在围压条件下岩体模型应力应变关系的实验研究

含切口岩体模型在差应力作用下的应力应变关系表明:岩体不同部位的应力应变曲线按斜率变化特征可以划分为四个发展阶段。根据对切口岩石破裂过程的对比,各阶段的变形机制分别与岩体内原微裂纹闭合、孔隙和颗粒弹性变形、宏观张裂剪裂以及剪切、张-剪主破裂相对应,但各阶段的发展进程在时间、空间上却不一致,这一差异均与切口分布和岩性变化相关。最后讨论了应力应变特征与发震断层孕震过程的关系,对地震预报可能有实际意义     

黑龙江亚板块中强地震空间网格化特征分析

节理是当岩体受区域性的应力作用时,岩石中沿破裂面的两侧岩块没有位移或相对位移很小的断裂。俞鸿年、芦华复（1998）给出了共轭剪节理与主应力轴的关系模型。节理和断层是发生在岩石中的断裂,均形成岩石面破裂。大尺度的剪切带（断层）与地震的发生有密切关系,而中等尺度的剪切带（如岩石的节理面等）往往是决定岩石或岩体强度的主要因素（陈顒等,2001）。     

基于“剪切+张裂”一般位错模型频率域求解微震震源机制

研究微地震的震源机制,获得压裂区域的破裂方向、尺度和应力状态等信息,在非常规油气开采过程中具有重要意义.对于微震,通常采用剪切位错或者矩张量模型对震源进行描述.本文从其实际发震机制出发,使用了"剪切+张裂"的一般位错点源模型,并基于此模型发展了一种利用全波形信息,通过波形振幅谱相关和初至约束,在频率域求解微震震源机制的方法.该方法适用于地面和井中观测,能够在得到常规震源参数（断层走向、倾角和滑动角）的同时给出裂缝断层剪切和张裂错动的距离信息,更直观体现破裂程度.理论数值测试证明方法有效、可行,在未滤波的情况下,实际数据的波形拟和结果仍较为一致,同时还发现错动距离与应力降等常规破裂参数并不严格相关,说明剪切、张裂错距可作为独立的新参数来定量评估水压致裂效果,指导工程开发进行.     

地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度的变化——以1975年海城7.3级地震为例

许多震例表明，地震可以形成共轭破裂，地震震源处，其温度和压力与地壳浅处及地表不同，温，压越高，共轭破裂角越大。随着深度的变浅（温，压减小），地震共轭破裂角减小，地震烈度共轭角也减小，本文用数学力学方法和岩石力学实验结果，探讨了海城地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度的变化。     

雁行构造力学解析与控震意义

用弹性稳定理论和非线性破裂准则研究雁行褶皱及其次生断裂的力学成因和规律, 得出剪切带在广义边界(拉剪、纯剪或压剪)力作用下的雁行褶皱雁列角与边界应力比值, 以及与雁列间隔的定量关系。作为应用实例, 研究了太行山东麓雁行褶皱构造的位移场、应力场、形变能分布、次生破裂状态以及破裂释放的能量。研究结果表明:雁行褶皱核部为最大主(压)应力、最大剪应力、形变能高值区。在该区容易产生与褶皱轴接近平行或成小角度斜交的压剪性破裂, 从而证明雁行褶皱的次生断裂是控制强烈地震的一种机制。      

具有孔边裂纹的岩石厚壁筒试件的破裂特征

用五种应力途径对由五种岩石制备的孔边有予裂纹的厚壁筒试件进行实验,研究上述条件下岩石的破裂特征。结果表明:对含径向并贯穿轴向裂纹的试件,其破裂沿裂纹方向,为典型的张开型破裂;含与定直径成45°角并贯穿轴向裂纹的试件,破裂亦呈张开型,其裂面始于裂纹前缘,但却折转约45°角与定直径近于平行;中心含与轴向成45°角的椭圆裂纹试件的破裂,仍沿裂纹面方向,为张开型与滑开型的复合破裂。     

大理岩试件中裂缝的逆向共轭剪破裂

本文介绍了以激光全息干涉法观测单轴压缩下,大理岩岩样表面的变形位移场。全息干涉图可以反映出由于岩石内部微裂隙丛集激增所导致的变形局部化,实验采用板状大理岩试件,在中心处预制了不同角度的裂缝,实验在MTS伺服压机中加载直至宏观破坏,观测了裂隙的发展过程。实验表明:当裂缝角小于45时,先在裂缝尖端处的张应力集中部位出现新裂纹,它的起裂角(与原裂缝的交角)90,裂纹弯向压力方向并趋于稳定。当>45时,在上述张裂纹稳定后,在裂缝尖端附近再次发生张裂,其起裂角60,同样弯向压力方向后稳定。在这些前期张破裂稳定后,在张裂的相反方向,也即裂缝的共轭方向上,出现内部微裂隙的丛集,并随后发生宏观的剪破坏,我们认为此逆向剪切破坏与大理岩的多晶组构有关,与应变弱化过程中变形和应力的调整有关。      

共轭雁行脉列分析

对瑞士赫尔文特推复体的灰岩中的共轭雁行脉列进行了研究。它们可被分成两大类:原生的和叠加的。对其几何形态的研究表明,小脉是同构造的,充填张裂而成的,它是由剪切带运动而派生的次级应力场所引起的。小脉与脉列的夹角一般变化在20°到45°左右,与作用在剪切带上的正应力大小有关。共轭雁行脉列的形成反映了岩石处于脆性到韧性的过渡的变形状态,与一定的形成深度有关。不同世代的脉反映了推复体形成和置位过程中的不同阶段     

温压条件下岩石破坏前后的力学性质与波速

在温压条件下，对大理岩和砂岩进行了全过程应力应变试验，研究了温压条件对岩石的极限强度，残余强度，剪切破裂角的影响，以及岩石破坏前后的弹性模量与波速的变化。得到了在温压条件下，岩石变形全过程中有关弹性参数和力学性质的变化规律，并进行了简要分析。     

内孔加压三轴条件下岩石的破裂试验研究

本文应用岩石孔压三轴仪,研究花岗岩和大理岩的破裂特性,探讨应力途径对岩石破裂强度的影响。试验结果表明:(1)岩石的内孔水压致裂强度随围压的增加而线性增加,(2)在拉,压应力组合条件下,岩石呈现出拉破特性,引起岩石破裂的拉应力随着轴压增加而减少;(3)孔压致裂法获得的岩石抗拉强度值偏高     

中国大陆新生代构造应力场的研究

本文通过断陷盆地的分布特征、震源机制解和地应力测量等方面的资料分析研究,认为新生代以来中国大陆没有统一的构造应力场,或者说现今应力场小于前期应力场;断层活动、地震活动并不意味着应力的不断积累、不断加强,相反是应力的不断释放、不断减弱。     

Study on determination of stress level by seismic stress drops and the stress axis deflections before and after large earthquakes

Introduction The study of tectonic stress field, a major branch of the Earth science, plays an important role in geodynamics. The world stress map plan started from 1980s and was leaded by Zoback. Lots of scientists from many countries participated this plan. The plan collected global tectonic stress measurements and research results and established global stress database. The world stress map was edited based on the global stress database. The world stress map reflected feature of global li…     

根据大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取应力量值的研究

为求解震源处应力量值,运用大地震造成的应力方向偏转和地震应力降给出了求取震源处应力大小的方法.地震前后的应力方向可根据大量前震和余震震源机制统计给出;地震应力降可通过地震波或地壳形变资料的震源破裂反演研究得到.该研究对地震动力学具有一定的意义.      

由钻孔应力（应变）观测中的元件测值推断测区的附加主应力比值和方向

本文讨论了在钻孔应力(应变)相对观测中,互成45°夹角元件测值间的关系,以及利用其测值推断测区附加应力状态的方法。     

库仑应力变化及其在地震学中的应用研究进展

首先介绍了库仑应力的定义及其物理含义。阐述了库仑应力在强震对余震的触发作用、强震对后续地震序列的触发、应力影区对地震的抑制作用、地震活动性分析以及相关软件的应用等五个方面的应用研究进展。最后探讨了库仑应力在地震学应用中存在的不足与前景。     

Attenuation of stress wave in sandstone

ＡｔｔｅｎｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｔｒｅｓｓｗａｖｅｉｎｓａｎｄｓｔｏｎｅＤａｏ－ＹｉｎｇＸＩ；Ｙｏｎｇ－ＬａｉＺＨＥＮＧａｎｄＴａｏＺＨＡＮＧ（席道瑛，郑永来，张涛）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥａｒｔｈａｎｄＳｐａｃｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔ...     

On stress-forecasting strategy of earthquakes from stress buildup,stress shadow and stress transfer (SSS) based on numerical approach

Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), used for monitoring crust deformation, are found to be very promising in earthquake prediction subject to stress-forecasting. However, it is recognized that unless we can give reasonable explanations of these curious precursory phenomena that continue to be serendipitously observed from time to time, such high technology of GPS or InSAR is difficult to be efficiently used. Therefore, a proper model revealing the relation between earthquake evolution and stress variation, such as the phenomena of stress buildup, stress shadow and stress transfer (SSS), is crucial to the GPS or InSAR based earthquake prediction. Here we address this question through a numerical approach of earthquake development using an intuitive physical model with a map-like configuration of discontinuous fault system. The simulation provides a physical basis for the principle of stress-forecasting of earthquakes based on SSS and for the application of GPS or InSAR in earthquake prediction. The observed SSS associated phenomena with images of stress distribution during the failure process can be continuously simulated. It is shown that the SSS are better indicators of earthquake precursors than that of seismic foreshocks, suggesting a predictability of earthquakes based on stress-forecasting strategy.     

On stress-forecasting strategy of earthquakes from stress buildup, stress shadow and stress transfer （SSS） based on numerical approach

Global Positioning System(GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR),used for monitoring crust deformation,are found to be very promising in earthquake prediction subject to stress-forecasting.However,it is recognized that unless we can give reasonable explanations of these curious precursory phenomena that continue to be seren-dipitously observed from time to time,such high technology of GPS or InSAR is difficult to be efficiently used.Therefore,a proper model revealing the relation between e...     

Variation of stress during the rupture process of the 1995 ML=4.1 Shacheng, Hebei, China, earthquake sequence

According to the rupture dynamics of earthquakes, variations of the apparent stress and the difference between the static stress drop and the dynamic stress drop during the rupture of earthquakes are analyzed for the July 20, 1995 M _L=4.1 Shacheng, Hebei, China, earthquake sequence. Results obtained show that the apparent stress for main-shock is about 5 MPa, and the average apparent stress for aftershocks 0.047 MPa. During the rupture of the main-shock, the dynamic stress drop is approximately 1.6 times greater than the static stress drop with the difference of nearly 2.7 MPa. The dynamic stress drop is less than the static stress drop for all aftershocks with the average difference of −0.75 MPa. Therefore, when the mainshock occurs the final stress on the focal fault is higher than the dynamic frictional stress, corresponding to that the fault is abruptly locked. When the aftershocks occur the final stress on the focal fault is lower than the dynamic frictional stress, corresponding to that the fault overshoots. It can be seen from the above results that there could be some differences in the physic processes between the mainshock and the aftershocks. Contribution No. 05FE3013, Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration.     

中国大陆地壳应力环境基础数据库

本文介绍了国际上有关地应力环境研究与数据库建设的相关情况;重点阐述了“中国大陆地壳应力环境基础数据库”的构成,包括基本数据类型、数据来源以及数据覆盖范围等基本情况;阐述了本数据库管理系统的基本设计思想、主要功能及其特色;扼要介绍了以数据库资料为基础开展了中国大陆构造应力分区以及应力场的数值模拟研究成果.