱技术是最常用的模式之一,在临床应用中发挥了重大作用。本文就双能谱CT图像域基材料分解的两物质分解、多物质分解方法进行总结,最后展望未来可能的发展方向。     

基于参考组分的双能CT成像方法

双能CT材料分解对了解物质内部材料分布有重要作用,常规CT所使用的X射线能谱分布未知,无法根据能量信息获得材料衰减系数,并且连续能谱投影与单能重建算法不匹配,导致重建图像衰减系数和材料理论衰减系数之间存在误差,分解结果不准确.针对上述问题,本文引入参考组分获得等效能量信息,进而获得材料的单能衰减系数,并且引入邻域空间欧...     

基于Comsol的饱和多孔介质动力方程的数值模拟及应用

两相饱和多孔介质的动力响应问题在地震工程领域具有重要的研究意义,由于涉及到固相和液相的动力耦合,使得该问题的求解尤为复杂。本文利用Comsol在求解多场耦合问题上的优点,针对Biot饱和多孔介质u-U耦合形式下的波动方程特征,经过一系列微分算子运算和矩阵变换得到导数形式下的波动方程,基于Comsol Multiphysics提供的广义偏微分方程模式对变形后的波动方程进行求解,并把改进后的无限元边界应用到无限域动力问题的模拟中。通过与饱和多孔介质动力响应的解析解进行对比,验证模型求解技术的可行性和正确性,并在此基础上讨论饱和土地基中空沟隔振效果与饱和土体参数孔隙率、泊松比的关系。通过研究分析,可以为饱和土地基中空沟隔振设计提供一些有价值的参考。     

三轴加载含水煤样波速与孔隙率关系实验研究

煤的孔隙率影响煤的吸附、渗透能力,且它也是衡量煤体内部结构及孔、裂隙发育状况的重要指标.而水力增透技术在瓦斯抽采中的作用效果常常受到水的影响,且瓦斯抽采量也会受到含水煤层的影响,为更客观地了解含水煤层状态下的孔隙率的变化情况,采用超声波透射法对赵固二矿二1煤层不同层理方向煤样在干燥及自然饱和吸水状态下进行三轴加载超声波测试试验,研究干燥及自然饱和水三轴加载状态下煤样超声波波速与孔隙率关系.研究结果表明:相同条件下,加载煤样饱和煤样波速大于干燥煤样,且加载煤样饱和状态下不同层理方向波速变化易区别.而加载煤样饱和煤样与干燥煤样孔隙率变化与波速变化相反,加载煤样饱和状态下不同层理方向孔隙率变化不易区别;通过分析加载条件下饱和煤样与干燥煤样波速与孔隙率关系,发现无论是干燥煤样还是饱和煤样在加载条件下都符合对数关系φ=-aIn(Vp)+b且a值与围压有关,b值与孔隙率变化量有关.通过研究含水煤样在不同加载条件下对煤体波速和孔隙率的影响以及波速和孔隙率之间的关系,为煤炭物性勘探技术提供有效试验数据与理论基础,也为煤炭物性预防安全开采提供理论基础.     

三轴加载含水煤样波速与孔隙率关系实验研究

煤的孔隙率影响煤的吸附、渗透能力,且它也是衡量煤体内部结构及孔、裂隙发育状况的重要指标.而水力增透技术在瓦斯抽采中的作用效果常常受到水的影响,且瓦斯抽采量也会受到含水煤层的影响,为更客观地了解含水煤层状态下的孔隙率的变化情况,采用超声波透射法对赵固二矿二1煤层不同层理方向煤样在干燥及自然饱和吸水状态下进行三轴加载超声波测试试验,研究干燥及自然饱和水三轴加载状态下煤样超声波波速与孔隙率关系.研究结果表明:相同条件下,加载煤样饱和煤样波速大于干燥煤样,且加载煤样饱和状态下不同层理方向波速变化易区别.而加载煤样饱和煤样与干燥煤样孔隙率变化与波速变化相反,加载煤样饱和状态下不同层理方向孔隙率变化不易区别;通过分析加载条件下饱和煤样与干燥煤样波速与孔隙率关系,发现无论是干燥煤样还是饱和煤样在加载条件下都符合对数关系φ=-aIn(Vp)+b且a值与围压有关,b值与孔隙率变化量有关.通过研究含水煤样在不同加载条件下对煤体波速和孔隙率的影响以及波速和孔隙率之间的关系,为煤炭物性勘探技术提供有效试验数据与理论基础,也为煤炭物性预防安全开采提供理论基础.     

基于时频分析的中子非弹性散射伽马能谱反演方法

本文针对脉冲中子多循环发射过程中测量的非弹伽马能谱受俘获能谱干扰,引起的油水区分度小的问题,提出了利用时间谱和能谱结合获取纯净非弹伽马能谱的方法.通过蒙特卡罗方法建立C/O仪器数值计算模型,模拟不同井眼和地层条件下的伽马时间谱,分析了井眼和地层对伽马能谱的贡献,对比了俘获伽马时间谱理论计算结果和模拟结果,同时利用某油田刻度井实测数据,验证该方法在评价含油饱和度的可靠性.结果 表明:井眼条件是影响伽马能谱的主控因素;利用理论计算的脉冲区内俘获密度和数值模拟结果一致;采用该方法处理某油田刻度井实测数据,C/O对油、水差异反应更加灵敏度,油水动态范围提高;最终实测井数据也验证了该方法的准确性.     

利用X—CT研究大庆油田双重介质裂缝和砂岩孔隙度

采用Ｘ－ＣＴ图象分析技术以研究双重介质的砂岩裂缝和孔隙度，对于稳产开采石油是很有价值的。Ｘ－ＣＴ法测量双重介质也隙度的优越性在于利用图象分析技术可以分别给出裂缝和砂岩的孔隙度，它同移重方法和核孔隙计测量的数据对比，是一种精度高，直观，无损伤的实验技术，Ｘ－ＣＴ测量双重介质孔隙度可给出孔隙度的分布，这有利于了解和预测残余油的分布。     

Mixing-induced precipitation and porosity evolution in porous media

The dynamics of porosity evolution are explored during mineral precipitation that is induced by the mixing of two fluids of different compositions. During mineral precipitation in geological formations, the physical parameters that characterize the porous matrix, such as porosity and specific surface area, can change significantly. A series of coupled equations that determine the changes in porosity is outlined and solved for a 2D model domain using a finite element scheme. Using model parameters equivalent to those for calcite precipitation in a saline system, the evolution of porosity is examined for two types of porous media: (1) an initially homogeneous system and (2) a heterogeneous system containing high porosity regions that serve initially as preferential flow paths. In addition, the influence of two different expressions that relate specific surface area to porosity is explored. The simulations in both domains indicated that porosity was reduced primarily in the regions in which significant degrees of mixing occurred. Although an effective barrier was created in these regions, the fluids bypassed the clogged areas allowing precipitation to continue farther “downstream”. Furthermore, mixing-induced precipitation can account for systems in which some high porosity regions are filled while others remain almost unchanged. Thus, mixing-induced precipitation represents a viable mechanism for the infilling of pores in fractured and porous rocks. The simulations also demonstrate that the choice of functional form for specific surface area plays an important role in controlling porosity patterns by influencing both the kinetics of precipitation and the permeability of the porous medium. As specific surface area is currently one of the least constrained parameters in models of porosity evolution, this result highlights the need for future experimental studies in this field of research.     

基于三相孔隙弹性理论的火山岩气层岩石物理响应特征分析

Unlike previous theories with velocity and/or elastic modulus averaging, we use a three-phase porous rock physics model developed by Santos for analyzing the seismic response of two immiscible fluids in saturated porous media. Considering reservoir reference pressure and coupling drag of two fluids in pores, the effects of frequency, porosity, and gas saturation on the phase velocities of the P-and S-waves are discussed in detail under field conditions. The effects of porosity and gas saturation on Vp/Vs are also provided. The data for our numerical experiments are from a sample of deep volcanic rock from Daqing. The numerical results show that the frequency dispersion effect can be ignored for deep volcanic rocks with low porosity and low permeability. It is concluded that for deep volcanic rocks the effect of gas content in pores on Vp/Vs is negligible but the effect of porosity is significant when there is a certain amount of water contained in the pores. The accurate estimate of lithology and porosity in this case is relatively more important.     

二维格子气自动机模拟孔隙介质的电传输特性

本文应用2-D格子气自动机模拟饱和油水两相的多孔介质的导电特性。在油水两相界面处,引入反射与透射系数来决定粒子的运动状态,通过调节反射与透射系数就可以改变油水两相的导电性差异。用模拟结果考察Archie公式的地层因素F=R0/Rw和电阻率增大系数I=Rt/R0,其中,R0为百分之百饱和水时的岩石电阻率,Rw为水的电阻率,Rt为不同流体饮和度时的岩石电阻率。结果表明F与孔隙度φ间,I与含水饱和度间都存在幂关系,并可以表示为F=aφ-m,I=bS-nw模拟结果同时证实：公式中的参数a、m的变化反映了孔隙微观结构的变化,参数b、n主要受孔隙度大小和油相分布状态的影响。     

Shear-enhanced compaction during non-linear viscous creep of porous calcite-quartz aggregates

In this paper, we extend the previous studies of semi-brittle flow of synthetic calcite-quartz aggregates to a range of temperatures and effective pressures where viscous creep occurs. Triaxial deformation experiments were performed on hot-pressed calcite-quartz aggregates containing 10, 20 and 30 wt% quartz at confining pressure of 300 MPa, pore pressures of 50-290 MPa, temperatures of 673-1073 K and strain rates of 3.0×10⁻⁵/s, 8.3×10⁻⁵/s and 3.0×10⁻⁴/s. Starting porosity varied from 5 to 9%. We made axial and volumetric strain measurements during the mechanical tests. Pore volume change was measured by monitoring the volume of pore fluid that flows out of or into the specimen at constant pore pressure. Yield stress increased with decreasing porosity and showed a dependence on effective pressure. Thus, the yield stress versus effective pressure can be described as a yield surface with negative slope that expands with decreasing porosity and increasing strain hardening, gradually approaching the envelope of strength at 10% strain, which has a positive slope. Creep of porous rock can be modeled to first order as an isolated equivalent void in an incompressible nonlinear viscous matrix. An incremental method is used to calculate the stress-strain curve of the porous material under a constant external strain rate. The numerical simulations reproduce general trends of the deformation behavior of the porous rock, such as the yield stress decreasing with increasing effective pressure and significant strain hardening at high effective pressure. The drop of yield stress with increasing porosity is modeled well, and so is the volumetric strain rate, which increases with increasing porosity.     

三维层状孔隙介质中弹性波的一种积分表达式I：理论

孔隙介质弹性波传播理论在地球物理勘探、地震工程和岩土动力学等领域有着广泛的应用.而孔隙介质中的弹性波受孔隙度、渗透率、流体黏滞系数等参数的影响,因此研究波场的传播特征将有助于分析和提取这些信息.本文在Biot理论的基础上,针对三维层状孔隙介质模型,利用在合成理论地震图的研究中已经被证实具有稳定、高效且适用范围较广的Luco-Apsel-Chen（LAC）广义反透射方法,给出了弹性波场的一种积分形式的半解析解,可通过数值方法高效、准确地计算层状孔隙介质中的理论波场,所以该积分形式的半解析解可为三维层状孔隙介质波场传播特征的理论数值模拟研究提供一种新的途径和手段.     

Porosity and pathway determination in crystalline rock by positron emission tomography and neutron radiography

This study demonstrates that positron emission tomography (PET) and neutron radiography (NR) techniques are complementary methods for determining the fluid pathway and porosity in crystalline rock. After preliminary injection of an organic solvent (e.g. isopropanol) front followed by the injection of the polymer solution (e.g. epoxy used for both techniques) and resin hardening, rock cutting may be performed. Flow pathway may be imaged by using a β⁺ emitter (e.g. ⁶⁸Ga) in the resin. With a high-resolution PET camera, determination of the original water carrier features is possible in granodiorite pieces 20 cm in size and in simulated features with porosities of the order of 0.2. The use of a β⁺ tracer and the camera field, however, limit the lateral resolution of the technique (10 mm). Neutron radiography makes it possible to visualize the simulated porous phases by neutron transmission. The transmission process depends on the neutron scattering properties of the hydrogen-rich material (e.g. epoxy resin). Combination of 2D pictures may rebuild the 3D pattern. Lateral resolution may be in the range of 1 mm; however, the thickness of the rock sample must not exceed 10 cm. Complementarity of these techniques is discussed and they are compared with other methods used to determine porosity.     

The effect of nonhydrostaticity on elastoplastic compaction and decompaction

The paper is devoted to the modeling of processes of inelastic nonhydrostatic compaction and decompaction of low porosity geomaterials such that each pore can be considered as an isolated cavity in a solid matrix. A real material containing a large number of noninteracting pores is replaced at a microscopic level by an equivalent homogeneous medium containing a single pore inclusion. Attention is paid to the case where cylindrical pores oriented perpendicularly to an applied nonhydrostatic load are present in the material. Along with the elastoplastic response of the medium, viscous effects are considered. The effect of shear stresses on compaction and decompaction of porous geomaterials is studied. The dependence of effective material parameters on the properties of components is examined.     

基于自适应杂交遗传算法的CO_2地质封存的储层参数反演研究

二氧化碳地质封存是减少温室气体排放和减缓温室效应的重要手段.二氧化碳封存的一个重要组成部分是地震监测,即用地震的方法监测封存后的二氧化碳的分布变化.为了实现这个目标,需要建立储层参数与地震性质之间的关系(岩石物理模型)和从地震监测数据中反演获得储层流体的饱和度等参数.首先,本文以Biot理论为基础,结合多相流模型研究了多个物理参数(孔隙度、二氧化碳饱和度、温度和压力等)对同时含有二氧化碳和水的孔隙介质的波速和衰减等属性的影响.结果表明:孔隙度和二氧化碳饱和度对岩石的频散和衰减属性影响强烈,而温度和压力通过孔隙流体性质对岩石的波速产生影响.然后,本文基于含多相流的Biot理论,应用抗干扰能力强、且具有更好的局部搜索能力和抗早熟能力的自适应杂交遗传算法对实际数据进行了反演研究.对岩心实验数据的反演研究表明了算法的有效性,而且表明含多相流的Biot理论能够很好地解释水和二氧化碳饱和岩石的波速特征.最后,我们将自适应杂交遗传算法应用于实际封存项目的地震监测数据,获得了封存后不同时期的二氧化碳饱和度,达到了用地震方法监测二氧化碳分布的目的.