二维土层地震反应分析的时域等效线性化解法

考虑非线性特征的局部复杂场地地震反应分析,一直是工程场地地震动预测中需解决的关键问题。借鉴目前一维成层场地地震反应分析中广泛使用的频域等效线性化思想,将其推广至时域及二维问题,提出了可用于考虑非线性特征的时域显式有限元方法,适用于复杂工程场地地震反应分析。本方法内域主要采用可实现显式算法的低阶有限元格式,人工边界处采用与显式算法相匹配的透射边界模拟无限域,单元内先通过求取平面应变状态下的最大切应变替代一维模型中的最大切应变,再依据整个时间过程的切应变求取等效切应变。每次整体求解采用时域中心差分的递推过程,并通过迭代完成非线性特征分析。为了验证本方法,选取水平成层场地及二维盆地两个典型场地模型进行模拟分析,将计算结果与传统的一维等效线性化模型及二维差分非线性计算结果做了对比,计算结果显示本文解与参考解非常吻合,证明了本文方法的可靠性。进一步采用该方法对美国Turkey Flat试验场地进行地表地震动模拟,计算结果与应用广泛的一维等效线性化模型及实测记录比较,探讨该方法的可靠性及与现有分析模型的差异,并阐述了非线性特征对地震动影响的规律。     

考虑土体动力特征参数相关性的工程场地随机地震反应分析

研究等效线性化方法中土体动力参数不确定性对场地地震反应的影响,提出了可考虑土体动力特征参数间相关性的土体动剪切模量和动阻尼曲线随机样本生成方法,基于Matlab开发一维等效线性化场地地震反应分析计算程序,用于开展场地地震反应随机动力分析。以Ⅱ类成层场地为例建立一维自由场分析模型,采用不同地震设防水准下露头基岩场地加速度反应谱为目标反应谱,合成人工地震记录折半后作为场地下卧基岩处的输入。计算结果表明,考虑土体动力特征参数不确定性对场地地震反应具有较大的影响,且影响程度与地震动强度、频谱成分及场地基本周期均密切相关;场地最大峰值加速度和地表加速度反应谱的波动范围随地震动强度等级的增加而变大,且最大峰值应变和最大峰值加速度的波动范围可达10%和14%;目标反应谱平台段及场地基本周期处对应的场地地表加速度反应谱的波动范围超过20%。     

地下结构地震反应分析中场地瑞利阻尼构建方法比较研究

动力时程分析中,结构地震反应的计算精度很大程度上取决于瑞利阻尼系数的确定。通过对某一成层场地在不同地震动作用下的动力反应分析,比较了目前工程上常用瑞利阻尼构建方法的时域计算结果和频域等效线性化计算结果,探讨了由频域分析中的滞回阻尼比构建时域分析中瑞利阻尼系数的新方法。在此基础上,对比研究了不同瑞利阻尼构造方法对某单层双跨地下车站结构地震反应的影响。结果表明:对于场地地震反应而言,提出的瑞利阻尼系数的时域计算结果与频域解的平均误差最小;对于地下结构地震反应而言,改进完整形式瑞利阻尼系数的时域计算结果与该方法计算结果基本一致。提出的瑞利阻尼系数计算方法精度较高,操作简单,可在场地和地下结构地震反应分析中推广使用。     

刚度和阻尼频率相关的等效线性化方法

在实际工程中发现,在强地震动作用下等效线性化方法低估了地表地震动的峰值加速度反应。通过与场地效应竖向台阵观测记录的对比分析证实了这一现象,其主要原因是等效剪应变水平的取值高于高频段实际剪应变水平,从而抑制了土层地震反应中的高频成份。若干分析表明,动力反应过程中土体的剪应变是随频率而变化的,且试验表明土体的刚度和阻尼是与剪应变相关的,据此假设土体刚度和阻尼是与频率相关的。基于这一假设,对传统等效剪应变的选取如何使得土层对基底地震动输入中的高频成分产生滤波效应的原理进行探讨,且通过频率相关的等效线性化方法对该原理进行证明。将该方法应用于Port Island场地效应竖向台阵的分析,并与实际地震动记录进行了对比,结果表明,较之传统等效线性化方法,能更加合理地考虑地震动输入中的高频成分。     

一维土层非线性地震反应分析的解析递推格式法

引入“结构动力学数值分析解析递推格式法”求解软土地基地震反应分析问题。就一维地基非线性地震反应分析问题,将解析递推格式方法与等效线性化方法在各种场地土的计算结果进行了比较,结果表明：(1) 对软土层地震反应分析时,两种方法计算结果差别较大; （2）入射波幅值较强时,两种方法计算结果差别较大;（3）对于中等硬度土层、入射波幅值较弱时,计算结果相似, 并验证了该方法的实用有效性。     

土层非线性地震反应一维时域分析

等效线性化方法在工程中经常被用于土层非线性地震反应一维数值分析,但考虑大震作用将较大峰值加速度时程作为输入时,该方法会引起过大的“共振”效应,造成对地表地震反应的误估。为了更合理的估计非线性地震反应,提出了一种考虑拟合阻尼比、刚度比试验曲线的时域分析方法,并用于响嘡台阵场地土层地震一维非线性反应分析,通过数值模拟结果与实际记录的比较,验证了该方法的可行性。最后,通过数值模拟证明该方法对大震情况下对地表地震反应的估计比等效线性化方法更为合理。     

典型场地在不同地震动输入水平下的反应

强震动作用下场地土的非线性对地震动反应特征影响明显。场地土的非线性效应首先是由岩土工程学家在室内试验中发现的,继而地震学家在强震动记录分析中亦发现了场地土的非线性效应。一般来讲,随着地震动输入强度增加,场地土非线性效应越明显。但对于不同场地类型,相同地震动水平作用下,场地土非线性效应是不同的。针对这一问题,选择了几个典型场地,采用等效线性化方法分析了不同地震动强度作用下各类场地土的非线性效应,并提出了一种以场地等效剪切波速随地震动输入水平变化为依据的场地土非线性效应确定方法,且定义当等效剪切波速变化率不足20%时,场地地震反应分析可不计入场地土的非线性效应。     

基于随机地震反应的桥墩-群桩-土相互作用研究

考虑地震动的随机性,利用复反应分析技术,采用随机地震反应计算方法对某一特大型桥梁群桩基础与土动力相互作用效应进行了数值试验研究。将土与群桩体系视为一个整体进行有限元离散,采用等效线性化方法考虑土体的动力非线性性能。将桥墩-群桩-土相互作用体系与自由场随机地震反应进行比较,结果表明：相互作用效应的影响与桩土模量差异以及土体与群桩基础距离有关;软土层剪应变水平及分布发生了显著变化,群桩基础两侧附近土域剪应变呈现明显的弧形分布;地表及浅层土体最大地震加速度反应有所减小,但覆盖层中下部土体加速度反应峰值明显增大,增幅达5 %～30 %左右;此外,地震地面运动的频谱成分存在显著差别。桥梁桩基础抗震设计中应充分考虑桥梁结构-群桩-土相互作用效应。     

单孔法波速测试在宿州市区建筑场地类别划分的应用及该区特征研究

建筑场地的不同类别反映不同场地条件对基岩地震震动的综合放大效应,建筑场地类别是根据土层等效剪切波速和覆盖层厚度进行划分的。这里介绍了单孔法波速测试在计算土层等效剪切波速度,划分建筑场地类别上的应用,以及通过对宿州市区40个建筑场地的201个土层等效剪切波速数据Vse20和场地类别划分结果进行统计分析、研究,得出该区域类似地层条件的土层等效剪切波速近似呈正态分布特征,估算范围在195.89m/s～222.46 m/s,推测建筑场地类别为Ⅲ类。     

天津软土场地对地震动参数的影响

天津市区的场地条件为很厚而松软的第四纪沉积物,覆盖层较厚,地貌属海积—冲积平原,对地震动参数的影响很大。本文以海河东岸的天津嘉里中心工程场地为例,通过场地地震动效应分析,研究场地特征对地震动的影响。结果表明,土层地震反应分析得到的地震动峰值和反应谱与GB50011-2001《建筑抗震设计规范》的规定有明显的差别,抗震设计中的根据场地类别调整地震动的方法不足以完全描述场地地震反应特性,也难以反映天津厚软土场地的实际情况。可以认为,对于天津软土场地,采用经场地土层地震动效应分析所得地震动参数更为合理安全。     

Comparative study on the equivalent linear and the fully nonlinear site response analysis approaches

Seismic site effect has been a major issue in the field of earthquake engineering due to the large local amplification of the seismic motion. This paper presents the importance of an appropriate soil behavior model to simulate earthquake site response and gives an overview of the field of site response analysis. Some of the well-known site response analysis methods are discussed. The objective of this paper is to investigate the influences of nonlinearity on the site response analysis by means of a more precise numerical model. In this respect, site responses of four different types of one-layered soil deposit, based on various shear wave velocities with the assumption of linear and rigid base bedrock, were analyzed by using the equivalent linear and fully nonlinear approaches. Nonlinear analyses?? results were compared with those of the linear method, and both of the similarities and differences are discussed. It is concluded that in the case of nonlinearity of soil under strong ground motions, 1-D equivalent linear modeling overestimates the amplification patterns in terms of absolute amplification level, and cannot correctly account for resonant frequencies and hysteric soil behavior. Therefore, more practical and appropriate numerical techniques for ground response analysis should be surveyed.     

Nonlinear Analysis of Local Site Effects on Seismic Ground Response in the Bam Earthquake

The influence of local geologic and soil conditions on the intensity of ground shaking is addressed in this study. The amplification of the ground motion due to local site effects resulted in severe damage to dwellings in the Bam area during the 2003 Bam Earthquake. A unique set of strong motion acceleration recordings was obtained at the Bam accelerograph station. Although the highest peak ground acceleration recorded was the vertical component (nearly 1 g), the longitudinal component (fault-parallel motion) clearly had the largest maximum velocity as well as maximum ground displacement. Subsurface geotechnical and geophysical (down-hole) data in two different sites have been obtained and used to estimate the local site condition on earthquake ground motion in the area. The ground response analyses have been conducted considering the nonlinear behavior of the soil deposits using both equivalent linear and nonlinear approaches. The fully nonlinear method embodied in FLAC was used to evaluate the nonlinear soil properties on earthquake wave propagation through the soil layer, and compare with the response from the equivalent linear approach. It is shown that thick alluvium deposits amplified the ground motion and resulted in significant damage in residential buildings in the earthquake stricken region. The comparison of results indicated similar response spectra of the motions for both equivalent and nonlinear analyses, showing peaks in the period range of 0.3–1.5 s. However, the amplification levels of nonlinear analysis were less than the equivalent linear method especially in long periods. The observed response spectra are shown to be above the NEHRP building code design requirements, especially at high frequencies.     

Impact of Higher Frequency Content of Input Motion Upon Equivalent Linear Site Response Analysis for the Study Area of Delhi

While travelling through the subsoil layers, earthquake generated bedrock motions get modified significantly due to local soil and should be quantified using ground response analysis. Present study concentrates on equivalent linear method of site response analysis in SHAKE2000 software. It is a frequency based analysis tool having default frequency set to 15 Hz. While due consideration is given to amplitude, no to very limited information about the frequency content of the input motion to be considered in ground response analysis is available. In the present work, the effect of the maximum frequency of ground motion in site response analysis using SHAKE2000 is examined. Two sets of analyses are carried out in this work based on 30 globally recorded input motions. In the first analyses, input motion up to 15 Hz maximum frequency, which is a default value in SHAKE2000 is considered while second analyses are based on considering each of the 30 input motions up to the Nyquist frequency. Comparing the results from the two sets of analyses highlight that selection of maximum frequency in SHAKE2000 has considerable effect in ground motion amplification at different depths. As a result, even the peak ground acceleration which controls the building behavior and damage scenario, is going to change considerably even in case same input motion is used in the analysis.     

Site-specific earthquake response study for hazard assessment in Kolkata city,India

The assessment of local site effects on seismic ground motions is of great importance in earthquake engineering practice. Several destructive earthquakes in the past have demonstrated that the amplification of ground motion and associated damage to structures due to local site conditions is a significant consideration in earthquake hazard analysis. A recent paper published in this journal highlights the hazard posed by earthquakes in the megacity of Kolkata in India due to its seismic and geological settings. The seismic hazard assessment study speculates that the deep alluvial deposit in the city may increase the seismic hazard probably due to the amplification of the seismic energies. This paper focuses on the seismic response studies of the various soil strata (i.e. for local subsurface conditions) obtained from various construction sites in the city for predicted earthquake. It is very well recognized that site response studies (a part of seismic microhazard zonation for urban areas) are the first step towards performance-based foundation design or seismic risk analysis and mitigation strategy. One of the problems for carrying out site-specific study in Kolkata is the lack of recorded strong motion data in the city. Hence, this paper outlines a methodology to carry out site-specific study, where no strong motion data or seismic data are available. The methodology uses wavelet-based spectrum compatibility approach to generate synthetic earthquake motions and equivalent linear method for seismic site response analysis. The Mega City of Kolkata has been considered to explain the methodology. Seismic hazard zonation map by the Bureau of Indian Standards classifies the City of Kolkata as moderate seismic zone (Zone III) with a zone factor 0.16. On the other hand, GSHAP(Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program) map which is based on 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years specifies a maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 1.6 m/s² (0.163 g) for this region. In the present study, the seismic response has been carried out based on GSHAP. The results of the analysis indicate the amplification of ground motion in the range of 4.46–4.82 with the fundamental period ranging from 0.81 to 1.17 s. Furthermore, the maximum spectral accelerations vary in the range of 0.78–0.95 g.     

Effect of fibre inclusion on dynamic properties of clay

One of the causes of heavy damage due to earthquake motions is the role of soft clay in amplifying bedrock ground motions. Improving the soil conditions using polypropylene fibres at a site in order to mitigate earthquake damage could be one of the methods to modify site conditions. In this study, the optimum fibre contents were obtained for mixtures of clay with two different types of fibre. Then the dynamic properties of polypropylene fibre reinforced clay with different fibre contents were determined using resonant column testing. The study showed that the inclusion of fibre at optimum fibre content can improve the dynamic properties of clay at the low shear strains used. Test results indicated that both the shear modulus and damping increased. Hence, the inclusion of fibre in clay can provide a double benefit for the dynamic response of a site by increasing the stiffness of the site and reducing its amplitude of vibration.     

A comparative study on linear and nonlinear site response analysis

Site response analysis is usually the first step of any seismic soil-structure study. Geotechnical earthquake engineers and engineering geologist have been trying to find both practical and most appropriate solution techniques for ground response analysis under earthquake loadings. The paper attempts to give a critical overview of the field of site response analysis. In this paper, the influences of nonlinearity on the site response analysis summarized and were evaluated with a numerical example. Site response of a two layered soil deposit with the assumption of linear and rigid base bedrock (or viscoelastic half-space) was analyzed by using linear and nonlinear approaches. The amplification spectrum of the soil column is computed between the top and the bottom of this soil deposit. Nonlinear analysis was compared with the linear method of analysis. Steps involved in ground response analyses to develop site-specific response spectra at a soil site are briefly summarized. Some of the well-known site response analysis methods are summarized and similarities and differences between linear and nonlinear methods are compared by a numerical example.     

多维地震荷载等效循环周数计算模型

地震波是一种多维的随机荷载,一般在参数测定中应将其转化为等效循环荷载。采用有限元模拟多向地震荷载作用下的砂土动力响应,介绍了弹塑性边界面模型及其参数的含义,阐述了确定参数的方法,选取涵盖大震、中震、近场、远场及不同土质条件的155组多向地震输入时程进行单向、多向加载。利用混合效应回归分析法,建立了多向地震荷载作用下等效循环周数计算模型,分析验证了该模型的准确性。提出了基于等效循环周数比的多维地震荷载作用下等效循环周数计算方法。研究表明：模型预测值能较好地反映等效循环周数实际值的变化趋势;震级和震中距对等效循环周数比影响不明显;砂土特性对等效循环周数比的影响具有主导作用, 在不同震级范围内,等效循环周数比均随着相对密度的增大而增大,对应于相对密度为45%、60%、80%、100%的砂土,等效循环周数比分别近似为1.60、1.85、1.90和2.05。     

基于子结构法的地铁车站地震反应分析

对1995年日本阪神地震中地铁车站的破坏情况进行了调查,深入分析了地铁车站的地震破坏机理。采用二维子结构分析方法（SASSI2000）分别对水平向和竖向地震动作用下神户大开地铁车站的地震反应进行了数值模拟分析。在建模时把地铁车站上方的土体作为车站的附属结构,首先采用SHAKE91程序计算自由场土体的动剪切模量和阻尼比,在SASSI2000中不再考虑土体的非线性。将计算结果与1995年阪神地震中该车站的震害进行了详细地对比分析发现所得的地震反应规律与其震害完全吻合,其计算结果能够合理的解释神户大开地铁车站的各种震害现象。因此,对地下车站的抗震设计具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。