成团超新星爆发的热自模解

在类似于原星系里的高温等离子体介质中，热传导具有很高的效率，当超新星爆发时，可以存在一个以纯热传导为主的能量传播阶段。     

射电喷流中相对论电子束激发的不稳定性

本文作者用相对论电子束在等离子体中运动时的色散关系讨论了纵向传播的波模的稳定性，发现静电Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ波和Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波是不稳定的，并计算了其增长率，而高频电磁模和硝声模是稳定的。相对论电子束激发的Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ波和Ａｌｆｖｅｎ波的不稳定性可用于解释射电喷流中相间的热斑、粒子再加速、辐射机制以及能量传输问题。     

Ia型超新星的爆发机制及其前身星模型

Ia型超新星作为测量遥远星系距离——从而测定宇宙膨胀速率——的“标准烛光”，已经成为宇宙学中具有重要意义的天体。从某些方面来讲，Ia型超新星仍属于神秘天体(或爆发事件)，其前身星及爆发模型还没有得到很好的理解，当前的观测不足以对理论模型作出精确的限制。然而有很好的理由相信大多数Ia型超新星可能是由接近钱德拉塞卡质量极限(≈1.39M⊙)的碳—氧白矮星通过聚变中心的碳和氧所引发的热按爆炸产生的。至于这一爆发通过何种机制完成，例如具体到Ia型超新星爆发时的流体动力学过程，仍存在分歧。最近爆燃阶段的三维数值模拟结果似乎表明，在Ia型超新星爆发晚期引入爆轰机制是没有必要的。另一方面，尽管当前的多数证据表明，C—O白矮星 主序星(或红巨星)的演化模式比C-O白矮星 C-O白矮星的演化模式可能更合理，但双简并白矮星的前身星模型并不能被排除，因为它们能解释一些特殊的Ia型超新星爆发。     

超新星爆发与暗晕中重子物质的丢失

讨论了在以冷暗物质为主的宇宙中,超新星爆发对矮星系演化的反馈作用。建立了星系的质量丢失模型,提出了理论模型与观测进行比较的方法。对数值计算结果的理论分析表明,当星系外围存在一个暗物质晕时,由超新星爆发引起的质量丢失虽然受到了极大的限制,却不像人们预期的那么困难。如果假定星系的形成红移为ｚ＝２～８,那么,在所选取的参数范围内,理论计算和观测结果是相符合的。这种定性上的符合显示出,星系的质量越小,它们就形成得越早．     

超新星爆发与暗晕中重子物质的丢失

讨论了在以冷暗物质为主的宇宙中,超新星爆发对矮星系演化的反馈作用,建立了星系的质量丢失模型,提出了理论模型与观测进行比较的方法。对数值计算结果的理论分析表明,当星系外围存在一个暗物质晕时,由超新星爆发引起的质量丢失虽然受到了极大的限制,却不像人们预期的那么困难。如果假定星系的形成红移为ｚ＝２￣８,那么,在所选取的参数范围内,理论计算和观测结果是相符合的。这种定性上的符合显示出,星系的质量越小,它们     

宇宙信息

综合由欧洲南方天文台负责运营的12米阿塔卡玛探路者实验望远镜、甚大望远镜和美国宇航局斯皮策空间望远镜的观测结果,天文学家们探究了遥远的明亮星系是如何聚集成群或成团的。遥远星系的暗物质晕越大,它们聚集得就会越紧密。这一结果是对此类星系成团性迄今最精确的测量。这些星系距离我们极为遥远,它们所发出的光要花100亿年的时间才能抵达我们,因此我们看到的是大约100亿年前的景象。在早期宇宙中,这些星系正在经历已知最为剧烈的恒星形成过程,被称为星暴。     

恒星速度椭球分布律对旋涡星系的影响

本文讨论在考虑恒星速度椭球分布情形下旋涡星系的性质。由分析可知:旋涡星系的运动是恒星“气流”的紧卷旋涡式轴对称基本运动与密度波扰动的迭加,也即既有物质运动也有波的传播。当旋涡星系的旋臂为曳式时,它是旋闭的,并且恒星速度的椭球分布能导致星系密度波模式的不稳定。这种不稳定性提供了激发并维持星系密度波的一种机制,得以使且系旋臂长期维持。     

超新星SN 1987A的热光度演化—内部中子星的贡献

本文介绍了超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ爆发六年多来其热光度演化的研究情况。爆发后的前８００天，观测的热光度曲线与由超新星爆发时合成的放射性元素的放射衰变加热模型符合得很好。但９００天以后，观测的热光度曲线比考虑了所有放射性元素贡献后的理论曲线下降得还要缓慢。这可能表明有新的能源在起作用。我们认为这个新的能源可能是超新星爆发时产生的中子星的吸积。通过吸积超新星爆发时抛射气壳中小于逃逸速度的部分物质而增大ＳＮ     

河外IRAS暗源大尺度分布的二维分析

本文对ＩＲＡＳ暗源表中４个选区内的ＩＲＡＳ星系的两点角相关函数，关联分维进行了计算。结果表明，所有选区内的星系呈现小角尺度上的成团。在较大角尺度上，分布可以用多级分形很好地表示。在更大角尺度上，用非归一星系对计数可以探测到密度分布中可能存在的典型尺度。当取４个选区的平均值作为ＩＲＡＳ星系在宇宙中分布情况的代表时，所得结果与用全天ＩＲＡＳ点源表和其他巡天资料得到的结果一致。     

河外IRAS暗源大尺度分布的二维分析

本文对ＩＲＡＳ暗源表中４个选区的ＩＲＡＳ星系的两点角相关函数，关联分维进行了计算，结果表明，所有选区内的星系呈现小角尺度上的成团，在较大角尺度上，分布可以用多级分形很好地表示，在更大角尺度上，用非归一星系对计数可以探测到密度分布中可能存在的典型惊讶，当取４个选区的平均值作为ＩＲＡＳ星系在宙宇中分布情况的代表时，所得结果与用全于ＩＲＡＳ点源表和其他巡天资料得到的结果一致。     

Hot accretion with outflow and thermal conduction

We present self-similar solutions for advection-dominated accretion flows with thermal conduction in the presence of outflows. Possible effects of outflows on the accretion flow are parametrized and a saturated form of thermal conduction, as is appropriate for the weakly-collisional regime of interest, is included in our model. While the cooling effect of outflows is noticeable, thermal conduction provides an extra heating source. In comparison to accretion flows without winds, we show that the disc rotates faster and becomes cooler because of the angular momentum and energy flux which are taking away by the winds. But thermal conduction opposes the effects of winds and not only decreases the rotational velocity, but increases the temperature. However, reduction of the surface density and the enhanced accretion velocity are amplified by both of the winds and the thermal conduction. We find that for stronger outflows, a higher level of saturated thermal conduction is needed to significantly modify the physical profiles of the accretion flow.     

Hot accretion flow with ordered magnetic field, outflow, and saturated conduction

The importance of thermal conduction on hot accretion flow is confirmed by observations of hot gas that surrounds Sgr A^? and a few other nearby galactic nuclei. On the other hand, the existence of outflow in accretion flows is confirmed by observations and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. In this research, we study the influence of both thermal conduction and outflow on hot accretion flows with ordered magnetic field. Since the inner regions of hot accretion flows are, in many cases, collisionless with an electron mean free path due to Coulomb collision larger than the radius, we use a saturated form of thermal conduction, as is appropriate for weakly collisional systems. We also consider the influence of outflow on accretion flow as a sink for mass, and the radial and the angular momentum, and energy taken away from or deposited into the inflow by outflow. The magnetic field is assumed to have a toroidal component and a vertical component as well as a stochastic component. We use a radially self-similar method to solve the integrated equations that govern the behavior of such accretion flows. The solutions show that with an ordered magnetic field, both the surface density and the sound speed decrease, while the radial and angular velocities increase. We found that a hot accretion flow with thermal conduction rotates more quickly and accretes more slowly than that without thermal conduction. Moreover, thermal conduction reduces the influences of the ordered magnetic field on the angular velocities and the sound speed. The study of this model with the magnitude of outflow parameters implies that the gas temperature decreases due to mass, angular momentum, and energy loss. This property of outflow decreases for high thermal conduction.     

Weak waves in radiating gases

The propagation of weak waves has been studied by taking into account the influence of thermal radiative field. The singular surface theory is used to determine the modes of wave propagation and to evaluate the behaviour at the wave head. The effects of thermal radiation, conduction and the initial wave front curvature on the nonlinear breaking of weak waves are discussed. It is concluded that, under the thermal radiation effects, the shock wave formation is either disallowed or delayed. On the other hand, the thermal conduction effects destabilize the waves.     

Damping of slow magnetoacoustic waves in an inhomogeneous coronal plasma

We study the propagation and dissipation of slow magnetoacoustic waves in an inhomogeneous viscous coronal loop plasma permeated by uniform magnetic field. Only viscosity and thermal conductivity are taken into account as dissipative processes in the coronal loop. The damping length of slow-mode waves exhibit varying behaviour depending upon the physical parameters of the loop in an active region AR8270 observed by TRACE. The wave energy flux associated with slow magnetoacoustic waves turns out to be of the order of 10⁶ erg cm^?2 s^?1 which is high enough to replace the energy lost through optically thin coronal emission and the thermal conduction below to the transition region. It is also found that only those slow-mode waves which have periods more than 240s provide the required heating rate to balance the energy losses in the solar corona. Our calculated wave periods for slow-mode waves nearly match with the oscillation periods of loop observed by TRACE.     

Mass motions in a heated flare filament

Energy transport in a hot flare plasma is examined with particular reference to the influence of fluid motion. On the basis of dimensional considerations the dynamical timescale of the flare plasma is shown to be comparable to the timescale for energy loss by conduction and radiation. It is argued that mass motion is likely to have a profound influence on the evolution of the flare.The detailed response of a flare filament to a localized injection of energy is then analyzed. Radiative, conductive and all dynamical terms are included in the energy equation. Apart from greatly enhancing the rate of propagation of the thermal disturbance through space, mass motion is found to be significant in transferring energy through the moving fluid.Finally the predicted thermal structure is discussed and it is concluded that the presence of mass motions in the flare may be inferred from the form of the soft X-ray differential emission measure.     

Heating rate profiles in galaxy clusters

In recent years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that the gas in galaxy clusters is heated by non-gravitational processes. Here, we calculate the heating rates required to maintain a physically motivated mass flow rate, in a sample of seven galaxy clusters. We employ the spectroscopic mass deposition rates as an observational input along with temperature and density data for each cluster. On energetic grounds, we find that thermal conduction could provide the necessary heating for A2199, Perseus, A1795 and A478. However, the suppression factor of the classical Spitzer value is a different function of radius for each cluster. Based on the observations of plasma bubbles, we also calculate the duty cycles for each active galactic nucleus (AGN), in the absence of thermal conduction, which can provide the required energy input. With the exception of Hydra-A, it appears that each of the other AGNs in our sample requires duty cycles of roughly 10⁶–10⁷ yr to provide their steady-state heating requirements. If these duty cycles are unrealistic, this may imply that many galaxy clusters must be heated by very powerful Hydra-A type events interspersed between more frequent smaller scale outbursts. The suppression factors for the thermal conductivity required for combined heating by AGN and thermal conduction are generally acceptable. However, these suppression factors still require 'fine-tuning' of the thermal conductivity as a function of radius. As a consequence of this work, we present the AGN duty cycle as a cooling flow diagnostic.     

Attenuation of small-amplitude oscillations in a prominence–corona model with a transverse magnetic field

Observations show that small-amplitude prominence oscillations are usually damped after a few periods. This phenomenon has been theoretically investigated in terms of non-ideal magnetoacoustic waves, non-adiabatic effects being the best candidates to explain the damping in the case of slow modes. We study the attenuation of non-adiabatic magnetoacoustic waves in a slab prominence embedded in the coronal medium. We assume an equilibrium configuration with a transverse magnetic field to the slab axis and investigate wave damping by thermal conduction and radiative losses. The magnetohydrodynamic equations are considered in their linearised form and terms representing thermal conduction, radiation and heating are included in the energy equation. The differential equations that govern linear slow and fast modes are numerically solved to obtain the complex oscillatory frequency and the corresponding eigenfunctions. We find that coronal thermal conduction and radiative losses from the prominence plasma reveal as the most relevant damping mechanisms. Both mechanisms govern together the attenuation of hybrid modes, whereas prominence radiation is responsible for the damping of internal modes and coronal conduction essentially dominates the attenuation of external modes. In addition, the energy transfer between the prominence and the corona caused by thermal conduction has a noticeable effect on the wave stability, radiative losses from the prominence plasma being of paramount importance for the thermal stability of fast modes. We conclude that slow modes are efficiently damped, with damping times compatible with observations. On the contrary, fast modes are less attenuated by non-adiabatic effects and their damping times are several orders of magnitude larger than those observed. The presence of the corona causes a decrease of the damping times with respect to those of an isolated prominence slab, but its effect is still insufficient to obtain damping times of the order of the period in the case of fast modes.     

Solar coronal heating by magnetosonic waves

Solar coronal heating by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves is investigated. ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray emission lines of the corona show non-thermal broadenings. The wave rms velocities inferred from these observations are of the order of 25–60 km s⁻¹ . Assuming that these values are not negligible, we solved MHD equations in a quasi-linear approximation, by retaining the lowest order non-linear term in rms velocity. Plasma density distribution in the solar corona is assumed to be inhomogeneous. This plasma is also assumed to be permeated by dipole-like magnetic loops. Wave propagation is considered along the magnetic field lines. As dissipative processes, only the viscosity and parallel (to the local magnetic field lines) heat conduction are assumed to be important. Two wave modes emerged from the solution of the dispersion relation. The fast mode magneto-acoustic wave, if originated from the coronal base can propagate upwards into the corona and dissipate its mechanical energy as heat. The damping length-scale of the fast mode is of the order of 500 km. The wave energy flux associated with these waves turned out to be of the order of 2.5×10⁵ ergs cm⁻² s⁻¹ which is high enough to replace the energy lost by thermal conduction to the transition region and by optically thin coronal emission. The fast magneto-acoustic waves prove to be a likely candidate to heat the solar corona. The slow mode is absent, in other words cannot propagate in the solar corona.