微波消解法在水泥工业样品分析中的应用

在过去的几年中,辅助燃料(如旧轮胎和塑料垃圾)在水泥行业应用越来越重要,不仅是价格原因,更重要的是这些应用在经济和环境方面对于处理废弃材料起到了重要作用。水泥回转窑的高温是塑料垃圾焚烧的最好条件。旧轮胎作为辅助燃料的应用已经很长时间了,因为它们的材料、反应行为及对最终产品的影响都已经得到了很好的认知,而塑料垃圾的分析相对比较困难。如塑料瓶子及塑料薄膜往往添加各种不同的色素及添加剂。水泥对锌和其他痕量元素非常敏感,尤其是氯元素。因此,在燃烧前,必须先将PVC材料挑出,而食品包装材料必须先经过清洗避免氯化钠残留而带入氯元素。这就是粉碎垃圾需要完全消解及分析的关键原因。因为垃圾的组成是不均一的,完全     

微波消解法在水泥工业样品分析中的应用

在过去的几年中,辅助燃料(如旧轮胎和塑料垃圾)在水泥行业应用越来越重要,不仅是价格原因,更重要的是这些应用在经济和环境方面对于处理废弃材料起到了重要作用。水泥回转窑的高温是塑料垃圾焚烧的最好条件。旧轮胎作为辅助燃料的应用已经很长时间了,因为它们的材料、反应行为及对最终产品的影响都已经得到了很好的认知,而塑料垃圾的分析相对比较困难。如塑料瓶子及塑料薄膜往往添加各种不同的色素及添加剂。水泥对锌和其他痕量元素非常敏感,尤其是氯元素。因此,在燃烧前,必须先将PVC材料挑出,而食品包装材料必须先经过清洗避免氯化钠残留而带入氯元素。这就是粉碎垃圾需要完全消解及分析的关键原因。因为垃圾的组成是不均一的,完全     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定石油样品中镍钒铝硅

Ni、V、Al、Si是石油的天然组分。其中Ni和V来源于形成石油的原始物质,它们易形成大而复杂的分子,从而使沸点非常高。含Ni和V的化合物在提炼过程中无法蒸馏,不能很经济地从燃料中去除。Ni、V、Al、Si在燃烧时会生成不同的氧化物,沉积在化学反应器(如发动机)的冷却器表面,形成黏着物并引起腐蚀;另外这些元素可能灭活提炼过程中的催化剂。可见,测定Ni、V、Al、Si对于炼油工业非常重要。1仪器样品消解采用奥地利安东帕公司(Anton Paar GmbH)生产的Multiwave 3000微波消解系统,配有8位超高压转子。消解后的样品中痕量元素的分析用Optima 3000电感耦合等离子体发射光     

二氧化锆和三氧化二铝的微波消解

A l2O3和ZrO2具有很高的热稳定性和化学稳定性,可用于高温绝缘,制作挡热板或保护涂层。在纤维状态时,A l2O3和ZrO2可被用作过滤材料或催化剂的载体。通常对A l2O3和ZrO2的纯度要求很高,其中材料的杂质元素如K或Na的含量对最终产品的性能有非常重大的影响。在分析A l2O3和ZrO2中的痕量元素时,最困难的一步是样品的消解,这类氧化物属于最难溶解的材料。传统的熔融分解方法会将杂质带入样品中,湿法消解则是一个理想的选择。湿法消解方法是否可行,取决于样品的晶体结构、杂质元素的含量和样品颗粒的大小。利用适当的酸体系和高性能的微波消解系统,可以在较短的时间内获得理想的分解效果。对于大多     

有色金屬及稀有金屬礦床中伴生元素儲量計算和取样方法

計算在处理主要有用矿物的精矿过程中所能回收的伴生元素,是綜合研究有色和稀有金属矿床矿石的任务之一。锗、铟、碲、硒、铊、镓、钪、録、铪、铷和鎘一般是属于这些元素的,但是其中有些元素也形成单独矿物。这些形成单独矿物的元素的儲量計算並不特别困难,根据勘探工作中的取样結果,可以採用一般的儲量計算方法。当这些元素呈类質同像或机械混合物賦存于矿物主中或被主要矿物所吸收时,对于这些元素储量的計算是比較复杂的。     

HPA-S高压湿法消解仪消解油类样品——标准方法ASTM C 1234-98(2004)

分析油类样品中的痕量元素有多种方法,例如采用有机溶剂稀释后用光谱法直接测定,在稳定乳液系统中测定,以及氧弹燃烧等常规消解方法;但是这些方法都存在一些固有问题。为了避免基质干扰问题,湿法消解方法是准确分析油类样品中痕量元素的理想的样品制备方法。目前已经有一个ASTM标准方法(ASTM C 1234—98),即利用HPA-S消解仪的高压、高温、密闭容器和洁净材质的优点,消解各种油类样品。该标准方法规定了可以用等离子     

元素富集与样品粒度间关系

基岩风化作用是表生地球化学作用的主要作用之一，在这一作用过程中，元素的迁移、富集及分散作用复杂。由风化作用形成的残坡积物和水系沉积物的分布，受原岩(矿)石类型、地貌、气候及生物活动等因素控制；微量元素赋存状态，亦受原生矿物机械强度、溶解度及次生矿物形成等因素影响。这些因素决定了表生物质发育程度和元素地球化学行为，以致引起元素在不同介质的不同粒度级富集及分散。     

青海湖:研究地质微生物的天然实验室

青海湖位于青海省的东北部,是中国境内最大的内陆高原咸水湖泊。由于青藏高原的不均匀隆升,使这些湖泊形成了封闭的水系和地球化学物质循环特征。青海湖有限的几条供给河流的水化学受其所经过岩石的化学成分控制,而湖水的化学成分和物理化学特征则受补给水系的影响。湖泊的碳循环除受盆地周围风化搬运作用以外,主要碳源为湖泊以及周围的生物群落。青海湖水的物理化学特征本身由于受补给水源和深度的影响而具不均一性,并随季节温度的变化而发生调整。这些特征预示其独特的微生物生态系统和与之有关的碳循环和元素地球化学循环特征。丰富的铁、硫酸根、碳酸根和钙镁离子为其中嗜铁和嗜硫的微生物繁盛以及随后的矿化作用提供了有利的条件。藻类也具有很高的多样性并且不同种类具有明显的随季节或气温变化的特点。这些微生物活动会在湖泊沉积物中形成有机的和无机的生物标记化合物或矿物。进一步揭示这些生物标记化合物与局部环境的碳循环、元素循环、微生物生态以及相关环境变迁的关系将具有重要意义。     

南京栖霞山铅锌银多金属矿床的生物成矿作用

许多学者探讨过菌藻生物与形成南京栖霞山铅锌银多金属矿床的预富集作用。然而，生物成矿作用是一个随地质作用的发展而发展演化的过程，本文详细研究了矿床中的矿化生物以及矿石中的吸附有机质，证实它们源自菌菏生物，结合非打开性的红外和荧光光谱方法以及打开性的ＧＣ－ＭＳ分析，重点研究了矿床中发现的有机包裹体，检测出成矿流体中的系列生物标志化合物，证实成矿流体中的有机质也源自菌藻生物。根据成矿流体中有机质特征，矿石中成矿元素闻的关系以及有机质中所古的金属元素，论证了这些源自苗藻生物的有机质、有机流体对成矿元素的活化迁移和还原沉淀作用，建立了生物－有机质－流体成矿系统。     

五酸和硝酸微波消解法结合ICP-OES技术测定多金属矿中多种元素的对比研究

快速、准确测定多金属矿中的主次量元素需要根据多金属矿的具体类型选择不同的预处理方法。本文采集我国典型区域的铅锌、锡、钼、钒和铜镍等5种多金属矿,对比了盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸-硫酸五酸微波消解和硝酸微波消解的溶样效果,应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定铜铅锌锡钨钼锰钛钒9种元素。通过国家标准物质分析验证,五酸微波消解的溶样时间较长,但一次可测定铜铅锌钼锰钒6种元素;硝酸微波消解的溶样时间短,但一次只能测定铜铅锌钼4种元素;两种方法的准确度和精密度高(RSD5%),检出限低(5.3~30 mg/kg),均适合在地质行业推广应用。而由于锡钨钛3种元素不能完全被酸溶解,上述两种消解方法均不适合。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.