河岸带生态系统机制研究的文献计量分析

了解河岸带生态系统机制是河岸带生态系统恢复与重建的前提,为更好了解该领域研究进展,以2004-2018年中国知网、Web of Science中的Science Citation Index Expanded数据库为数据源,通过文献计量分析法,从多角度分析国内外河岸带生态系统现状、进展及变化趋势。结果表明:(1)2004-2018年,此领域国内外文献量除在2012、2017年出现明显的波动外,整体呈增长趋势;(2)涉及到的主要学科是生态学、环境科学、水资源学;(3)美国、澳大利亚、英国等发达国家是该领域的主要研究力量;(4)近年来中国累积发文量居世界第3位,中国科学院在发文量前10名的研究机构中排第一,说明我国该领域科研实力有所提高,但论文总被引频次较低,综合实力需待提升。     

国内外河岸带研究的进展与展望

本文从河岸带研究的重要性入手,在河岸带内不同要素的相互作用机制,河岸植被带的功能、有效宽度、生态建设和规划管理,河岸带土地利用,河岸带数据提取分析以及集成研究等方面初步探讨了国内外河岸带研究的现状。在此基础上分析了当前研究中存在的问题和不足之处,指出针对不同地域的典型样带开展对比研究、选择适宜的景观分析方法和改进数据分析技术是今后河岸带研究的发展趋势。     

河岸带及其生态重建研究

河岸带具有重要的生态、社会、经济和旅游价值。河岸带研究以生态学、水文学和地貌学为基础涉及多种学科和技术。我国河岸带及其退化生态系统重建理论与实践研究均较为薄弱。本文基于 6年河岸带退化生态系统重建的科学研究实践 ,阐述了河岸带研究的意义、内容及其生态、经济和社会效能 ;分析了河岸带生态重建的理论与技术方法 ,探讨了河岸带滩地生态重建的措施及河岸带今后管理的目标、原则和方向 ,并以皖天柱山麓潜水河岸带滩地生态重建为例进行了验证     

生态系统科学研究与生态系统管理

中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统学科以生态系统生态学研究为核心,通过研制生态系统观测和模拟分析的技术和方法,探索解决区域性/大尺度生态学问题的理论和方法,监测生态系统变化,认知生态系统变化规律,推动生态系统生态学、生物地理生态学、全球变化生态学和生态信息科学技术的发展,创新生态系统管理模式,服务于国家和地方的生态建设、应对全球变化及区域可持续发展。面向国家重大需求,在中国华北平原农业区、南方红壤丘陵林业区、青藏高原农牧区以及黄土高原区等典型区域开展生态系统管理技术与模式的集成与创新研究,着力解决国家生态文明建设和应对全球气候变化中的重大生态学问题,推动区域生态系统管理领域的科技进步。围绕生态系统生态学学科前沿,着重在① 生态系统联网观测、模拟与信息管理,② 生态系统结构、过程与功能,③ 生态系统空间格局与机制,④ 生态系统对全球变化的响应与适应,⑤ 生态系统管理与生态系统服务等五大主要研究方向,系统开展生态系统生态学前沿理论和实践的创新研究,研究成果处于国内和国际生态学研究的科学前沿。     

湖泊湿地生态系统管理研究概述

湖泊湿地生态系统管理一般是根据湖泊湿地生态系统固有的生态规律及其对外部干扰的反应,采取包括能力建设、政策制订在内的适应性措施,保护、恢复及合理利用湖泊湿地。从湖泊湿地生态系统管理概念入手,探究了湖泊湿地生态系统管理的现状与原则,并就湖泊湿地生态系统管理对策进行了简要论述,提出我国湖泊湿地生态系统管理的具体措施,全面提升湖泊湿地生态系统管理水平。通过管理体制、管理规则、管理理念和管理模式的转变,构建我国湖泊湿地生态系统管理新体系。     

生态系统服务价值评估理论框架与生态补偿实践

生态系统服务价值评估是生态系统保护和管理的基础。近年来很多研究对不同尺度和类型的生态系统服务价值进行了评估, 有效地增强了人类对生态系统服务及其与人类福祉关系的认识。但其中一些研究的生态系统服务价值评估结果偏离实际较多, 对生态补偿等生态系统管理实践作用有限。因此需要继续深入探讨生态系统服务价值评估的理论框架, 为客观认识生态系统服务价值提供科学的理论依据。基于上述考虑, 本文在已有研究基础上, 综合考虑了各框架的优点, 总结出完整的生态系统服务价值评估理论框架, 并强调了评估的经济学基础、研究尺度及利益相关者问题。该理论框架要求以人类的支付意愿(Wish To Pay, WTP)为基本原则对生态系统服务进行合理估价, 并将各项服务的具体价值分配到不同尺度的利益相关者。这可以增强价值评估结果的应用价值和可操作性, 为生态补偿标准及对象的确定提供指导性帮助。     

生态系统服务消耗：概念框架与中国西部案例

由于人为因素和自然因素的共同作用,全球生态系统正经历着巨大的变化。而这些驱动因素中,只有人为因素可进行调控。本文以人类对生态系统服务的消耗为着眼点,分析人类在获取舒适生活的过程中与生态系统形成的相互作用。研究从回顾生态系统服务消耗研究入手,建立了将生态系统服务、生态系统服务消耗和生态系统管理三者相联系的概念框架,并构建了生态系统服务消耗研究模型。同时,进一步以中国泾河流域为案例,对模型在生态系统服务直接消耗模式研究中的应用进行了实证研究和探讨。     

青藏高原生态系统服务价值的遥感测算及其动态变化

基于1985年和2000年青藏高原的生态系统类型、NPP和植被覆盖度的分布,利用遥感和GIS技术,结合生态经济学模型,测算了青藏高原生态系统服务功能的经济价值及其动态变化.结果表明:1)在生态系统服务价值构成中,气候调节价值＞有机物质生产价值＞土壤保持价值＞涵养水源价值＞营养物质循环价值;2)在不同生态系统类型中,草地服务价值所占比例最大,森林的单位面积价值最高;3)生态系统服务价值在水平方向上受降水和植被分布影响较大,自东南向西北递减,在垂直方向上受地形影响较大,1985-2000年青藏高原生态系统服务的单位面积价值和总价值都在提高.     

基于生态系统的适应(EBA)——概念、工具和案例

生物多样性公约将基于生态系统的适应(Ecosystem-BasedAdaptation)(简称EBA)定义为:在总体适应战略中,利用生物多样性和生态系统服务,帮助人类适应气候变化的不利影响。随着气候变化对当今社会可持续性的影响不断增加,EBA正在成为国际社会适应气候变化的政策和行动支柱之一。介绍国际上EBA概念的历史由来、相关定义与特点进行,阐述了EBA的应用原则和相关分析工具,简要分析总结了国际上实施EBA项目取得的经验教训。     

土地利用变化与生态系统服务:概念、方法与进展

生态系统服务作为生态学与地理学的研究前沿和热点,受到众多学者与研究组织的关注。土地利用变化通过对生态系统格局与过程的影响,改变着生态系统产品与服务的提供能力。本文对土地利用变化与生态系统服务相关研究背景和概念进行了介绍,总结了生态系统服务评估方法的特点,对目前研究中存在的问题进行了分析,展望了未来的研究趋势。加强土地利用变化驱动下生态系统过程与服务的相互关系、生态系统服务之间的相互关系以及生态系统服务的区域集成与优化是生态系统服务研究的前沿科学问题,这些科学问题的解决将为生态系统管理提供重要的理论和方法支持。     

Scales and arrangements of large wood in first- through fifth-order streams of the Blue Ridge Mountains

Large wood frequency and volume were examined as a function of landscape characteristics at different spatial and temporal scales in 50 reaches of the Upper Little Tennessee River basin with drainage areas ranging from 0.3 to 30.1 km². Riparian forest cover was described laterally at the reach scale and longitudinally 1 km upstream in all tributaries. Riparian cover was analyzed with geomorphic and additional landscape variables to isolate factors that most influence wood in streams. Forested area immediately surrounding the reach was the strongest predictor of wood frequency and volume, although upstream riparian cover can explain additional variation in wood distributions. An optimal forested buffer width around the stream for large wood was not evident. The relationship between the riparian forest and wood weakens in bigger channels, as fluvial transport of pieces increases. Resurveys demonstrate that large wood is most dynamic in wide, forested reaches and changes function during floods to store sediment and organic matter.     

Allogenic and autogenic influences upon riparian vegetation dynamics

Riparian vegetation dynamics are regarded as being driven by allogenic hydrogeomorphological factors, with autogenic (plant-induced) influences becoming more important as landform stability is achieved. Autogenic processes, however, may have a substantial influence on both plant dynamics and the river environment from the earliest stages of plant establishment. Various aspects of both allogenic and autogenic processes in riparian vegetation dynamics are discussed here; in particular how plants may promote bank stability and sedimentation, and river island development. Riparian restoration often fails to incorporate autogenic processes, thereby restricting the re-establishment of natural functioning, and further interdisciplinary work is needed to address this.     

荒漠河岸林涡度相关通量测定中平均时间的确定及其对通量计算的影响

极端干旱区在全球生态系统中具有重要的地位而越来越被人们所重视。涡度相关技术是研究极端干旱区生态系统水热和CO2交换的有力工具之一。而涡度相关数据在实际应用中需要根据研究区的实际情况选择适宜于该地区的采样和计算参数（如采样频率和平均时间等）。根据2011年9月22日～10月8日（17个白天）原始数据（采样频率为10 Hz）,采用不同平均时间（1～120 min）对塔河下游柽柳河岸林生态系统的潜热通量[（LE）]、感热通量[（H）]和CO2通量[（Fc）]进行了重新计算,比较分析各通量不同平均时间的计算值与30 min通量值,以揭示平均时间对该地区通量计算结果的影响。结果发现：（1）平均时间在120 min以内,17个白天湍流通量及能量平衡比率[（EBR）]均值随平均时间的延长而增大,当平均时间>120 min后,湍流通量（及[EBR]）均值随平均时间的延长大幅减小,其中15～60 min的[EBR]增幅较小,仅在2%左右。（2）平均时间>60 min后,[LE]、[H]和[FC]各通量计算值发生了不同程度的变异。通过进一步对上午[EBR]较为接近的5个样本日进行对比分析,发现当平均时间取15～60 min之间时,样本日的上午[EBR]值变化趋势一致,样本日间[EBR]差异较小;而当平均时间取>60 min或<15 min时,样本日间[EBR]差异明显增大。结合Ogive函数计算分析,我们的结论是,对于通量的长期观测研究而言,该地区适宜平均时间为60 min;而对通量的日变化研究而言,该地区适宜平均时间为15 min。通过分析15、30和60 min平均时间对小时通量的影响,发现当通量为增加趋势时,平均时间延长能够进一步增大通量绝对值,而当通量为减小趋势时,平均时间延长能够进一步减小通量绝对值。     

A landscape management analysis framework and its preliminary application in Ejina Oasis,Northwest China

The implementation of integrated landscape management to support local and regional human well-being is crucial in arid regions,but its application to date is very limited.Although analytical frameworks have been established to maximize ecosystem services via trade-offs between different landscape configurations,consumption factors such as water resources are rarely and weakly considered in such frameworks.In this paper,an improved integrated landscape-management analysis framework,called the Consumption-integrated Landscape Management to Ecosystem Service(CLMES),is proposed.In this framework,consumption factors are integrated at the same level as ecosystem services.The improved analytical framework is then used to assess and optimize landscape design in the Ejina Oasis,an extremely arid region in western China.Three landscape conditions(past,current,and future)are evaluated,based on the CLMES.Our results indicate that the Heihe River water-allocation program effectively promoted ecosystem services in the Ejina Oasis from 2000 to 2011.However,the excessive expansion of cropland led to a slight decline in habitat quality.An optimized landscape configuration and policy suggestions are proposed,which may be beneficial to the improvement of total water-use efficiency,oasis stability,and resilience of the ecological?social system in the Ejina Oasis.     

Hierarchical procedure for creating local typologies for riparian zone research and management based on biophysical features

Riparian systems have been included as a key component in ecosystem management because of their role in buffering the impact of land-use activities on fluvial systems. Riparian knowledge can be enhanced with a typology that reflects the multiple relationships occurring throughout the landscape. We propose a hierarchical procedure based on biophysical aspects for building local to regional typologies for guiding research and management, using the Cuitzmala River Basin as a case study. The variables involved were obtained from geospatial databases, water balances, and topographic profiles. The levels and variables are context (altitude, geoform [mountains/hills/plains], and runoff coefficient), structure (stream order, longitudinal slope, hydroperiod, and segment length), and microstructure (lateral slope, bankfull width, and length-to-width ratio). We consider humidity and functional gradient along the basin to identify groups of streams and fluvial networks. Inside each network, we described structural and microstructural features associated with riparian functions, linking them with management decisions. Therefore, the proposed hierarchical procedure can help in making riparian heterogeneity visible, focusing research and management goals, and allowing the recognition of a spatial dimension of the processes being studied.     

基于空间与区域视角的生态系统服务地理学框架

生态系统服务研究现已成为国内外的研究热点。回顾生态系统服务研究的历程可以发现,研究范式正在从自然科学研究范式向自然科学与社会科学综合研究范式转向。生态系统服务研究更加重视时空异质性、更加关注流动性与区域效应,更加强调生态系统服务对人类福祉的作用。在生态系统结构、过程与功能─服务─人类收益与福祉级联框架中,地理学的主要分支都可以找到自身的研究议题。在此过程中,逐渐建构起来的生态系统服务地理学,不仅可以为生态系统服务研究提供学科支撑,同时可以丰富和拓展地理学的研究内容。本文在评述生态系统服务研究历程和发展趋势的基础上,分析了地理学参与生态系统服务研究的逻辑必然性以及面临的机遇与挑战。为了推进生态系统服务研究的“地理化”转向,我们提议发展生态系统服务地理学,并初步描绘了生态系统服务地理学的学科框架,包括定义、研究范畴、研究内容及主要研究议题等。     

Environmental factors and pattern of riparian vegetation along the downstream sections of the Lower Ogun River,Nigeria

The River Continuum Concept (RCC) is an existing theory regarding the distribution of plant communities along riverbanks. This study is concerned with the pattern of riparian vegetation along the Lower Ogun River (LOR) in relation to the observed downstream variation of various environmental factors (bank height, width, gradient, distance, cross‐sectional area and particle size). The LOR transits between undisturbed and disturbed sections. Forty‐eight cross sections were established at bankfull stage along the river channel stretch of about 90 km. Environmental variables distribution were determined using standard field procedures. Gradient was estimated from a 1:50 000 topographical map. At each corridor along the study sites, a 0.1 ha sampling site was chosen, in which 10 transects of 100 m² were demarcated. In all, 332 individuals stratified under 80 species were recorded across the transects. The study revealed that total species richness (TSR) downstream decreases exponentially. TSR is significantly correlated with channel width, suggesting that hydraulic variable contributes more to the variation in TSR. The downstream total environmental factors revealed that width is inversely significant with downstream distance, suggesting that the river channel is narrower downstream. This affects plant life form distribution downstream and confirms why there is appearance of anthropogenic induced species downstream as against those in the upper course.