冰后期胶州湾层序地层划分与沉积环境演变

通过对胶州湾青岛近海沉积物微古化石及浅层地震资料的综合解释,运用层序地层概念,确定了层序界面的划分方法。初次海泛面之下为河流沉积,微体古生物缺乏,其上岩性以含贝壳的砂质粗粒为主,微古特征表现为低丰度、低分异度。浓缩段岩性为虫孔发育的泥质细粒组分,微古丰度出现最高值。据此可将胶州湾青岛近海层序地层划分为半个三级层序．海进体系域发育海侵边界层、潮沟充填及古滨岸沉积,高位体系域形成大沽河洋河复合三角洲沉积体及湾口两侧的潮汐三角洲沉积体。以层序的方法研究近岸沉积物有利于不同地域不同时代地层间的对比,通过岩性和微体化石及矿物分布等特征综合确定海泛面,在具有多物源、快速沉积特点的近岸海湾有一定的现实意义。     

苏北盆地溱潼凹陷戴一段沉积-层序特征及其对岩性勘探的指示意义

为厘清溱潼凹陷戴一段岩性勘探有利层段及区带这一关键地质问题,应用高分辨率层序地层学、沉积学等基础理论、技术方法,综合地震、钻井岩心及测井资料,对溱潼凹陷戴一段进行了沉积-层序研究,识别出层序界面及洪泛面两类转换面,并进一步划分为1个长期、5个中期旋回层序,深凹带5个中期旋回层序发育齐全,中-外坡逐渐减少至2个,明确了泰州凸起是戴一段的主物源方向,戴一段发育扇三角洲沉积体系,沉积相带展布受物源、基准面升降共同控制。沉积-层序综合研究表明纵向上戴一段MSC1、MSC2、MSC3时期泥岩隔层发育、储盖组合有利,是岩性勘探最有利层段;平面上相带的展布决定了岩性勘探的有利区带,西斜坡的蔡家堡-陈家舍、帅西、帅垛及帅北地区处于多期扇体前缘砂岩尖灭区,是岩性/构造-岩性圈闭勘探的重点区域。     

南黄海盆地下三叠统层序地层格架

南黄海盆地是下扬子地块向海洋的延伸,中、古生界海相地层研究程度较低,仍未开展过系统的地层格架研究,制约了研究区的油气勘探进程。结合陆域下扬子的研究成果,利用研究区以及陆上苏北盆地的地质、钻井、测井、岩心等资料建立起下三叠统的三级层序地层格架。研究结果表明:三级层序边界为岩性转换界面或者不整合面;下三叠统可以划分为3个三级层序,其中每个三级层序又可以划分为海侵和高位体系域,低位体系域均不发育。以上研究为后期沉积相划分、储层预测等提供了可靠的地质依据。     

东海西湖凹陷平湖组层序地层划分

共识别出平湖组5个三级层序界面T63、T53(Sb1)、T43(Sb2)、T23(Sb3)、T03(Sb4)和3个体系域界面f1、T33(f2)、f3。平湖组共有6个段,可划分出3个沉积旋回。平湖六段未见底,沉积旋回性不清,平湖五段为SⅢ1,平湖四段和三段组成SⅢ2,平湖二段和一段划分为SⅢ3。本区短周期(四级层序)海平面变化曲线的包络线(相当于三级层序)和全球海平面三级周期的变化曲线基本一致,反映全球海平面变化对本区层序发育有明显的影响。     

东海陆架盆地瓯江凹陷古近系层序地层学与沉积特征研究

应用层序地层学方法,通过钻井、测井、地震反射等标志,识别出层序界面和最大海泛面,将东海陆架盆地瓯江凹陷古近系划分为3个层序,层序界面分别为T20、T40、T42、T50,并以地层叠置样式、岩性、岩相的变化为依据在单井上将每个三级层序细分为低位、湖侵和高位3个体系域;在层序格架内利用钻井和古生物资料分析了沉积体系在瓯江凹陷的平面展布：月桂峰组主要是三角洲相和湖泊相沉积,灵峰组和明月峰组是三角洲相和滨海相沉积,瓯江组和温州组为三角洲相和滨海相沉积,其中瓯江凹陷东次凹为浅海相沉积;沉积物源主要以西向东注入和西北方向向东南注入,同时揭示了古近系两次大规模海侵分别是古新世中期灵峰组沉积时期和始新世中期瓯江组沉积时期。     

北康-曾母盆地中中新世以来层序地层样式特征探讨

开展地震资料解释,分析上超、下超、顶超等地震反射终止关系、不整合面以及沉积趋势,识别出北康-曾母盆地中中新世以来14个三级层序界面。在层序界面内部,通过层序地层内幕结构刻画和原形剖面恢复,并结合地层堆砌方式,在北康-曾母盆地中中新世以来的层序地层内,划分了海进、高位正常海退、强制海退和低位正常海退4种成因单元。通过进一步研究该4种成因单元内地层结构和相分布关系,提出北康-曾母盆地中中新世以来的3种层序地层样式,即陆架边缘富砂型三角洲进积楔、退积型生物礁和陆架边缘富砂-富泥型退积楔,其中,沉积物源供应量充足且可容空间减小时,发育富砂的三角洲进积楔,陆架边缘-斜坡-盆地区域发育含砂深水扇;而可容空间增量远大于沉积物供应量时,发育退积型生物礁和富砂-富泥退积楔,斜坡-盆地区域含砂深水扇欠发育。     

渤海海域歧南断阶带古近系沉积体系及控制因素

在层序地层研究基础上,对歧南断阶带古近系砂分散体系与沉积体系构成及其主控因素进行分析。研究结果表明:歧南断阶带古近系沙三段至东营组地层可划分为2个二级层序和8个三级层序;可划分埕子口、沙垒田、沙中低凸起和燕山4个方向的物源体系;沉积体系演化经历了初始断陷期、主断陷期和断陷晚期3个阶段,发育辫状河三角洲、三角洲、扇三角洲、湖底扇等沉积体系类型;古地貌控制了砂体平面分布,其中古构造格架控制着相带分布,构造转换带控制着古水系,断裂坡折控制着砂体发育部位;复合基准面旋回控制着砂体垂向分布。预测海一断层附近至歧口17-1西侧坡折带和海四断层南侧三级台阶区是主要的潜力区。     

琼东南盆地陵水组层序格架及沉积体系的时空配置关系

利用层序地层学、沉积学原理和方法,对琼东南盆地古近系陵水组进行了层序划分和沉积体系时空配置关系的研究。建立了陵水组的层序地层格架,将其划分为Els3、ElS2和Elsl三个三级层序,其层序和体系域变化主要受控于凹陷内沉降中心的分布位置,沉积主要受控于盆地边缘的断坡带。每个三级层序低位体系域发育局限,海侵与高位体系域发育。沉积体系构成以扇三角洲、三角洲、滨海平原和浅海为主。探讨了沉积体系的演化,总结了其时空配置关系的特点。     

济阳坳陷博兴洼陷西部沙三段层序地层

选取以基准面为参照面的高分辨率层序地层学的理论与分析技术,对博兴洼陷西部沙三段开展层序地层分析工作。在博兴洼陷沙三段识别出5个层序界面和4个较大规模的洪泛面,由此将研究层段划分为4个长期基准面旋回(相当于3级层序),并通过长期旋回内部次级转换面的识别,细分出8个中期旋回(大致相当于4级层序)。通过对比建立了研究区的高分辨率层序地层格架,并分析了各层序的地层发育特征。以层序格架为基础,探讨了研究区各层序的沉积演化特征,建立了辫状三角洲—浊积扇层序发育模式,认为研究区辫状三角洲和浊积扇均具有加积作用特点;斜坡区为辫状三角洲发育区,而洼陷区为浊积扇发育区;中期基准面旋回下降期辫状三角洲发育,上升期浊积扇发育;浊积扇体的发育规模与湖泛规模相关。综合分析认为,浊积扇是形成岩性圈闭的主要储集砂体类型,其发育的有利层位是MSC8、MSC7、MSC6、MSC5旋回的上升半旋回,岩性圈闭发育的有利区是博兴南部斜坡坡折带之下的洼陷区。     

南海琼东南盆地新生代构造层序研究

基于南海琼东南盆地到目前为止还没有一个统一的构造层序划分方案的问题,在前人研究工作基础上,通过大量的二维地震构造层序闭合解释,从地震不整合面和构造发育特征识别出发,对新生代主要构造层序进行详细解剖。进一步结合对南海北部琼东南盆地新生代二维地震数据的精细综合分析,重新厘定了其新生代构造层序,并进行了构造层序的识别和划分。结果表明：按古构造运动面可将盆地充填序列划分为上、中、下三个构造层序,分别对应于盆地演化的三个阶段性。着重论述了三个构造层序的结构特征、叠加构造样式、构造层序发育特征、层序分布特征、沉积体系类型和盆地断裂演化序列之间的关系等,以期为今后的研究奠定基础。     

塔东北地区白垩系辫状河沉积特征研究

根据沉积构造、沉积层序特征及测井剖面对比分析,对塔东北地区白垩系的沉积相进行了研究,认为该地区为辫状河沉积,明确了辫状河沉积相的时空展布和变化规律.研究表明,白垩系沉积时期,古水流由塔东北地区的北部隆起和南部高地向中间低洼地区汇集,在整个地区广泛分布辫状河道、河间砂坝及漫滩沉积微相, 储集层主要为辫状河道和河间砂坝砂砾岩和中粗砂岩.沉积构造主要有各种层理构造和侵蚀构造.储集层常见单一河道层序、河道-砂坝复合体及多层楼式河道沉积层序.     

Post-Calabrian sequence stratigraphy of the northwestern Alboran Sea (southwestern Mediterranean)

The post-Calabrian sedimentary column of the northwestern Alboran Sea comprises three depositional sequences. The two older depositional sequences are defined by lowstand systems tracts (shelf-margin deltas, slope, base-of-slope, and basin deposits, and the Guadiaro channel-levee complex). In contrast, the most recent depositional sequence also includes transgressive (relict shelf facies) and high-stand (the Guadalmedina-Guadalhorce prodelta and hemipelagic facies) systems tracts. The stratigraphic architecture of these depositional sequences is controlled by the synchronism between high frequency sea-level changes, variations in sediment supply, and sedimentary processes. The configuration of the depositional sequences is variable and their distribution is complex, as a result of the relative importance played by sea-level changes and tectonism through the area.

The sequence boundaries are represented by polygenetic surfaces in the proximal margin, and by monogenetic surfaces in the distal margin and basin. Each polygenetic surface results from the interaction between the sequence boundary with the lowstand erosional truncation surface and the transgressive surface, both developed during the previous sea-level cycle. The monogenetic surfaces correspond to unconformities and their correlative conformities, formed during sea-level lowstands. This pattern of depositional sequences developed in the margin and basin of the northwestern Alboran Sea shows differences with the Exxon Sequence Stratigraphy Model as traditionally applied: sea-level change control is essentially recognized through lowstand systems tracts, and sequence boundary coincides with lowstand erosional truncation surface and transgressive surface, both developed during the previous sea-level cycle.     

The limited suitability of silica diagenetic boundaries as isothermal markers: Insights from seismic reflection imaging,Offshore Sakhalin,Russian Far East

In many sedimentary basins the seismic reflections that mark the conversion of opal-A to opal-CT and the subsequent conversion of opal-CT to quartz, are parallel to the present-day seabed. As the reactions are in part thermally activated these boundaries have been proposed as potential isothermal markers and could have utility for hydrocarbon exploration. We describe opal-A to opal-CT and opal-CT to quartz diagenetic boundaries using 2D seismic data from the North Sakhalin Basin (NSB). These are not parallel to the present-day seabed, but for 80% of the area of the basin are parallel to an unconformity of Late Miocene age and may represent palaeo-isotherms that were parallel to the Late Miocene seabed. This characteristic has been identified in other basins and may indicate silica diagenetic boundaries do not make reliable present-day isothermal boundaries. We propose diagenetic boundaries, which are not parallel to the seabed, are not present-day isothermal boundaries. This characteristic could result from: (1) temperature decrease, such as through a declining geothermal gradient or erosion of the overburden, which will cause the rate of conversion to slow; (2) variations in the burial rate that would cause changes to the rate of conversion; and (3) a change in the rate of conversion as a result of variation in the physico-chemical factors influencing the silica diagenetic reactions.     

Structural styles and tectonic evolution of the Seram Trough, Indonesia

The Seram Trough is located in the northern part of the Banda Arc-Australian collision zone in eastern Indonesia and is currently the site of contraction between the Bird's Head of New Guinea and Seram Island. It has been interpreted as a subduction trench, an intra-continental thrust zone and foredeep, and a zone of strike-slip faulting. Recently acquired 2D seismic lines clarify its tectonic evolution and relationship to the Bird's Head. Folding in the Early Pliocene formed an anticlinorium running from Misool to the Onin Peninsula of Irian Jaya and produced a newly recognised angular unconformity. The unconformity truncates sediments as old as Middle Jurassic and is an ancient topographic surface with significant relief. It was later folded and now dips south towards the trough where it is covered by up to 3 km of sediments. Initial tilting of the unconformity surface was accompanied by deposition of a transgressive sequence which can be traced into the trough. This is overlain by two sequences which prograde towards the trough. These sequences show progressive rotation of the unconformity surface, gravitational displacement of sediments into the trough, and thrusting which continues to the present day. Contraction occurred in the trough after the Early Pliocene and is younger than the previously suggested Late Miocene age. Thrust faults in the trough deform sediments deposited above the unconformity and detach at the unconformity surface. On Seram thrust faults repeat Mesozoic–Miocene sequences and probably detach at their contact with metamorphic basement. The detachment surface must cut through the Mesozoic-Miocene sequence between Seram and the trough. This work suggests the Seram Trough is not a subduction trench but a foredeep produced in response to loading by the developing fold and thrust belt of Seram, with an associated peripheral bulge to the north. The Seram Trough is interpreted to be a very young zone of thrusting within the Australian continental margin.     

Seismic geomorphology and depositional system of delta and terminal fan: A case study of the Neogene Shawan Formation in the Chepaizi Uplift,Junggar Basin,China

The mainpurpose of this article is to demonstrate the utility of stratal slice images for exploring the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology of complex depositional systems. A seismic sedimentological study was performed to map sediment dispersal characteristics of the Neogene Shawan Formation in the Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin, China. The Chepaizi Uplift is developed on the Carboniferous igneous rock basement that lies at the western boundary of the Junggar Basin. The data sources primarily include lithology, well-logging and seismic data. In the main target strata, the Neogene Shawan Formation can be divided into three fourth-order sequences (SQN₁s₁, SQN₁s₂, and SQN₁s₃), and the sequence SQN₁s₁ is subdivided into three fifth-order sequences (SQN₁s₁¹, SQN₁s₁², and SQN₁s₁³). Based on the established fine-sequence stratigraphic framework, the sedimentary facies types have been identified, they are shallow braided-river deltas, fan deltas, littoral and sublittoral lakes, braided rivers, and terminal fans. Then, stratal slices have been used to clearly depict the boundaries of sedimentary facies. Accurate results have been obtained that characterize braided river channels, terminal fans, littoral and sublittoral lake beaches, and subaqueous distributary channels in the braided-river delta front. Additionally, this seismic sedimentology study reflects variations in source area and evolution history.     

歧口凹陷滩海区下第三系地震反射特征及层序划分

本文主要利用地震反射同相轴的终止形式和不连续类型 ,对歧口凹陷滩海区下第三系地层进行层序的划分 ,并对不同体系域内部及层序界面的地震反射特征进行较为详尽的描述。研究结果表明 ,歧口凹陷下第三系发育有六个层序 ,每个层序的顶、底界面分别对应于区内七个地震反射界面。不同成因及不同沉积环境的层序内部具有不同的地震反射相。并讨论体系域与油气赋存的关系     

Bannu Basin,fold-and-thrust belt of northern Pakistan: Subsurface imaging and its implications for hydrocarbon exploration

The Trans Indus-Salt Range, located in northern Pakistan, is one of the most tectonically active fold-and-thrust belts and comprises three main regions: the Potwar-Salt Range, the Kohat-Surghar Range and the Bannu Basin-Khisor Range. Of these, the Bannu Basin is the least studied and only a handful of publically accessible datasets and publications are available. Recently made public 2D seismic profiles and well data from the Bannu Basin indicate the presence of salt as well as evidence for a main detachment surface which is Neoproterozoic in age. Our findings suggest that the Salt Range Formation could be the main detachment for the entire basin.Interpretation also shows a Miocene-Eocene basin-wide unconformity that marks the Himalayan orogenic event which separates the pre-Himalayan from the syn-Himalayan sedimentary units. On the basis of seismic reflection data, we conclude that the basin experienced three main tectonic settings. An early stage of pre-Himalayan passive tectonic environment is followed by the compressional Himalayan tectonics which resulted in uplifted areas sourcing the fluviatile fill of the subsided basin. During this time, sedimentation from the northern margin of the basin may have influenced the southward flow of salt. This is followed by a more recent stage of thrusting that produced folds and thrusts deforming all of the sedimentary units.Structural geometries suggest that prospective traps are developed mainly in the anticlines outlining the eastern and western boundaries of the Bannu Basin, as well as the southern zone of the basin. Furthermore, the presence of salt diapirism and transpression zones together with numerous oil seeps in and around the basin increase the probability of hydrocarbon accumulation and indicate great potential for future exploration.     

南极普里兹湾主要碎屑矿物特征及物源分析

基于南极普里兹湾海域33个表层碎屑沉积物样品的碎屑矿物学分析,对该区的沉积环境与物质来源进行了分析。结果表明该区碎屑重矿物共17种,石榴子石、普通角闪石和磁铁矿为优势矿物,紫苏辉石和赤铁矿为特征矿物。根据矿物组合分布特征,普里兹湾可划分为4个矿物区:Ⅰ区为石榴子石含量占绝对优势、重矿物含量较高的弗拉姆浅滩矿物区;Ⅱ区为石榴子石、普通角闪石含量较高,磁铁矿为特征矿物的普里兹水道矿物区;Ⅲ区为紫苏辉石含量较突出的四女士浅滩矿物区;Ⅳ区为普通角闪石含量明显突出,石榴子石显著减少的深水陆坡矿物区。通过电子探针测试研究区石榴子石结果表明:碎屑石榴子石含有较高的Fe、Mg和较低的Ca、Mn,属主要来源于高级麻粒岩相副变质岩的A型石榴子石。普里兹湾海域的碎屑矿物分布特征是物质来源、海流系统以及冰川活动等多重因素综合作用的产物。     

Mapping sediment-dispersal characteristics using seismic geomorphology: Late Paleogene to Neogene,Qinan Sag,Huanghua Depression,China

The main objective of this article has been to demonstrate the utility of stratal slice images for exploring the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology of complex depositional systems. The seismic-geomorphology study and sedimentary interpretation were performed to map sediment-dispersal characteristics from late Paleogene to Neogene in Qinan Sag, located in Huanghua Depression of China. The Qinan Sag is underlain by a non-marine Mesozoic and Cenozoic-age stratigraphic section. Main data types in this study area are lithology, wire-line logs and 3D seismic. The main study strata, Member one of Shahejie Formation to Minghuazhen Formation, divided into two second-order sequences and four third-order sequences. The older of the two second-order sequences, SE, corresponds to the formations from Kongdian to Dongying. The younger of the two second-order sequences, SN, correspond to Guantao and Minghuazhen formations. Guided by third-order sequence-stratigraphic correlations from seismic and wireline-log data, we prepared stratal slices from a three-dimensional seismic volume to reveal high-resolution (10-m) sediment dispersal characteristics in a relative geologic-time domain. Using techniques of 3-D seismic geomorphology, we defined four types of depositional systems: braided deltas, deltas, braided rivers and meandering rivers. Stratal slices indicated that the depositional evolution of these interest sequences was from braided-delta front to delta front, braided river and finally meandering river system. Many factors related to the structural evolution history controlled the sediment-dispersal characteristics, such as the basin type, dynamic mechanism, faulting activity, subsidence rate and paleo-high.     

西江三角洲岩心中的硅藻及其记录的古环境

通过对西江三角洲ZXZ1,ZXZ2两岩心沉积物样品的硅藻分析,共鉴定出硅藻168种和变种,隶属48个属;ZXZ1岩心可划分为六个硅藻带,ZXZ2岩心可划分为五个硅藻带。根据硅藻组合特征,结合粒度和14C测年结果,ZXZ1岩心的Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅵ硅藻带和ZXZ2岩心的Ⅲ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ硅藻带属于全新世沉积;ZXZ1岩心的Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ硅藻带和ZXZ2岩心的Ⅰ,Ⅱ硅藻带属于晚更新世沉积。分析了晚更新世以来沉积物的沉积相和沉积环境,结果表明,晚更新世时期ZXZ1岩心的沉积物属于近岸低盐海相沉积环境,而ZXZ2岩心的沉积物属于陆相沉积;在全新世时期两岩心均属近岸低盐的海相沉积环境。造成晚更新世时期两岩心沉积相的差异主要与断裂构造的升降运动有关。