辽南岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义——以盖州万福-岫岩龙潭地区三叠纪侵入岩为例

辽宁南部盖州万福-岫岩龙潭地区位于华北板块北缘东段,辽东-辽南中生代岩浆弧带上。该地区中生代早期侵入岩主要由黑砬沟岩体和前豹沟岩体两个岩体构成,其中黑砬沟岩体岩性为中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩,前豹沟岩体岩性为似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩。中细粒黑云母二长花岗岩和似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄加权平均值分别为（219.8±0.7）和（220.9±2.1）Ma,时代为晚三叠世。岩体均属于钙碱性、准铝质岩石系列,K、Rb、Sr质量分数较高,Ta、Yb、Y质量分数偏低,稀土配分曲线右倾,负Eu异常不明显,轻稀土较富集,重稀土相对亏损。通过岩石学、年代学、岩石地球化学、构造环境及就位机制的分析,并结合邻区构造演化研究,认为该地区侵入岩为扬子板块与华北板块碰撞,在挤压的环境下地壳硅铝层增厚重熔,产生的同碰撞S型花岗岩。     

川西雀儿山燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩岩石地球化学及年代学研究

雀儿山黑云母二长花岗岩体位于川西义敦岛弧北端,具有过铝质碱性系列A型花岗岩,其稀土元素配分曲线呈向右缓倾,轻稀土元素富集明显,Eu负异常明显,表明岩浆演化过程中经历了部分斜长石结晶分离过程。黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年值为101.2~102.18Ma,表明其成岩年龄为早白垩世(K1)。构造环境判别图解显示,川西雀儿山燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩形成于碰撞造山后伸展环境。     

川西雀儿山燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩岩石地球化学及年代学研究

雀儿山黑云母二长花岗岩体位于川西义敦岛弧北端,具有过铝质碱性系列A型花岗岩,其稀土元素配分曲线呈向右缓倾,轻稀土元素富集明显,Eu负异常明显,表明岩浆演化过程中经历了部分斜长石结晶分离过程。黑云母二长花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年值为101.2¹02.18Ma,表明其成岩年龄为早白垩世(K1)。构造环境判别图解显示,川西雀儿山燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩形成于碰撞造山后伸展环境。     

藏东怒江板块结合带郭庆复式花岗岩体特征及其成因

根据作者在“三江”地区进行１∶２０万洛隆幅区域地质调查工作中收集的资料,对产出于怒江板块结合带东侧的郭庆复式花岗岩体进行了解体,将岩体划分为燕山早期的黑云母二长花岗岩,燕山晚期的黑云母石英正长岩、黑云母花岗闪长岩三种岩石类型。通过对它们的地质学、岩石学、岩石地球化学特征的研究表明,这三种侵入岩分属陆壳改造Ｓ型花岗岩和壳幔同熔Ⅰ型中酸性岩。燕山早期花岗岩形成于同碰撞造山期,燕山晚期黑云母石英正长岩形成于板块碰撞后的抬升阶段,燕山晚期黑云母花岗闪长岩形成于造山晚期构造环境,是区内板块构造不同演化阶段的产物。郭庆复式岩体的形成与三江地区板块构造演化密切相关     

滇西芒市地区石板村黑云母二长花岗岩的年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

滇西芒市地区石板村黑云母二长花岗岩分布于芒市粱河县南部勐养村—芒市石板村一带,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩组成。石板村黑云母二长花岗岩大部分是作者通过1∶5万区域地质填图,从原高黎贡山群中解体出来的。为了限定该地区中生代岩浆事件的准确时间,本文对该黑云母二长花岗岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年。测定结果显示,石板村黑云母二长花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为125.60±1.0Ma。表明该花岗岩体的形成时代属于早白垩世。岩石地球化学研究表明,该区早白垩世黑云母二长花岗岩具有高Si02(70.70%~76.14%),高碱(K20+Na20=7.35%~9.00%),中—高钾(K20/Na20=1.12~2.37)的特征。铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.67~1.17,岩石属钾玄岩—高钾钙碱性过铝—强过铝S型花岗岩。岩石总体上富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、Nd、Sm和Pb等,明显亏损高场强元素Nb、Ce、Sr、Eu、Zr、Hf等。稀土元素总量(ΣREE)为80.55×10-6~362.85×10-6,平均为171.97×10-6,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,LaN/YbN介于5.11~18.80之间,δEu=0.28~1.08,显示弱到中等程度的负铕异常,具有较明显的轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损的特征。根据地球化学特征和微量元素构造判别图解判别结果表明,该花岗岩是以含粘土的变质杂砂岩部分熔融形成的,岩浆可能来源于本区中—新元古代高黎贡山群为代表的地壳物质的部分熔融。是一种典型的壳源成因类型,具后碰撞花岗岩特征,形成于板块间从挤压体制向拉张体制转变的后碰撞构造环境。冈底斯—滕冲构造带早白垩世构造岩浆事件与羌塘—保山板块与冈底斯—腾冲板块之间俯冲、碰撞、成弧造山作用密切相关。早白垩世花岗岩体的发现及其形成时代的厘定,为进一步探讨腾冲地块构造演化提供了新证据。     

内蒙古林西地区西耳子黑云母二长花岗成因及其地质意义

正中亚造山带具有复杂的演化历史,是地质研究的热点课题,对于板块间碰撞拼合的位置延索伦—西拉木伦—长春—延吉一带基本达到共识,但是碰撞拼合的时间一直存在争议。内蒙古林西地区处于中亚造山带的东南段,夹持于华北板块和西伯利亚板块之间,是研究古亚洲洋构造演化的理想区域。出露于林西地区的西耳子黑云母二长花岗岩的研究程度低,缺乏系统的高精度年代学和地球化学资料。鉴于此,本文对西耳子黑云母二长花岗岩的岩     

腾冲地块高地热异常区晚白垩世-始新世钾玄质强过铝花岗岩岩石地球化学、年代学特征及构造意义

腾冲地块高地热异常区清水左所营初糜棱岩化黑云母二长花岗岩岩体、新华黑石河热田强糜棱岩化黑云母二长花岗岩岩体、热海热田硫磺塘硅化碎裂正长花岗岩岩体变形变质、岩石地球化学及锆石年代学的研究表明,晚白垩世(73Ma)初糜棱岩化黑云母二长花岗岩岩体为高温钾玄质强过铝花岗岩,形成于活动大陆边缘火山弧-后碰撞转换或过渡构造环境,并经历强烈伸展变形作用,普遍发育早期近水平-低角度(30°)韧性伸展剪切糜棱面理,局部发育晚期高角度右旋走滑挤压韧性糜棱面理;始新世(48~46Ma)强糜棱岩化黑云母二长花岗岩岩体、硅化碎裂正长花岗岩岩体为中-高温钾玄质强过铝花岗岩,并具铝质A型花岗岩特征,形成于后碰撞-板内构造环境,以发育晚期高角度(70°~87°)右旋走滑挤压韧性糜棱面理为特征,其右旋走滑韧性剪切变形时代晚于始新世(48~46Ma)。晚白垩世-始新世钾玄质强过铝花岗岩的形成与俯冲-碰撞造山隆升后的伸展垮塌、拆沉地幔物质上涌玄武质岩浆底侵和地壳部分熔融作用密切相关。始新世-第四纪岩浆活动与高地热异常区(带)空间上密切伴生,新近纪晚期-第四纪构造活动主要表现为脆性走滑-拉张正断层和构造拉分断陷盆地的形成,构造断陷边界断裂与深部岩浆活动是导致腾冲地区高地热异常区(带)中-高温地热温泉沿走滑-拉张断裂带集中分布的主要原因。     

滇西芒市江东花岗岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

腾冲地块江东花岗岩体分布于芒市江东镇—项丘一带,主要由黑云母二长花岗岩组成。该花岗岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果表明,锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为58.29±0.44 Ma,表明该花岗岩体的形成时代属于古新世。岩石地球化学研究表明,该花岗岩具有中等SiO2(68.66%~73.50%),高碱(K2O+Na2O=6.87%~9.04%),高钾(K2O/Na2O=1.87~2.20),铝饱和指数(A/CNK)为0.97~1.36的特征。岩石属钾玄岩—高钾钙碱性系列,为过铝质S型花岗岩。稀土元素总量(ΣREE)为158.85×10-6~304.26×10-6,稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具有弱到中等程度的负铕异常。根据岩石地球化学特征判别,该花岗岩的源岩可能是富含粘土的变质杂砂岩,在构造体制由挤压向拉张转变的后碰撞环境下部分熔融形成的。江东古新世后碰撞环境黑云母二长花岗岩的形成,预示着印度板块与冈底斯-波密-腾冲板块的主体碰撞在60Ma之前(即古新世初期之前)已经发生。冈底斯-滕冲构造带古新世构造岩浆造山事件与新特提斯洋的闭合及印度板块与冈底斯-滕冲板块间的俯冲、碰撞造山作用密切相关。     

藏南冈底斯带西段麦拉花岗岩锆石SHRIMP定年及地质意义

用SHRIMP测定了冈底斯岩带西段麦拉山口岩体同碰撞黑云母二长花岗岩锆石的U-Pb年龄,黑云母二长花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为47.1±1.1Ma。这就为前人提出的雅鲁藏布江地区洋盆闭合、板块开始碰撞的时间为50Ma左右提供了同位素年代学的证据。     

内蒙古正蓝旗钱家营子黑云母二长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素特征及其地质意义

钱家营子岩体位于赤峰—围场—白云鄂博断裂以北白乃庙岛弧带上,为兴蒙造山带南缘构造-岩浆岩带的重要组成部分,其时代及成因对理解中亚造山带构造格局及地质演化过程具有重要意义.本文在1:25万区域地质调查基础上,对钱家营子黑云母二长花岗岩体进行岩相学、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素组成特征开展综合研究.结果表明,岩体的锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(247.2±4.7)Ma,指示其形成于早三叠世末期.176Hf/177Hf值为0.282298～0.282371,对应的 εHf(t)值为–8.7～–11.4,其两阶段模式年龄变化在1.60 Ga到1.74 Ga之间,表明钱家营子黑云母二长花岗岩母岩浆可能来源于古元古代华北板块加厚下地壳的部分熔融.综合岩体地球化学特征及区域相关研究,认为内蒙古正蓝旗钱家营子地区在早三叠世处于兴蒙造山带和华北板块后造山(碰撞)的伸展环境.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.