西南低温成矿域Au-Sb-Hg-Pb-Zn矿床方解石REE地球化学特征及找矿指示

西南大面积低温成矿域是我国Au、Sb、Hg、Pb-Zn等中低温热液矿床的重要基地,各种热液矿床之间是否存在成因关系仍是一个悬而未决的科学问题。方解石是各种热液矿床的重要脉石矿物,本文选择上述各种中低温矿种中的丫他卡林型金矿床、晴隆-巴年锑矿床、拉峨汞矿床、会泽铅锌矿床等作为典型矿床,并对矿床中出露的成矿和非成矿期方解石进行REE对比研究。结果发现,不同类型矿床成矿期方解石明显具有不同的REE特征,卡林型金矿床中显示MREE富集,锑矿床显示M-HREE富集的特征,说明金、锑矿床的成矿流体来源可能与深部隐伏花岗岩体有关;Pb-Zn-Hg矿床整体显示LREE富集,Hg矿床与标准海相碳酸盐岩LREE富集的配分模式一致,但Pb-Zn矿床中轻稀土元素内部具有La、Ce亏损的左倾特征,说明Hg矿床成矿流体可能主要来自于大气降水对赋矿海相碳酸盐岩的溶解作用,铅锌矿床成矿流体可能来自于盆地卤水浸取基底地层及其围岩所形成的混合流体。无论何种矿种,与成矿无关的方解石均具有LREE富集的特征,方解石的上述REE配分模式特征也可作为各种类型热液矿床的重要找矿标志。     

湘西花垣矿田热液方解石稀土元素地球化学

近年来,位于扬子板块东南缘的花垣铅锌矿田取得重大找矿突破,杨家寨和大脑坡等一系列大型-超大型铅锌矿的发现,该区新增铅锌资源储量已经超过1000万t,有望成为世界级铅锌资源基地。虽然该矿田地质地球化学研究已经积累了较多成果,但关于铅锌成矿流体的来源及其演化过程研究相对薄弱,制约了花垣矿田的成矿机制深入。本文通过对该矿田不同成矿阶段热液方解石稀土组成研究,并与矿区围岩和不同时代地层对比,探讨矿田内铅锌成矿流体来源及其演化。研究表明,不同成矿阶段的方解石稀土元素及配分模式差异明显,其中成矿早晚2阶段方解石REE与围岩较相似,而主成矿阶段方解石明显富集REE,暗示成矿流体不可能完全由赋矿地层提供,应有来自下伏地层以及基底岩石相对富集REE的流体加入,这种流体可能携带了大量的Pb、Zn成矿物质,为铅锌矿成矿提供了物质来源。此外,成矿早阶段到主成矿阶段,δEu值均小于1,暗示成矿早阶段到主成矿阶段的流体呈现相对还原的特征;而成矿晚阶段方解石的δEu远大于1,表明成矿晚阶段热液流体呈现较氧化特征,总体而言,本区成矿环境在铅锌成矿过程中由相对还原向相对氧化的演化。     

若尔盖铀矿田方解石稀土元素与碳氧同位素地球化学特征及其意义

方解石是若尔盖铀矿田与成矿最为密切的脉石矿物之一。方解石的REE地球化学特征研究表明,产于地层中的方解石、矿区中的方解石和含矿方解石具有明显不同的稀土元素组成特征,分别具有轻稀土富集右倾型、重稀土富集左倾型和相对平坦型的3种稀土配分模式。其中产于地层中的方解石明显继承了地层中岩石的稀土元素特征,而含矿方解石表现出与矿石稀土元素相似的特征。碳氧同位素显示地层中的方解石为海洋沉积碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成特征;矿区方解石脉、含矿方解石脉的碳同位素组成明显表现为地幔来源的特点;而矿区方解石脉的氧同位素组成具明显的深部来源特征,含矿方解石脉的氧同位素组成表明在成矿过程中有大气降水的混入。若尔盖铀矿田的方解石主要为热液成因,其矿床成因类型属于典型的热液矿床,成矿流体主要来源于地幔。     

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床硫同位素和稀土元素地球化学研究

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床规模大、品位富、伴生有用元素多 ,暗示其成矿环境较为特殊。本文分析该矿床原生矿体中矿石矿物的硫同位素组成和脉石矿物方解石的 REE含量 ,结合前人的碳、氢、氧、铅同位素分析资料和成矿年代测试结果 ,探讨矿床成矿流体的来源。矿床原生矿体中的硫化物均富集重硫 ,其δ34 S值集中于13‰～ 17‰之间 ,且有 δ34 S黄铁矿 >δ34 S闪锌矿 >δ34 S方铅矿 ,表明成矿流体的硫已达到平衡 ;硫化物的 δ34 S值与矿区和区域地层中膏盐层的δ34 S值相近 ,暗示成矿流体中的硫主要来自地层海相硫酸盐的还原 ,热化学还原是地层海相硫酸盐形成还原态硫的主要还原机制。矿区脉石矿物方解石的 REE含量相对高于本区各时代碳酸盐地层 ,低于非碳酸盐地层和峨眉山玄武岩 ,其 REE配分模式和有关 REE参数也与地层和峨眉山玄武岩存在明显差异 ;进一步分析结果显示 ,矿床成矿流体是一种壳 -幔混合流体 ,伴随峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动过程中地幔流体 (包括地幔去气和岩浆去气形成的流体 )参与了矿床成矿流体的形成     

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床构造带方解石稀土元素地球化学

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床明显受北东向构造带控制 ,构造带中的脉状方解石为富碳酸盐流体活动的产物。文章通过对这种脉状方解石的稀土元素地球化学研究 ,探讨构造流体的来源及其与成矿流体的关系。结果显示 ,矿区北东向构造带中脉状方解石的稀土含量范围较宽 (∑REE :5 .4 71× 10 -6～ 5 6 .788× 10 -6)、稀土配分模式为相似的轻稀土富集型、存在较强的铕负异常 (δEu :0 .4 39～ 0 .74 2 )。结合地层、矿石中脉石矿物方解石、峨眉山玄武岩的稀土元素含量和碳、氧同位素组成 ,认为控矿构造带中方解石稀土为同源构造流体的结晶产物 ,构造流体稀土元素地球化学特征明显受成矿流体的控制     

云南会泽铅锌矿床脉石矿物方解石REE地球化学

方解石是云南会泽铅锌矿床最重要的脉石矿物，原生矿石中三种产状（即团块状状、团斑状和脉状）方解石的REE含量、有关参数和配分模式都有一定的差异，但不同产状方解石之间以及同种产状方解石的REE地球化学特征具有连续变化规律。分析结果表明：矿区原生矿石中三种产状方解石为同源不同阶段形成的产物；矿床成矿流体具有多来源特征，地幔流体在成矿流体形成过程中具有重要作用；成矿流体在演化过程REE含量逐渐降低；成矿环境由相对还原向相对氧化变化。     

湘中锡矿山锑矿床方解石稀土元素地球化学及其找矿指示意义

湘中锡矿山锑矿床是世界上最大的锑矿床,被誉为“世界锑都”,但由于已开采了100多年,目前资源面临枯竭,亟需新的成矿理论和找矿方法来指导其深边部的找矿工作。方解石作为贯通矿物,在锡矿山矿区分布广泛,从成矿早期、成矿晚期到成矿后均有分布。在对其野外地质特征、手标本及镜下特征进行详细研究的基础上,本文探讨了该区不同期次方解石的稀土元素地球化学特征、稀土元素配分模式的差异性、以及这种差异性稀土元素配分模式的找矿指示意义。研究表明,成矿期方解石其稀土元素配分模式均表现为MREE和HREE富集型,而成矿后方解石则为LREE富集型或者平坦型,且成矿早期和成矿晚期也存在明显差异。富MREE和HREE、且轻、重稀土分异强烈的方解石,可用来寻找矿区浅部和周边石英-辉锑矿型富矿体;而富MREE和HREE、且轻、重稀土分异程度中等的方解石,可用于寻找矿区深部的盲矿体（方解石-辉锑矿型矿石）。成矿期方解石富MREE和HREE的这种配分模式,在华南锑矿床和卡林型金矿床中均普遍存在,因此,方解石有望成为华南地区寻找锑矿和卡林型金矿一种新的指示矿物。     

黔西北天桥铅锌矿床热液方解石C、O同位素和REE地球化学

利用连续流动质谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)对黔西北天桥铅锌矿床原生矿石中脉石矿物热液方解石C、O同位素组成和稀土元素含量进行了分析,结果表明热液方解石C、O同位素组成相对均一,不同标高方解石C、O同位素组成不具明显差别,其δ13CPDB和δ18OSMOW分别为-3.4‰～-5.3‰和14.7‰～19.5‰,在δ13CPDB-δ18OSMOW图上介于原始碳酸岩与海相碳酸盐岩之间。热液方解石总稀土元素含量较低(ΣREE=6.80×10-6～49.1×10-6),表现为轻稀土富集、Eu负异常的"M"型,其Eu/Eu*变化范围为0.30～0.55,与硫化物具有相似的稀土配分模式。根据热液方解石与蚀变围岩、远矿围岩及不同时代地层碳酸盐岩的C、O同位素组成和REE含量特征对比结果,结合前人研究成果,认为该矿床成矿流体具"多来源混合"特征,其中围岩碳酸盐岩为成矿流体提供了主要的C和REE来源,地层中膏岩海相硫酸盐岩为成矿流体提供了主要的S来源,而成矿流体中的水则主要为变质基底昆阳群等提供的变质水,并受到大气降水的影响。     

扬子板块北缘马元铅锌矿床稀土元素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年来在扬子板块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。文章通过对马元铅锌矿床原生矿体中不同脉石矿物及矿区出露地层中稀土元素地球化学特征的研究,探讨了其成矿物质来源。马元矿区热液脉石矿物及出露的沉积地层稀土元素北美页岩标准化配分曲线总体呈比较平坦的特点,而且在Y-∑REE图解中呈线性分布,表明成矿物质主要来源于沉积地层。晚期方解石较早期热液白云石具有轻稀土元素总量高且相对富集的特点,表明二者是不同来源流体演化的结果。早期热液白云石在稀土元素总量(ΣREE)、轻、重稀土元素比值LREE/HREE以及在Y-∑REE图解上的分布等方面与灯影组白云岩比较接近,说明早期热液白云石主要来源于灯影组白云岩的溶解;而晚期方解石稀土元素总量明显高于灯影组白云岩而低于基底及古生代沉积碎屑岩系,晚期流体可能流经了具有高稀土元素总量的基底及沉积盆地中的碎屑岩系。矿区热液脉石矿物北美页岩标准化稀土元素配分曲线均显示出有较明显的Eu异常,表明成矿流体具有相对较高温(>200℃)和还原的环境。     

铜陵狮子山矿田金矿床和铜矿床矿石稀土元素地球化学

在全面收集前人有关安徽铜陵狮子山矿田主要矿床矿石和蚀变岩石稀土元素分析结果的基础上,对比研究了矿田内金矿床和铜矿床的稀土元素地球化学特征。研究表明,金矿床和铜矿床矿石和蚀变岩石的稀土元素组成、轻重稀土比值和(La/Yb)N 值等特征参数承袭了矿区岩浆岩的特征,显示成矿物质的来源以岩浆来源为主,富集地壳组分,反映在成矿过程中深部热液对已固结岩浆岩的淋滤萃取作用和对沉积围岩的叠加改造作用,成矿作用与岩浆作用密切相关;不同成矿阶段和不同类型矿石或蚀变岩石的REE 特征反映REE 的来源和演化可能与成矿金属元素的来源及其富集成矿机制相一致。此外,金矿床和铜矿床矿石稀土元素地球化学行为亦显示出明显的差异性,铜矿床矽卡岩阶段矿石比石英硫化物阶段矿石相对低的REE 含量,以及部分矽卡岩矿石具有La,Ce 明显亏损的富集LREE 折线型配分模式,反映铜矿床这部分矽卡岩具有岩浆成因的特征;而金矿床和部分铜矿床中的矽卡岩及矽卡岩型矿石则以热液交代成因为主;金矿床和铜矿床Eu异常特征则反映了其成矿热液流体起源压力的差异及流体性质的阶段性演化。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.