青藏高原东北侧地区暴雨特征分析

利用统计方法,对比分析青藏高原东北侧甘肃、陕西、宁夏和青海四省区1961—2008年的暴雨时空分布特征及地形影响。结果表明:本地区暴雨年频次变化存在3a和6a两个显著周期;暴雨的空间分布具有"三高两低"的特征,地理分布受地形影响明显,多暴雨区域均发生在迎风坡及河川喇叭口辐合地带;年度内的第一场较大范围的区域性暴雨较早出现时对该年度暴雨偏多有一定指示意义,即当年内首场暴雨落区偏北或偏西时,预示着该年度暴雨的落区会出现相对偏北或偏西分布;相关结论和规律能为人们趋利避害、防洪减灾提供一定借鉴。     

基于热力学熵的广西暴雨落区预示性效果检验初报——以突发性暴雨为例

基于热力学熵的MCS理论体系预测方法已在广西中尺度短时天气预报业务上得到应用,为了进一步检验该方法对突发性暴雨的预示性效果,本文选取了2019—2020年广西3个不同特点的突发性暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明,在暴雨落区预示性分析中,时间分布预示性超前于暴雨实际发生2—8h,空间分布预示性与暴雨实际发生发展相吻合,与基于热力学熵的MCS理论体系描述一致。     

A hybrid model for short-term rainstorm forecasting based on a back-propagation neural network and synoptic diagnosis

暴雨是我国最重要的自然灾害之一.大量的研究表明,暴雨的频率和强度在全球变暖的背景下正在逐年增强.但是如何成功的预测短期暴雨,特别是发生在复杂地形下的暴雨,仍然是一个巨大的挑战.本项研究采用BP神经网络和天气学诊断相结合的方法,探索了一种四川盆地西部复杂地形下的暴雨预报模型.该模型有效改善了喇叭口地形下,受低层偏东风影响的暴雨预报准确性.机器学习与天气学理论的结合,提升了模型的物理基础和预测成功率,同时该方法也为发展具有本地特征的暴雨预报客观工具,提供了一定的参考价值.     

基于人工神经网络的暴雨预报方法探讨

探讨了基于人工神经网络模型的暴雨预报方法。该方法仿预报员的暴雨预报思路，在动力模式的降水预报产品、环流形势场和暴雨落区之间通过人工神经网络建立非线性的统计预报模型，该模型的输入是动力模式的降水预报和初始环流形势场的扩展正交分解主成份分量，输出是预报区域的暴雨落区预报。2000年的汛期试验表明该客观预报方法可明显改进数值预报模式的暴雨落区预报，因此可望在业务预报中有较好的应用前景。     

大气中低频重力波指数与西南低涡发展及其暴雨的关系

采用低频重力波指数法，对西南低涡发展演变及其暴雨强度，落区进行了诊断分析和预测。结果指出：（１）低频重力波指数Ｃｐ，Ｃｉ对西南低涡的发展及其暴雨强度，落区都有一定的预测意义，其预见期可达２４小时以上；（２）低频重力波指数随时间变化与西南低涡发有较好的对应关系；（３）低频重力波指数的大小与西南低涡暴雨强度相联系；（４）西南低涡暴雨落区通常发生在Ｃｐ，Ｃｉ指数的最大负值区内和Ｃｐ等值线梯度最大的区域。     

山西省暴雨落点落区预报业务系统研究

在用“聚类分析”、“加权压能场和湿斜压”以及“灰色预测”等方法制作山西省汛期暴雨落点落区预报时，同时用“湿辐合”方法进行计算，并采用“湿辐合”与“聚类分析”暴雨落点落区叠合集成，“湿辐合”与“加权压能场湿斜压”暴雨落点落区叠合集成，以及“湿辐合”与“灰色预测”等方法叠合集成，客观地确定出预报量可能出现的落点或落区。经过历史资料回代运算和2001年实时运行表明，此方法预报效果良好。     

赤峰地区“7·23”暴雨天气形成条件及对应云系特征

文章选取了赤峰市地区发生在2009年7月23日午后暴雨天气过程(简称"7·23"暴雨天气)的卫星云图资料,并结合天气图和自动雨量站降水资料进行对比分析。结果发现:引发"·23"暴雨天气不仅与东北冷涡环流、暴雨落区附近低层暖湿切变风场有关,而且在卫星云图显示的对流云体上有相应云系特征。暴雨发生即与当时大的环流云场相关联,也与降水强度、落区的云场中的一些特殊云形云系存在一定内在关系。分析研究这些天气条件和云图特征信息对做好大暴雨预报服务有着重要意义。     

基于Logistic回归和多指标叠加的短时强降水预报模型

大气低涡是造成我国南方地区暴雨洪涝的重要天气系统,大气低涡背景下的暴雨突发性、局地性强,其发生时间、强度和落区一直是气象预报业务的难点。为提高浙江省暴雨预报准确率,本文利用1979—2020年浙江省逐日格点降水观测数据和美国国家环境预测中心气候预测系统再分析数据集,首先分析了浙江省内近42 a由大气低涡造成的区域性暴雨事件(以下简称低涡型暴雨)的气候特征;然后将850 hPa垂直速度、水汽通量散度、速度散度、低空急流、切变线以及700 hPa垂直速度作为预报因子,基于“配料法”并结合逻辑回归方法构建了低涡型暴雨落区预报模型;最后基于该模型利用2021年欧洲中期天气预报中心预报产品进行暴雨落区预报,并使用同期实况降水进行了系统性检验和天气过程检验。结果表明,该模型总体性能较好,提前24 h和12 h时效的暴雨预报能力均有提升,可将12%的准确率和20%左右的命中率分别提升至14%和40%附近,漏报率从75%以上降至60%附近,但存在着一定程度的空报。

     

1415号台风"海鸥"广西极端暴雨预报偏差分析及地形订正

利用地面自动站降水资料、ERA5再分析资料、广西壮族自治区气象台降水落区和ECMWF模式预报数据对1415号台风"海鸥"在广西暴雨预报偏差进行了分析,并开展了地形降水订正研究.结果 表明,对"海鸥"强降水落区预报准确,但大暴雨以上量级降水明显偏弱,大暴雨和特大暴雨漏报严重.降水经地形订正后,大暴雨以上降水TS(BS)评分由0.19(0.27)大幅度提升到0.35(0.53)且暴雨及以下量级降水评分无明显改变,但地形降水订正方法对特大暴雨仍无明显订正技巧;偏南风、东北风及偏东风在广西复杂地形下均会产生地形降水,实际业务预报中应加以考虑,有助于提升对强降水开始时间的预报效果.     

螺旋度在上饶市汛期暴雨落区预报中的应用

利用螺旋度理论,对上饶市2002年"6.28"区域性连续暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.结果表明,垂直螺旋度的变化对汛期暴雨落区,特别是对流性强降水具有很好的指示意义,在高、低层螺旋度高值轴之间最有可能出现暴雨.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.