2017年8月8日四川九寨沟7.0级地震强震记录及特征分析

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟县发生7.0级地震,中国数字强震动台网布设在四川、甘肃、陕西、宁夏的66个强震台获得主震加速度记录。本文首先对198条三分向强震记录进行常规处理,计算出近场强震记录的加速度峰值随震中距的分布情况;再根据2个典型台站的加速度时程记录,通过计算其加速度反应谱并与设计反应谱比较,分析本次地震的基本特征;然后将实际观测数据与意大利新一代地震动衰减公式对比,分析峰值加速度（PGA）及谱加速度的衰减关系;最后结合已有的工程场地钻探资料,采用H/V谱比法对2个不同类别的典型台站进行地场地效应分析,发现该方法能很好地反映实际台站场地的反应特征。     

Correlation model for spatially distributed ground‐motion intensities

Risk assessment of spatially distributed building portfolios or infrastructure systems requires quantification of the joint occurrence of ground‐motion intensities at several sites, during the same earthquake. The ground‐motion models that are used for site‐specific hazard analysis do not provide information on the spatial correlation between ground‐motion intensities, which is required for the joint prediction of intensities at multiple sites. Moreover, researchers who have previously computed these correlations using observed ground‐motion recordings differ in their estimates of spatial correlation. In this paper, ground motions observed during seven past earthquakes are used to estimate correlations between spatially distributed spectral accelerations at various spectral periods. Geostatistical tools are used to quantify and express the observed correlations in a standard format. The estimated correlation model is also compared with previously published results, and apparent discrepancies among the previous results are explained. The analysis shows that the spatial correlation reduces with increasing separation between the sites of interest. The rate of decay of correlation typically decreases with increasing spectral acceleration period. At periods longer than 2 s, the correlations were similar for all the earthquake ground motions considered. At shorter periods, however, the correlations were found to be related to the local‐site conditions (as indicated by site V_s30 values) at the ground‐motion recording stations. The research work also investigates the assumption of isotropy used in developing the spatial correlation models. It is seen using the Northridge and Chi‐Chi earthquake time histories that the isotropy assumption is reasonable at both long and short periods. Based on the factors identified as influencing the spatial correlation, a model is developed that can be used to select appropriate correlation estimates for use in practical risk assessment problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of near-fault ground motions on the nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete framed buildings

The design provisions of current seismic codes are generally not very accurate for assessing effects of near-fault ground motions on reinforced concrete(r.c.)spatial frames,because only far-fault ground motions are considered in the seismic codes.Strong near-fault earthquakes are characterized by long-duration(horizontal)pulses and high values of the ratio α_(PGA)of the peak value of the vertical acceleration,PGA_V,to the analogous value of the horizontal acceleration,PGA_H,which can become critical for girders and columns.In this work,six- and twelve-storey r.c.spatial frames are designed according to the provisions of the Italian seismic code,considering the horizontal seismic loads acting(besides the gravity loads)alone or in combination with the vertical ones.The nonlinear seismic analysis of the test structures is performed using a step-by-step procedure based on a two-parameter implicit integration scheme and an initial stress-like iterative procedure.A lumped plasticity model based on the Haar-Karman principle is adopted to model the inelastic behaviour of the frame members.For the numerical investigation,five near-fault ground motions with high values of the acceleration ratio α_(PGA) are considered.Moreover,following recent seismological studies,which allow the extraction of the largest(horizontal) pulse from a near-fault ground motion,five pulse-type(horizontal)ground motions are selected by comparing the original ground motion with the residual motion after the pulse has been extracted.The results of the nonlinear dynamic analysis carried out on the test structures highlighted that horizontal and vertical components of near-fault ground motions may require additional consideration in the seismic codes.     

Ductility‐dependent intensity measure that accounts for ground‐motion spectral shape and duration

The calculated nonlinear structural responses of a building can vary greatly, even if recorded ground motions are scaled to the same spectral acceleration at a building's fundamental period. To reduce the variation in structural response at a particular ground‐motion intensity, this paper proposes an intensity measure (IM_comb) that accounts for the combined effects of spectral acceleration, ground‐motion duration, and response spectrum shape. The intensity measure includes a new measure of spectral shape that integrates the spectrum over a period range that depends on the structure's ductility. The new IM is efficient, sufficient, scalable, transparent, and versatile. These features make it suitable for evaluating the intensities of measured and simulated ground motions. The efficiency and sufficiency of the new IM is demonstrated for the following: (i) elastic‐perfectly plastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) oscillators with a variety of ductility demands and periods; (ii) ductile and brittle deteriorating SDOF systems with a variety of periods; and (iii) collapse analysis for 30 previously designed frames. The efficiency is attributable to the inclusion of duration and to the ductility dependence of the spectral shape measure. For each of these systems, the transparency of the intensity measure made it possible to identify the sensitivity of structural response to the various characteristics of the ground motion. Spectral shape affected all structures, but in particular, ductile structures. Duration only affected structures with cyclic deterioration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2017年6月3日内蒙古阿拉善左旗5.0级地震强震记录及特征分析

2017年6月3日内蒙古阿拉善左旗发生5.0级地震,位于甘肃天祝-古浪一带的"西部烈度衰减台阵"得到充分触发,甘肃强震动台网的50台强震仪获得了主震加速度记录。本文首先对150条强震动记录进行常规处理,计算出近场强震动记录的加速度峰值随震中距的分布情况;根据4个典型台站的加速度时程记录及其加速度反应谱,分析本次地震的基本特征;然后将实际观测数据与意大利新一代地震动衰减公式对比,分析峰值加速度（PGA）及谱加速度衰减关系;最后结合已有的工程场地地质资料,采用H/V谱比法对4个不同类别的典型台站进行分析,发现该方法能很好地反映实际台站场地的反应特征。     

基于实测记录分析场地因素对海底地震动特性影响

目前基于海底实测记录的分析发现海底与陆地地震动特性存在明显差异,但难以进一步确定海底地震动特性的影响因素。在以往研究的基础上对比同次地震中相邻海底台站间地震动特性的差异,并分析造成差异的原因。以日本K-NET地震台网中6个海底强震台站及其相邻不同场地条件陆地台站监测的8次强震记录为研究对象,通过分析强震记录的峰值加速度、水平放大系数谱、竖向与水平反应谱的比谱等,对比分析不同海底台站地震动的特性,以及海底台站与相邻不同场地条件陆地台站地震动特性的差别。研究发现：（1）海底与陆地竖向地震动存在明显差异;（2）不同海底台站间地震动特性亦存在较大差异和明显的规律性,海底场地条件、地形等场地因素对海底地震动特性的影响较大;（3）海底水平向地震动反应谱的特征周期较大,谱特性介于陆地中硬土与软土场地间。     

Conditional spectrum‐based ground motion record selection using average spectral acceleration

The use of a seismic intensity measure (IM) is paramount in decoupling seismic hazard and structural response estimation when assessing the performance of structures. For this to be valid, the IM needs to be sufficient;that is, the engineering demand parameter (EDP) response should be independent of other ground motion characteristics when conditioned on the IM. Whenever non‐trivial dependence is found, such as in the case of the IM being the first‐mode spectral acceleration, ground motion selection must be employed to generate sets of ground motion records that are consistent vis‐à‐vis the hazard conditioned on the IM. Conditional spectrum record selection is such a method for choosing records that are consistent with the site‐dependent spectral shape conditioned on the first‐mode spectral acceleration. Based on a single structural period, however the result may be suboptimal, or insufficient, for EDPs influenced by different period values, for example, peak interstory drifts or peak floor accelerations at different floors, potentially requiring different record suites for each. Recently, the log‐average spectral acceleration over a period range, AvgSA, has emerged as an improved scalar IM for building response estimation whose hazard can be evaluated using existing ground motion prediction equations. Herein, we present a recasting of conditional spectrum record selection that is based on AvgSA over a period range as the conditioning IM. This procedure ensures increased efficiency and sufficiency in simultaneously estimating multiple EDPs by means of a single IM. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Empirical equations for the prediction of displacement spectrum intensity and its correlation with other intensity measures

Displacement spectrum intensity (DSI), defined as the integral of a ground motion's displacement response spectrum from 2.0 to 5.0 s, is proposed as an indicator of the severity of the long period content of a ground motion. It is demonstrated how the distribution of DSI can be predicted using existing ground motion prediction equations for (pseudo) spectral accelerations, which is necessary for it to be a useful intensity measure (IM) in either probabilistic or deterministic seismic hazard analysis. Empirical correlation equations between DSI and other common ground motion IMs are developed for active shallow crustal earthquakes using a dataset of ground motions from active shallow crustal earthquakes. The ability of DSI to account for near-source ground motions exhibiting forward directivity, potentially damaging far-source long-period ground motion, and its use with other spectrum intensity parameters to characterise short, medium, and long period severity of ground motions is discussed. The developed ground motion prediction and correlation equations enable DSI to be utilised in rigorous ground motion selection frameworks such as the generalised conditional intensity measure (GCIM) approach.     

Ground‐motion attenuation relationship for the Sumatran megathrust earthquakes

A representative attenuation relationship is one of the key components required in seismic hazard assessment of a region of interest. Attenuation relationships for peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity and response spectral accelerations for Sumatran megathrust earthquakes, covering M_w up to 9.0, are derived based on synthetic seismograms obtained from a finite‐fault kinematic model. The relationships derived are for very hard rock site condition and for a long‐distance range between 200 and 1500 km. They are then validated with recorded data from giant earthquakes on the Sumatran megathrust occurring since year 2000. A close examination of the recorded data also shows that spectral shapes predicted by most of the existing attenuation relationships and that specified in the IBC code are not particularly suitable for sites where potential seismic hazard is dominated by large‐magnitude, distant, earthquakes. Ground motions at a remote site are typically signified by the dominance of long‐period components with periods longer than 1 s, whereas the predominant periods from most of the existing attenuation relationships and the IBC code are shorter than 0.6 s. The shifting of response spectrum towards longer period range for distant earthquakes should be carefully taken into account in the formulation of future seismic codes for Southeast Asia, where many metropolises are located far from active seismic sources. The attenuation relationship derived in the present study can properly reproduce the spectral shape from distant subduction earthquakes, and could hopefully give insights into the formulation of future seismic codes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑桩土作用的储罐模拟地震振动台试验

为研究考虑桩土相互作用的储液罐的动力响应及长周期地震波对储液晃动、储罐提离的影响,根据量纲分析法设计了桩-土-储罐模型进行了振动台试验。试验中采用4条基岩波、4条地表波进行振动台试验。试验显示基岩波与地表波输入时,体系变化规律基本一致,其结果表明:土体地表加速度被放大,且输入加速度峰值增加,地表加速度放大倍数减小;一般地震波时,随着输入加速度峰值的增加,储液晃动波高大致呈线性增加。长周期地震波下则为非线性增加,且晃动波较大。此外,液体产生的晃动波高与储罐类型相关。细高型储罐产生的波高稍大;储罐提离高度随着输入加速度峰值的增加呈非线性增长。长周期地震波激励下,储罐提离高度小于一般地震波时的提离高度。细高型储罐在长短周期地震波激励下,提离高度较为接近,而一般储罐在两种地震波激励下,提离高度相差较大。细高型储罐提离高度大于一般储罐的提离高度。建议在储罐设计时考虑长周期地震波的影响。     

2016年1月21日青海门源6.4级地震强震动记录及特征分析

2016年1月21日青海海北州门源县发生6.4级地震,西北强震动台网中心共收集到70组三分向加速度记录。在对强震记录进行常规处理后,给出了207条零基线校正后的三分向峰值加速度值(PGA);统计PGA随震中距衰减趋势,绘制了水平向PGA等值线分布图;选取近场典型台站的加速度记录进行分析,绘制出校正后的加速度、速度和位移时程曲线以及加速度反应谱。这些地震动特征可为我国西部工程震害调查提供重要的参考资料。     

Estimation of Strong Ground Motion from a Great Earthquake Mw 8.5 in Central Seismic Gap Region, Himalaya (India) Using Empirical Green’s Function Technique

In the present study ground motions for a Mw 8.5 scenario earthquake are estimated at 13 sites in Kumaun-Garhwal region using the empirical Green’s function technique. The recordings of 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake of Mw 6.8 at these sites are used as an element earthquake. A heterogeneous source model consisting of two asperities is considered for simulating the ground motions. The entire central seismic gap (CSG) can expect acceleration in excess of 100 cm/s² with NW portion in excess of 400 cm/s² and SE between 100 and 200 cm/s². The central portion can expect peak ground acceleration (PGA) between 200 and 400 cm/s². It has been observed from simulation of strong ground motion that sites located near the rupture initiation point can expect accelerations in excess of 1g. In the present analysis, Bhatwari and Uttarkashi can expect ground accelerations in excess of 1g. The estimates of the PGA are compared with earlier studies in the same region using different methodologies and it was found that the results are comparable. This has put constrains on the expected PGAs in this region. The obtained PGA values can be used in identifying the vulnerable areas in the central Himalaya, thereby facilitating the planning, design and construction of new structures and strengthening of the existing structures in the region.     

Pseudo relative velocity spectra of earthquake ground motion at high frequencies

The currently available empirical scaling laws for estimation of spectral amplitudes are limited to periods longer than 0–04 s. However, for design of equipment and stiff structures on multiple and distant supports, exposed to strong shaking near faults where peak accelerations can exceed 1g, specification of design ground motions at higher frequencies is required. This paper presents a method for extrapolation of pseudo-relative velocity spectral amplitudes of strong earthquake shaking to short periods (0–01 < T < 0–04 sec). The extrapolated spectra can be used as a physical basis for defining design spectral amplitudes in this higher-frequency range. The analysis in this paper implies that for typical strong motion accelerations, particularly on sedimentary sites in California, the peak ground accelerations are projected to be unaffected by frequencies higher than those recorded. Consequently, in California, the high-frequency pseudo-acceleration spectra can be approximated from the recorded absolute peak accelerations.     

Spectral shape,epsilon and record selection

Selection of earthquake ground motions is considered with the goal of accurately estimating the response of a structure at a specified ground motion intensity, as measured by spectral acceleration at the first‐mode period of the structure, Sa(T₁). Consideration is given to the magnitude, distance and epsilon (ε) values of ground motions. First, it is seen that selecting records based on their ε values is more effective than selecting records based on magnitude and distance. Second, a method is discussed for finding the conditional response spectrum of a ground motion, given a level of Sa(T₁) and its associated mean (disaggregation‐based) causal magnitude, distance and ε value. Records can then be selected to match the mean of this target spectrum, and the same benefits are achieved as when records are selected based on ε. This mean target spectrum differs from a Uniform Hazard Spectrum, and it is argued that this new spectrum is a more appropriate target for record selection. When properly selecting records based on either spectral shape or ε, the reductions in bias and variance of resulting structural response estimates are comparable to the reductions achieved by using a vector‐valued measure of earthquake intensity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Energy‐compatible and spectrum‐compatible (ECSC) ground motion simulation using wavelet packets

A stochastic ground‐motion simulation and modification technique is developed to generate energy‐compatible and spectrum‐compatible (ECSC) synthetic motions through wavelet packet characterization and modification in both frequency and time domains. The ECSC method significantly advances traditional spectral matching approaches, because it generates ground motions that not only match the target spectral accelerations, but also match Arias intensity build‐up and significant durations. The great similarity between the ECSC simulated motions and the actual recorded motions is demonstrated through one‐to‐one comparison of a variety of intensity measures. Extensive numerical simulations were also performed to validate the performance of the ECSC ground motions through nonlinear analyses of elasto‐plastic oscillators. The ECSC method can be easily implemented in the generalized conditional intensity measure framework by directly simulating a set of motions following a targeted distribution of multiple intensity measures. Therefore, the ECSC method has great potential to be used in performance‐based earthquake design and analysis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of Strong Ground Motions for 2001 Bhuj (M w 7.6), India Earthquake

The strong ground motions for the 2001 Bhuj (M _w 7.6) India earthquake have been estimated on hard rock and B/C boundary (NEHRP) levels using a recently modified version of stochastic finite fault modeling based on dynamic corner frequency (Motazedian and Atkinson in Bull Seismol Soc Am 95, 995–1010 2005). Incorporation of dynamic corner frequency removes the limitations of earlier stochastic methods. Simulations were carried out at 13 sites in Gujarat where structural response recorder (SRR) recordings are available. In addition, accelerograms were simulated at the B/C boundary at a large number of points distributed on a grid. The corresponding response spectra have also been estimated. The values of peak ground accelerations and spectral accelerations at three periods (0.4, 0.75 and 1.25 s) are presented in the form of contour maps. The maximum value of peak ground acceleration (PGA) in the center of meizoseismal zone is 550 cm/s². The response spectral acceleration in same zone is 900 cm/s² (T = 0.4 s), 600 cm/s² (T = 0.75 s) and 300 cm/s² (T = 1.25 s). The innermost PGA contour is on the fault plane. A comparison of the PGA values obtained at 13 sites in this study with those obtained in earlier studies on the same sites, but employing different methods, show that the present PGA values are comparable at most of the sites. The rate of decay of PGA values is fast at short distances as compared to that at longer distances. The PGA values obtained here put some constraints on the expected values from a similar earthquake in the region. A synthetic intensity map has been prepared from the estimated values of PGA using an empirical relation. A comparison with the reported intensity map of the earthquake shows the synthetic MMI values, as expected, are lower by 1 unit compared to reported intensity map. The contour map of PGA along with the contour maps of spectral acceleration at various periods permit the assessment of damage potential to various categories of houses and other structures. Such information will be quite important in planning of mitigation and disaster management programs in the region.     

汶川地震远震区黄土场地地震反应特征分析

在实际场地钻孔资料的基础上,选取和构造45个有代表性的典型场地剖面,利用一维等效线性化波动方法,计算各个场地在三种不同强度地震动输入下的地表加速度反应。结果表明:(1)在远场地震动作用下,黄土场地PGA较大,反应谱平台范围较宽,集中在0.2~0.6s;(2)随着黄土覆盖厚度的增加,PGA减小,但对于自振周期大于一定范围的结构物震害加重;(3)对于无地形影响的厚层黄土地区,当黄土厚度在20~100 m时,随厚度的增加,反应谱下降段谱值增大1.1~1.4倍,特征周期放大1.1~1.25倍。     

2021年青海玛多7.4级地震强震动记录及特征分析

2021年5月22日,青海省果洛州玛多县发生7.4级地震,中国强震动观测网络在主震中捕获16组强震动数据。对48条三分向加速度记录进行基线校正、滤波等常规处理,计算相应的地震动参数,发现位于断层破裂前向位置的63DAW台NS向记录的地震动速度波形具有长周期分量丰富的特征。分析6个典型台站的单自由度加速度反应谱,并与我国建筑抗震设计谱比较,分析此次地震的频谱特性。将实际观测到的PGA、PGV和S_a(T=0.1 s、T=1.0 s、T=2.0 s、T=5.0 s)与国内广泛使用的几种地震动预测模型对比,研究此次地震的影响场。通过分析S_a-S_d曲线,探讨此次地震靠近断层区域地面运动大位移与桥梁落梁震害间可能存在的关系。