基于GIS-FAHP的石家庄市地下水源热泵适宜性分区

为探明石家庄城区地下水源热泵适宜区分布情况,基于石家庄市的地质、水文地质和环境地质条件构建了地下水源热泵适宜性评价指标体系,包括水文地质条件、水动力条件、水化学条件、环境地质条件和先决条件;利用模糊层次分析法确定了评价指标综合权重,并结合GIS空间分析功能划分了石家庄城区地下水源热泵适宜性分区。结果表明：研究区地下水水源热泵开发利用适宜区分布在靠近滹沱河地区,面积约为19.74 km²,占全区面积的5.85%;较适宜区分布于研究区大部分,面积约为251.22 km²,占全区面积的74.40%;不适宜区主要分布在研究区西北部及东部地下水超采漏斗区,面积约为66.71 km²,占全区面积的19.75%。石家庄市除地下水降落漏斗区及水文地质条件较差地区不适宜作为地下水源热泵开发的地区外,大部分地区较适合利用地下水源热泵技术。     

钻探技术在河南省平顶山某深部煤炭勘查区的尝试

河南平顶山北部某深部煤炭勘查区煤层埋藏基本上都在1 000m以下,钻孔设计深度为1 200～1 500m,再加上区内第四系砾石的含量较多,岩石硬度大,含煤层层段多,从而给钻探施工带来了极大的不便。在分析研究钻孔设计和施工难点的基础上,从设备的选择入手,按照地质孔和水文孔分别设计钻孔结构和钻具组合,并根据岩石的可钻性,选择不同的钻进方法和泥浆配比,在钻进中,采取加大钻铤数量,换径时加同径导向等方法控制孔斜,最终使该区所施工的14个钻孔全部合格,为该区的深孔施工进行了有益的尝试。     

Mapping of groundwater potential zones in the drought-prone areas of south Madagascar using geospatial techniques

The southern regions of Madagascar have the country’s lowest water supply coverage and are highly vulnerable to drought. Access to potable drinking water is a major challenge for the local population. Chronic droughts lead to annual emergency appeals to save the lives of acute malnourished children. UNICEF’s response consisting in providing potable drinking water through the drilling of boreholes has been challenged by the complex hydrogeology, the low yield of boreholes and high-level salinity of water, the lack of reliable groundwater data and the weak capacity of the drilling sector. These constraints result in a high rate of drilling failure. To improve drilling success and provide more potable drinking water to local communities, it is vital to undertake reliable groundwater investigation.UNICEF Madagascar and the European Union delegation in Madagascar collaborated on the use of satellite imagery to improve sector knowledge and access to safe and clean water for local communities in southern Madagascar. The methodology relies on produce thematic layers of groundwater potential areas. Later, these thematic layers were overlaid with ground-based hydrogeological data to map the groundwater potential zones (GWP) and identify the most suitable sites for borehole siting and drilling. Findings of this study are very encouraging, and the integrated approach used has proven its applicability in mapping groundwater potential areas in the eight drought-affected areas of south Madagascar. The groundwater potential zone map is being used by UNICEF and partners to plan water supply projects and identify the best sites for positioning new boreholes and reduce the likelihood of drilling failure. Additionally, the project developed a database of groundwater resources, which will improve knowledge of the regional hydrogeological context and strengthen the capacity of the water sector. Lessons learnt from this study show that an integration of the groundwater potential zone map with demographics and water demand information will help identifying priority areas for detailed studies. Moreover, a capacity building activity is required for knowledge/technology transfer to the Ministry of Energy, Water and Hydrocarbons (MEEH), allowing the possibility of scaling-up this integrated approach to the rest of Madagascar. Finally, strengthening the capacity of the MEEH and refining this approach as suggested above will certainly help in the pursuit to improve equitable access to safe and clean water for households located in the drought-affected areas of southern Madagascar, allowing them to be more resilient to the effects of climate change.     

Locating suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams using GIS

Subsurface dams constitute an affordable and effective method for the sustainable development and management of groundwater resources when constructed on suitable sites. Such dams have rarely been constructed in crystalline rock areas and to best of our knowledge, geographic information system (GIS) has never been used in any methodology for locating suitable sites for constructing these dams. This paper presents a new methodology to locate suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams using GIS software supported by groundwater balance modelling in a study area Boda-Kalvsvik, Sweden. Groundwater resources were calculated based on digitized geological data and assumptions regarding stratigraphic layering taken from well archive data and geological maps. These estimates were then compared with future extractions for domestic water supply using a temporally dynamic water balance model. Suitability analyses for subsurface dams were based on calculated topographic wetness index (TWI) values and geological data, including stratigraphic information. Groundwater balance calculations indicated that many of the most populated areas were susceptible to frequent water supply shortages. Of the 34 sub-catchments within the study area: ten were over-extracted, nine did not have any water supply demand at all, one was self-sufficient and the remaining 14 were able to meet the water supply demand with surplus storage capacity. Six suitable sites for the construction of subsurface dams were suggested in the vicinity of the over-extracted sites based on suitability analysis and groundwater balance estimates. The new methodology shows encouraging results for regions with humid climate but having limited natural water storage capacities. The developed methodology can be used as a preliminary planning step for subsurface dam construction, establishing a base for more detailed field investigations.     

Integrated GIS and remote sensing for mapping groundwater potentiality in the Tulul al Ashaqif,Northeast Jordan

Jordan with its limited water resources is currently classified as one of the four water-poor countries worldwide. This study was initiated to explore groundwater potential areas in Tulul al Ashaqif area, Jordan, by integrating remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and multicriteria evaluation techniques. Eight thematic layers were built in a GIS and assigned using multicriteria evaluation techniques suitable weights and ratings regarding their relative contribution in groundwater occurrence. These layers include lithology, geomorphology, lineaments density, drainage density, soil texture, rainfall, elevation, and slope. The final groundwater potentiality map generated by GIS consists of five groundwater potentiality classes: very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. The map showed that the study area is generally of moderate groundwater potentiality (76.35 %). The very high and high potential classes occupy 2.2 and 12.75 % of study area, respectively. The validity of results of this GIS-based model was carried out by superimposing existing hand dug wells on the final map. The single parameter sensitivity test was conducted to assess the influence of the assigned weights on the groundwater potential model, and new effective weights were derived. The resulted groundwater potentiality map showed that the area occupied by each of the groundwater potentiality classes has changed. However, the study area remains generally of moderate groundwater potentiality (70.93 % of the study area). The area occupied by the very high and high potential classes comprises 4.53 and 18.56 % of the study area, respectively.     

Combining geographic information system, multicriteria evaluation techniques and fuzzy logic in siting MSW landfills

This study presents a methodology for siting municipal solid waste landfills, coupling geographic information systems (GIS), fuzzy logic, and multicriteria evaluation techniques. Both exclusionary and non-exclusionary criteria are used. Factors, i.e., non-exclusionary criteria, are divided in two distinct groups which do not have the same level of trade off. The first group comprises factors related to the physical environment, which cannot be expressed in terms of monetary cost and, therefore, they do not easily trade off. The second group includes those factors related to human activities, i.e., socioeconomic factors, which can be expressed as financial cost, thus showing a high level of trade off. GIS are used for geographic data acquisition and processing. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is the multicriteria evaluation technique used, enhanced with fuzzy factor standardization. Besides assigning weights to factors through the AHP, control over the level of risk and trade off in the siting process is achieved through a second set of weights, i.e., order weights, applied to factors in each factor group, on a pixel-by-pixel basis, thus taking into account the local site characteristics. The method has been applied to Evros prefecture (NE Greece), an area of approximately 4,000 km². The siting methodology results in two intermediate suitability maps, one related to environmental and the other to socioeconomic criteria. Combination of the two intermediate maps results in the final composite suitability map for landfill siting.     

Village water supply in Botswana: assessment of recommended yield for production boreholes in a semi-arid environment

More than 90% of the rural villages and settlements throughout Botswana have water supplies based on groundwater. The annual increase in water demand is about 0.3 × 10⁶ m³ and on average around 60 new boreholes are needed annually. In parallel with construction of new production boreholes for rural villages, there is an on-going rehabilitation of existing boreholes which have lost their original yield due to clogging, corrosion, encrustation, etc. The total annual cost of siting, drilling and testing of around 100 new production boreholes for rural villages water supply is estimated at around US$7.5 million (1997 price).Modelling of every groundwater resource for rural village water supply in Botswana is currently not feasible due to a lack of relevant and detailed information. A modelling exercise will assess the resource of the aquifer being studied, but can not give an assessment of the yield of each production borehole. Groundwater supply to rural villages is therefore currently based on the abstraction possible from established production boreholes. Test pumping data from these boreholes are the prime information in such an assessment. However safety factors and the fact that drought periods of longer duration are common in a semi-arid environment must also be considered. A computer program package TESTCURV developed by the Department of Water Affairs is a most useful tool in the assessment of yields for production boreholes for village water supply in Botswana, based on the performance of the well and the aquifer. No replenishment is assumed and the question of sustainable yield is not addressed by the program.     

绳索取心定向钻井工艺在陡倾角岩层中的应用

贵州威宁阳关寨勘查区位于格目底向斜南西翼的西段,主要含煤地层为宣威组。勘查区西南部岩层较陡,倾角60。以上,特别是ZK102、ZK202、ZK302钻孔岩层倾角超过80°。如按常规垂直井设计,钻孔深度超过1400m,施工难度大。在分析勘查区绳索取心直井钻进困难和定向钻进优点基础上,对小口径绳索取心定向钻进技术可行性进行分析后认为：如把钻孔轨迹的曲率控制在10°／100m以内、增大曲率半径减小最大井斜、配备适合的定向仪器、增购高强度钻具,将定向钻井技术与绳索取心工艺相结合的方案是可行的。并以ZK202为例,介绍了定向孔井身轨迹的设计、钻进技术参数的选择、冲洗液的要求、造斜段措施等。钻探实践表明,采用绳索取心定向钻进技术在该区共施工3个钻孔,与原直井设计比较,减少钻探工程量2000余米,节约勘探成本约150万元,同时缩短工期约3个月,且控制目标煤层精确,完全达到地质设计目的。通过本次施工,为类似地层钻进积累了丰富的实践经验。     

Application of fuzzy Delphi AHP method for the estimation and classification of Ghomrud tunnel from groundwater flow hazard

Water inflow and water pressure controls are needed in the design, construction, and exploitation of tunnels. The objective of this paper is to present a new system which can be appropriate for rating tunnel sites to evaluate the potential of groundwater inflow according to the preliminary site investigation data. In this paper, an evaluation model based on combining the analytic hierarchy process and the fuzzy Delphi method has been presented for assessing tunnel site rating from the groundwater hazard point of view. This research treats the tunnel site classification as a group decision problem and applies the fuzzy logic theory as the criterion to calculate the weighting factors. Afterward, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine the amount of groundwater inflow into tunnels. Results of several case studies in various geological conditions roughly show that it can be used to determine the groundwater inflow into tunnels. The introduced method has been examined successfully in Ghomroud tunnel. Results from the proposed method, analytical equations, and observed groundwater inflow into Ghomrud tunnel have been compared. Results show that, because most of parameters regulating groundwater inflow into tunnels have been considered in the method, results from the method are very close to the observed groundwater inflow. Applying this method, according to preliminary investigations conducted by the designers, provides a more suitable design of the drainage system, drilling method, and tunnel support.     

某铁路勘察近水平孔取心钻探施工技术

采用水平、近水平孔钻探取心是了解隧道地质情况的有效手段。某铁路隧道近水平钻孔设计倾角11°,终孔深度491.1 m,是工区内具有代表性和特殊性的一个钻孔。钻探施工中钻遇长段硬、脆、碎花岗岩地层,且伴随持续涌水,施工难度很大。通过改进设备、合理选择钻孔结构和取心钻具、使用环保型冲洗液和高效润滑脂等方法,保障了钻进施工正常进行。同时,就测斜和孔内事故处理提出解决方案,总结了水平钻孔施工安全注意事项。针对尚待解决的问题,提出相应建议。实践证明,该孔采用的设备器具与技术方法是有效可行的。     

Classifying zones of suitability for manual drilling using textural and hydraulic parameters of shallow aquifers: a case study in northwestern Senegal

A method is proposed that uses analysis of borehole stratigraphic logs for the characterization of shallow aquifers and for the assessment of areas suitable for manual drilling. The model is based on available borehole-log parameters: depth to hard rock, depth to water, thickness of laterite and hydraulic transmissivity of the shallow aquifer. The model is applied to a study area in northwestern Senegal. A dataset of boreholes logs has been processed using a software package (TANGAFRIC) developed during the research. After a manual procedure to assign a standard category describing the lithological characteristics, the next step is the automated extraction of different textural parameters and the estimation of hydraulic conductivity using reference values available in the literature. The hydraulic conductivity values estimated from stratigraphic data have been partially validated, by comparing them with measured values from a series of pumping tests carried out in large-diameter wells. The results show that this method is able to produce a reliable interpretation of the shallow hydrogeological context using information generally available in the region. The research contributes to improving the identification of areas where conditions are suitable for manual drilling. This is achieved by applying the described method, based on a structured and semi-quantitative approach, to classify the zones of suitability for given manual drilling techniques using data available in most African countries. Ultimately, this work will support proposed international programs aimed at promoting low-cost water supply in Africa and enhancing access to safe drinking water for the population.     

基于GIS的牡丹江市主城区建设用地适宜性评价

根据研究区内地质环境特征,选取地貌类型、地面坡度、地下水位埋深、地下水腐蚀性、地基承载力、土体压缩模量和地质灾害易发性7个评价指标,利用层次分析法(AHP)和GIS空间分析对主城区建设用地适宜性进行了评价分析.结果表明,牡丹江市主城区建设用地适宜性良好,适宜区和较适宜区占主城区总面积的58.2％,并以主城区南部区域地质...     

Modeling land suitability/capability using fuzzy evaluation

Modeling the suitability of land to support specific land uses is an important and common GIS application. Three classic models, specifically pass/fail screening, graduated screening and weighted linear combination, are examined within a more general framework defined by fuzzy logic theory. The rationale underlying each model is explained using the concepts of fuzzy intersections, fuzzy unions and fuzzy averaging operations. These fuzzy implementations of the three classic models are then operationalized and used to analyze the distribution of kudzu in the conterminous United States. The fuzzy models achieve better predictive accuracies than their classic counterparts. By incorporating fuzzy suitability membership of environment factors in the modeling process, these fuzzy models also produce more informative fuzzy suitability maps. Through a defuzzification process, these fuzzy maps can be converted into conventional maps with clearly defined boundaries, suitable for use by individuals uncomfortable with fuzzy results.     

湖南茶陵婆婆仙矿区锡湖区段钻探技术研究

研究区钻探施工难度主要表现为：强风化地层占三分二以上,异常松散、破碎,遇冲洗液冲刷即成泥、流沙状,坍塌、埋孔情况频繁;钻孔上段涌水、中段全漏失;钻具因沙埋孔,经常不能到底,下套管、岩矿心采取亦因此而显得异常困难。以ZK4608孔为主,结合ZZ4404孔,对整个矿区的钻探技术研究结果进行了介绍,总结出该区段的钻探工艺为：跟管钻进、安装飞管、及时取粉、边钻边封、双液双泵速效封堵、无水泵干钻卡取等,从而圆满完成了区内18孔计4260m钻探施工任务。     

大牛地气田区地下水水质模糊综合评价

自20世纪20年代以来,出现了30多种水质评价的研究方法。但由于水质等级与评价因子间复杂的非线性关系,以及水体污染的模糊性和随机性,地下水水质评价至今没有一个被广泛接受的评价模型。现阶段,地理信息系统（GIS）技术被广泛应用到水质评价中,在此基础上提出了一系列新的水质评价模式和理论。文章以大牛地气田区浅层地下水为研究对象,利用ArcGIS技术,将GIS与改进的模糊综合评价模型结合,建立基于GIS的地下水水质模糊综合评价模型,并应用于研究区地下水水质评价。同时将基于GIS的模糊综合评价结果和传统的内梅罗指数法进行对比,验证新方法在地下水水质评价工作中的合理性与可靠性。结果表明:（1）大牛地气田浅层地下水水质状况总体良好,以Ⅰ类和Ⅲ类水为主,局部地区浅层地下水中氨氮超标,水质较差;（2）模糊综合评价法与GIS的有效结合,实现了地下水水质模糊综合评价的系统化和可视化;（3）相对于内梅罗指数法,基于GIS的地下水水质模糊综合评价模型综合考虑了各评价因子对水质的影响,能够更加客观、合理地评价研究区地下水水质。     

DEFLOGIC: a method for assessment of groundwater potential in karst terrains: Gurpi Anticline,southwest Iran

A new hydro-tectonic model, includes eight layers that affect karst hydrogeology was proposed for mapping of groundwater potential in karst areas of Gurpi Anticline, southwest Iran. To produce the groundwater potential map, remote sensing (RS) and GIS techniques were combined with fuzzy logic modeling. Criterion maps include the distances from discharge sites (D), the elevation difference from discharge sites (E), the distance from fractures (F), the fracture length density (L), the slope (O), the lithology (G), the distance from fractures intersections (I), and the fractures intersection density (C) were produced using GIS and RS techniques (DEFLOGIC layers). The approach of fuzzy sets was used to commensurate criterion maps, then fuzzy algebraic sum and gamma operators were applied to aggregate them. The weights of parameters of DEFLOGIC proposed in the range of 1 to 5, which standardized between 0 to 1, based on their importance in karst hydrogeology, professional judgments, and available exploration data. The final groundwater potential maps were verified by geoelectric and well-drilling data. The potential map prepared using fuzzy gamma operator with γ?=?0.92, which it is a flexible distinctive parameters of sum and product of fuzzy operator, depicts the best coincidence with exploration data. The final DEFLOGIC map shows the high groundwater potential in karst formations between Hati and Pebde valleys. The results support the efficiency of DEFLOGIC model to evaluating of groundwater potential in karst terrains, especially in Zagros ranges.     

Water quality analysis of groundwater in crystalline basement rocks,Northern Ghana

Hydrochemical data are presented for groundwater samples, collected from fractured aquifers in parts of northern Ghana. The data was collected to assess the groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural use. Results of the study reveal that the pH of the groundwater in the area is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. The electrical conductivity values, total dissolved solids (TDS) values and calcium, magnesium and sodium concentrations in the groundwater are generally below the limit set by the WHO for potable water supply. On the basis of activity diagrams, groundwater from the fractured aquifers appears to be stable within the montmorillonite field, suggesting weathering of silicate minerals. An inverse distance weighting interpolator with a power of 2 was applied to the data points to produce prediction maps for nitrate and fluoride. The distribution maps show the presence of high nitrate concentrations (50–194 mg/l) in some of the boreholes in the western part of the study area indicating anthropogenic impact on the groundwater. Elevated fluoride level (1.5–4 mg/l), higher than the WHO allowable fluoride concentration of 1.5, is recorded in the groundwater underlying the northeastern part of the study area, more specifically Bongo and its surrounding communities of the Upper East region. Results of this study suggest that groundwater from the fractured aquifers in the area exhibit low sodicity–low salinity (S1–C1), low sodicity–medium salinity (S1–C2) characteristics [United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) classification scheme]. All data points from this study plot within the ‘Excellent to good’ category on a Wilcox diagram. Groundwater in this area thus appears to provide irrigation water of excellent quality. The hydrochemical results indicate that, although nitrate and fluoride concentrations in some boreholes are high, the groundwater in the study area, based on the parameters analyzed, is chemically potable and suitable for domestic and agricultural purposes.     

定向钻进技术的发展与应用

定向钻进技术已有近百年的历史,随着的资源钻采井孔深度的不断增加,近几年该技术发展很快。讨论定向钻进技术包括基本内涵与最新拓展,对于更好的理解与推广应用这项技术具有重要意义。论文讨论了定向钻进的定义,概述了钻孔设计、测斜技术、测斜数据计算、测斜数据传输,特别是纠斜新技术的发展如自动垂直与自动导向钻进新技术等。简要介绍了目前定向钻进技术的应用领域与钻孔类型。提出了适用于深部地质钻探的定向钻进全孔轨迹主动控制的概念与实施措施。     

A comparison of fracture transmissivities in granite water wells before and after hydrofracturing

In many regions of the world, crystalline bedrock aquifers are the only choice for groundwater supply. This is the case in northern Wisconsin, located in the upper Midwest of the continental United States. Here, groundwater flow to wells occurs only through fractures in the granitic basement. Although hydrofracturing of these wells is common and generally increases well yield, the precise mechanism for the increased yields remained unknown. Stressed and ambient flow logs were obtained in two 305-m-deep granitic boreholes in northern Wisconsin prior to hydrofracturing. From those logs, it was determined that nearly all of the groundwater flow to the boreholes occurred in less than 10 fractures in the upper 80 m, with no measureable contribution below that depth. Following hydrofracturing of the boreholes, stressed and ambient flow logs were again obtained. The transmissivity of the two boreholes increased by factors of 8.6 and 63 times. It was found that (1) the fractures that had contributed flow to the boreholes increased in transmissivity, (2) although the applied pressures were large enough in some instances to create new fractures, those new fractures did not increase the borehole transmissivities significantly, and (3) fractures without measureable flow before hydrofracturing remained without measureable flow. Hydrofracturing increases yield in granitic boreholes; however, that increase seems to only occur in fractures where flow was pre-existing and in the upper 80 m of the boreholes. These observations suggest that efforts to enhance yield in granitic aquifers should be focused on the upper part of the borehole.     

Coastal aquifer assessment based on geological and geophysical survey,northwestern Crete,Greece

Groundwater preservation comprises a major problem in water policy. The comprehension of the groundwater/hydraulic systems can provide the means to approach this problem. Generally, drilling is expensive and time-consuming. On the other hand, new techniques have been applied during the last few decades that provide useful information on the depth and quality of aquifers. Among them, transient electromagnetic method (TEM) is an appealing method that provides fast results with minimum field crew and solves several hydrogeological problems. Many portable systems for single-site measurements are commercially available. The TEM-Fast 48HPC was used for acquiring 106 soundings in the northwestern Crete in Greece for defining the hydrogeological characteristics of the study area, since there were no available data from boreholes. Detailed geological, hydrolithological and tectonic survey was applied prior to the geophysical measurements. All the data were integrated to produce a secure and reliable hydrogeological model for the study area prior to any future hydrowell. Specifically, geometrical and hydraulic data of the study area groundwater were acquired. Two unconnected aquifers were detected and their possible contamination due to saltwater intrusion was analyzed and eliminated. Moreover, a location for borehole construction and groundwater pumping based on the potential of the aquifer system was proposed. Finally, the contribution of TEM (and electrical resistivity tomography) geophysical methods in studying complex coastal aquifers is shown by this work.