北黄海夏、冬季叶绿素和初级生产力的空间分布和季节变化特征

依据2006～2007年夏、冬两季的北黄海海洋综合调查资料,分析了叶绿素和初级生产力的空间分布和季节变化特征,并浅析了其主要影响因素.夏季北黄海Chl a的平均含量为30.75 mg·m-2(7.64～92.57 mg·m-2),冬季平均含量为18.72 mg·m-2(3.04～50.55 mg·m-2),与夏季相比显著偏低(P<0.05).夏季Chl a浓度的垂直分布呈现较为明显的分层现象,最大值基本出现在次表层;冬季大部分海域垂直分布均匀.夏季水柱初级生产力含量的平均值为471.2 mg·m-2·d-1(70.1～1 308.2 mg·m-2·d-1),其分布大致呈现近岸海域高、东部开阔海域较低的格局;冬季平均值为125.4 mg·m-2·d-1(72.6～245.5 mg·m-2·d-1),约为夏季的1/4,且分布较均匀.北黄海夏季磷酸盐可能成为限制浮游植物生长的因素,而冬季无机氮和磷酸盐可能同时成为限制因子.夏季和冬季的海表温度与表层Chl a浓度之间均呈负相关关系,R2分别为0.44(P=0.01,n=73)和0.41(P=0.01,n=71).     

山东近岸黄海海域初级生产力的时空分布变化研究

于2006年8月(夏季)、2006年12月(冬季)、2007年4月(春季)、2007年10月(秋季)对山东黄海近岸初级生产力的分布进行了4个航次的调查,并对其时空分布特征进行了分析.结果显示:(1) 调查海域春、夏、秋、冬4个航次的初级生产力平均值分别为808.798,372.23,324.717和246.146 mg·m-2·d-1,春季的初级生产力最高,冬季的最低.(2) 春、夏、秋季初级生产力的变化在水平方向上总体呈现出近岸高于远岸的分布特征,而冬季的变化趋势正好相反;在垂直分布上,4个航次初级生产力均以相对海平面光强30%～10%的水层为最高,其中夏季初级生产力分层现象明显,春、秋、冬季各水层间的差异不显著.(3) 环境因子的变化对初级生产力的作用不同,利用同化指数法求得的初级生产力比14C同位素示踪法测得的数值高出1～70倍.     

胶州湾初级生产力周年变化

根据2003年5月—2004年4月逐月对胶州湾初级生产力的调查研究,分析讨论了胶州湾初级生产力的周年动态变化特征。结果表明,胶州湾初级生产力存在着明显的季节变化:夏季是一年中的高峰,平均为835.72mgC/(m2.d),春、秋季次之,分别为286.00mgC/(m2.d)和247.81mgC/(m2.d),冬季最低,平均为102.27mgC/(m2.d)。初级生产力平面分布特征为:夏季高值区一般位于湾西北部和东北部近岸水域,秋季至次年春末的高值区一般位于湾东北部近岸水域,湾中部和湾口海域较低。湾外海域除夏末秋初与湾中部水平接近外,其它季节比湾中部和湾口低,呈自湾内向湾外递降的分布趋势。6月下旬记录到7213.48mgC/(m2.d)初级生产力的最高值,位于湾东侧近岸,该高值持续时间很短,在时间上恰巧对应于一周前的一次强降雨过程。温度是影响胶州湾初级生产力季节变化的决定因子。     

2009年冬季南海北部浮游植物粒度分级生物量和初级生产力

2009年2月在南海北部海域现场观测粒度分级叶绿素a质量浓度和初级生产力(PP)的分布。结果表明,调查海域水柱平均叶绿素a质量浓度的变化范围为0.11～8.37 mg/m³,平均为(1.28±2.23) mg/m³,高值区出现在珠江口及近岸海域;初级生产力的范围为344.8～1 222.5 mgC/(m²·d),平均为(784.2±351.4) mgC/(m²·d),高值区位于近岸及陆架海域。浮游植物粒度分级测定结果表明,在生物量较高的近岸海域,叶绿素a的粒级结构以小型浮游植物占优势,其贡献率为40.9%,微型和微微型浮游植物对总叶绿素a的贡献率分别为34.6%和24.5%;而在生物量较低的陆坡和开阔海域,各粒级浮游植物对叶绿素a的贡献率由大到小依次为微微型浮游植物(78.9%),微型浮游植物(17.2%)和小型浮游植物(3.9%)。相关性分析结果表明,调查海域分级叶绿素a的区域化分布特征与洋流运动下营养盐的分布密切相关,同时叶绿素a又高度影响着此区域PP的分布。此外,我们将调查海域实测所得浮游植物最佳光合作用速率与采用垂向归一化初级生产力模型估算的数据进行对比,发现后者明显低于前者,这说明通过水温估算最佳光合作用速率的算法在冬季南海北部可能存在低估。     

海南省三亚市三亚湾珊瑚礁区环境特征

2011年春季和冬季对三亚湾水体和沉积物的现场调查表明,三亚湾水体中营养盐的含量存在显著的季节变化,春季水体中的氮、磷等营养元素显著低于冬季的;而三亚河输入的陆源营养元素对三亚湾的影响显著。总氮总磷的分析结果表明,水体中有机营养元素的含量较高,由于浮游植物也可以利用有机氮和磷来进行初级生产,因此,水体中有机质的污染应引起重视。历年来海水中无机氮、磷的监测结果表明,三亚湾水体中氮的输入有逐年增加的趋势,而磷的污染有逐渐降低的趋势。水体中N/P比值也由2004年的6∶1,增加到2011年的60~123∶1;说明整个生态系统已由早期的氮限制转变为磷限制。沉积物重金属元素的分析结果显示,三亚湾除了三亚河口附近的Cd元素超标外,大部分海区的沉积物依然属于国家一类沉积物,处于清洁环境下。而水体水温的长期监测结果表明,三亚湾水体水温的变化波动有增大的趋势,且水体的酸化现象也和全球的变化一致,说明三亚湾水体也受到全球气候变化的影响,但总体上三亚湾珊瑚礁周围环境状况较为稳定,可满足珊瑚礁的生长要求。     

黄海氮磷营养盐的循环和收支研究

建立了一个生物-物理耦合的三维营养盐动力学模型,模拟了黄海无机氮、活性磷酸盐和叶绿素a的年循环规律,估算了黄海营养盐的收支情况和季节差异,并将数值结果与实测资料进行比较。结果表明:黄海无机氮和无机磷经历了春、夏的消耗及秋、冬的补充,维持了黄海全年较高的生产力,年平均初级生产力达508mgC·m-2·d-1。黄海水文环境在很大程度上影响着营养盐的分布和生态功能:黄海中部深水区季节性热层化在春季萌发、秋末消衰,使夏季表层水营养盐匮乏,底层冷水团营养盐大量蓄集,因此初级生产力在5-6月和11月出现双峰特征,而近岸海水几乎全年混合均匀,初级生产力单峰出现在6-8月。河流每年为黄海输送225.4×103t无机氮和6.82×103t无机磷,使北黄海及近岸营养盐丰富,尤其朝鲜沿岸径流注入大量的营养盐,使其新生生产力较高,f比平均达55%。光合作用和呼吸作用是营养盐最大的汇和源,黄海中部沉积物-水界面交换向水体提供大量的硝酸氮,为新生产贡献56%的氮。大气沉降补充的营养盐占年初级生产所需氮、磷的6%和1.5%,为河流输入营养盐的3～5倍。     

秋季南海东北部表层水体固氮及其对初级生产力贡献

2014年10月在南海东北部利用~(15)N和~(14)C示踪法实测了28个站位表层固氮速率和初级生产力,结合温度、盐度、营养盐和叶绿素a(Ch a)分析了南海东北部表层水体生物固氮及其对初级生产力的贡献。结果表明,受珠江冲淡水影响最明显的站位(A1)肉眼可见大量丝状束毛藻(Trichodesmium),其固氮速率达3475nmol N·m–3·h–1,是其他站位固氮速率的1~3个数量级之多;其他站位表层固氮速率在4~213nmol N·m–3·h–1之间,平均固氮速率为77±54nmol N·m–3·h–1(n=27),固氮速率最低的站位出现在受中国沿岸流影响的台湾浅滩及其邻近海域。近岸(水深小于100m)站位表层固氮速率与温度显著正相关(R=0.68,n=11,p0.05),相对高温、高磷和低硝酸盐可能是珠江冲淡水影响站位出现高固氮速率的原因,低温低盐则可能是台湾浅滩及其邻近近岸区域出现低固氮速率的原因。初级生产力(14.19~0.17 mg C·m–3·h–1)从近岸区域到外海逐渐降低,平均为0.61±0.45 mg C·m~(–3)·h~(–1),最高站位出现在台湾浅滩,最低站位出现在深海区。固氮作用对初级生产所需氮的贡献率(0.08%~9.30%,平均3.90%±3.10%)从近岸到外海逐渐增加,表层水温高于26℃时,固氮对初级生产的氮贡献显著增加。以上结果表明,秋季南海东北部固氮和初级生产受珠江冲淡水和沿岸流等物理过程调控。     

胶州湾春季4月份表层海水pCO_2分布及控制因素分析

胶州湾毗邻青岛市区,是受人类活动影响显著的海湾。开展胶州湾水-气界面CO2通量研究,有助于厘清受人类活动严重干扰下的边缘海(湾)CO2源汇的控制机制。根据2013年4月在胶州湾走航连续观测所得pCO2数据,结合水文、化学和生物等要素的同步观测资料及以往本课题组获取的冬季2、3月份航次数据,对胶州湾海域pCO2分布及影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果表明:表层海水pCO2测得值在392~1 648μatm之间,平均值为496μatm。4月份胶州湾水体垂直混合均匀,且水柱对表层碳酸盐体系的影响显著。4月份胶州湾浮游生物初级生产弱于2、3月份,而生物的好氧呼吸作用要强于2、3月份。因此,生物好氧呼吸作用的增强是4月份胶州湾表现为大气CO2源的主要原因,同时温度升高也是导致胶州湾冬季到春季表层pCO2升高的重要因素,其影响程度仅次于生物好氧呼吸作用。总体来说,4月份胶州湾表现为大气CO2的源,水-气界面CO2交换通量在-8.22~490.68mmol·m-2·d-1之间,平均值为17.34mmol·m-2·d-1。     

珠江口浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力的季节变化及其影响因素

基于2014—2015年4个季节的现场调查数据,系统阐述了珠江口水域浮游植物叶绿素a和初级生产力的空间分布和季节特征,并结合环境因子进行了分析。结果表明:研究水域表层年平均叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力分别为3.77mg·m~(–3)和27.86mg C·m~(–3)·h~(–1),季节变化均为春季夏季秋季冬季。径流量是珠江口浮游植物空间分布的主要驱动因素,并且浮游植物的旺发与河口盐度锋面的位置密切相关。径流较小的季节,由于珠江口外营养盐浓度较低,叶绿素a浓度高值区出现在内伶仃洋水域;随着径流量的增加,叶绿素a浓度高值区随盐度锋面向珠江口外移动,而口门附近浮游植物生长受光限制和径流稀释影响并未出现高值。初级生产力的空间分布趋势与浮游植物叶绿素a相似,二者之间存在显著的正相关关系。研究还表明:夏季,珠江口外由于浮游植物旺发消耗了大量营养盐,磷酸盐浓度被耗尽使其成为浮游植物生长的限制因子;冬季,光限制和低温可能是造成浮游植物初级生产力较低的原因。与以往研究结果对比,珠江口初级生产力处于中间水平,浮游植物碳同化系数年平均值为7.51mg C·(mg Chl a)~(–1)·h~(–1),河口固碳水平为261.52g C·m~(–2)·y~(–1)。     

南海北部浮游生态系统要素季节变化的模拟研究

本文基于南海SEATS站的观测资料,利用垂直一维海洋生态系统动力学模式(MEM-1D)模拟了南海北部生态要素垂直结构的季节变化。结果表明,南海北部表层Chla浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,夏季呈现低值(<0.05 mg·m-3),冬季呈现高值,12月为0.38 mg·m-3。春季,风速相对变小,垂直混合变弱,次表层Chla浓度极大值现象形成(80~100 m),并可一直持续到10月末。冬季,海表温度降低,东北季风爆发,垂直混合增强,出现表层水华现象。浮游动物和细菌的垂直结构相似,冬季上层水体中浮游动物和细菌出现最大值,分别为13 mg·m-3和18 mg·m-3。3~10月细菌(12 mg·m-3)同浮游动物(14 mg·m-3)一样出现次表层最大值,其存在深度与浮游动物相似。     

福建主要港湾悬浮物、悬浮有机质等环境因子的分布与变化

依据2001年福建主要港湾水体中悬浮物质的调查资料,讨论了悬浮物(TPM)、悬浮有机质(POM)的分布和动态变化特征。TPM季平均质量浓度为20.86~22.68 mg.dm-3,年平均为21.50 mg.dm-3;其季节变化为11月最高,8月次高,5月最低。11月最高主要受风浪和潮流的影响。POM季平均质量浓度为3.14~3.36 mg.dm-3,年平均为3.27 mg.dm-3;其季节变化为8月最高,5月次高,11月最低。夏季POM的含量分布主要受生物活动影响。叶绿素a季平均质量浓度为6.01~9.02 mg.m-3,初级生产力季平均为54.9~412.8 mgC.m-2.d-1,都是8月最高,11月最低。浮游植物细胞数季平均为3 563.4×103~24 862.4×103个.m-3,5月最高,11月最低。     

胶州湾的初级生产力和新生产力

海洋初级生产力是海洋食物链的基础,是进行海洋生物资源评估和合理开发利用的基本依据。70年代在国际生物圈计刘(IBP)的推动下,本领域的一些学者曾在世界各大洋的代表性海区进行过大量现场观测研究。最近,随着世界性的资源与环境问題的日趋严重,全球C循环已成为人们关注的研究课题。海洋初级生产力是了解全球C循环必不可少的指标之一,因而再度成为生物海洋学家的研究对象。新生产力是总初级生产力的一部分,亦是海洋N循环的特征参数,对于大洋水域而言,它反映了真光层生物群落的净生产力,代表了真光层向下输出的C通量,是当今有关国际研究计划,如全球海洋通量联合研究( JGOFS)的核心内容之一。初级生产力和新生产力的研究,对于海洋生物资源的持续利用和C、N生物地球化学循环具有十分重要的意义。 胶州湾作为我国温带地区的典型海湾,已成为我国生态研究系统网络(CERN)的野外观测站。代表性的地理位置和强度开发下的生态条件,使其生态学资料在环境监测和资源开发方面极具理论意义和应用价值。胶州湾的初级生产力曾用黑白瓶生氧量法测定过(郭玉洁等,1992),而新生产力的实测研究在国内尚属空白。本文运用14C,15N同位素示踪方法,在胶州湾进行了季节性的初级生产力和新生产力现场实验研究,获得了比较系统的观测资料。     

Bacterioplankton activity in the surface waters of the Arabian Sea during and after the 1994 SW monsoon

Bacterial biomass and production were measured on two cruises to the northwestern Arabian Sea in 1994; the first cruise took place towards the end of the SW monsoon in September, and the second cruise during the inter-monsoon period in November and December. Although phytoplankton production was significantly higher during the monsoon, bacterial numbers showed little difference. Bacteria were most abundant in the euphotic zone and highest bacterial numbers were measured during the monsoon period in the Gulf of Oman and the shelf waters off southern Oman; in these regions, numbers ranged from 0.9 to 1.6×10⁹ bacteria l^-1. On both cruises, bacteria were less abundant in the euphotic zone of the central Arabian Sea and typically ca 0.8×10⁹ cells l^-1 were present. The majority of bacteria (80–95%) were small cocci that were larger (median diameter 0.40 μm) during the monsoon period than the inter-monsoon, when the cells had a diameter of 0.36 μm; there was no comparable change in cell dimensions of bacteria present as rods. Bacterial production was measured by the incorporation of ³H-thymidine and ³H-leucine. On both cruises, uptake rates were highest on the Omani shelf and decreased offshore. In the central Arabian Sea, thymidine incorporation rates were similar in the monsoon and inter-monsoon periods, but higher rates of leucine incorporation were measured during the monsoon period. Bacterial production was a relatively small proportion of phytoplankton production in both periods sampled; bacterial production was equivalent to between 10 and 30% of the daily primary production in the Arabian Sea.     

Vertical flux of biogenic matter during a Lagrangian study off the NW Spanish continental margin

Lagrangian experiments with short-term, drifting sediment traps were conducted during a cruise on RRS Charles Darwin to the NW coast of Spain to study the vertical flux and composition of settling biogenic matter. The cruise was split into two legs corresponding to (i) a period of increased production following an upwelling event on the continental shelf (3–10 August 1998) and (ii) an evolution of a cold water filament originating from the upwelled water off the shelf (14–19 August). The export of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the upper layer (0–60m) on the shelf was 90–240mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹ and off the shelf was 60–180mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹. Off shelf the POC flux at 200m was 50–60mg.m⁻².d⁻¹. A modest sedimentation of diatoms (15–30mgC.m⁻².d⁻¹) after the upwelling was associated with increased vertical flux of chlorophyll a (1.8–2.1mg.m⁻².d⁻¹) and a decrease of the POC:PON molar ratio of the settled material from 9 to 6.4. Most of the pico-, nano-, and microplankton in the settled material were flagellates; diatoms were significant during the on shelf and dinoflagellates during the off shelf leg. Off shelf, the exponential attenuation of POC flux indicated a strong retention capacity of the plankton community between 40 and 75m. POC:PON ratio of the settled particulate matter decreased with depth and the relative portion of flagellates increased, suggesting a novel, flagellate and aggregate mediated particulate flux in these waters. Export of POC from the euphotic layer comprised 14–26% of the integrated primary production per day during the on shelf leg and 25–42% during the off shelf leg, which characterises the importance of sedimentation in the organic carbon budget of these waters.     

大亚湾夏季表层浮游细菌生物量分布与环境变量的关系

根据2008年夏季(7月)在大亚湾进行的现场综合调查资料,分析表层海水浮游细菌生物量的水平分布特征,探讨细菌生物量与环境变量的关系。大亚湾夏季浮游细菌生物量变化范围为14.00～118.80μg·L^-1,海区平均值为55.23±29.43μg·L^-1。大亚湾夏季细菌生物量水平分布大体上呈现南部高于北部的趋势,在北纬22°35′以北和以南的海区均各自表现为东南部高于西北部的趋势。水深、硝酸盐、铵盐、亚硝酸盐和总碱度等5个参数与浮游细菌生物量之间存在着中等水平的相关性(0.15相似文献   

The vertical attenuation of irradiance as a function of turbidity: a case of the Huanghai(Yellow) Sea in spring

The planar photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), turbidity and concentration of chlorophyll a (chl a), were measured at 26 stations in the Huanghai (Yellow) Sea during a cruise of China SOLAS from 19 to 27 March 2005. Due to low chl a (<0.35 mg · m-3 ) in upper layers (above 5 m), suspended particulate matter became the major factor that influenced the turbidity in early spring. The calculated vertical diffuse attenuation coefficient of PAR, K PAR , varied with water depths with a maximum value in t...     

A model study of influence of circulation on the pollutant transport in the Zhujiang River Estuary and adjacent coastal waters

A tracer model with random diffusion coupled to the hydrodynamic model for the Zhujiang River Estuary (Pearl River Estuary, PRE) is to examine the effect of circulations on the transport of completely conservative pollutants. It is focused on answering the following questions: (1) What role does the estuarine plume front in the winter play in affecting the pollutants transport and its distribution in the PRE ? (2) What effect do the coastal currents driven by the monsoon have on the pollutants transport? The tracer experiment results show that: (1) the pollutant transport paths strongly depend on the circulation structures and plume frontal dynamics of the PRE and coastal waters; (2) during the summer when a southwesterly monsoon prevails, the pollutants from the four easterly river inlets and those from the bottom layer of offshore stations will greatly influence the water quality in Hong Kong waters, however, the pollutants released from the four westerly river-inlets will seldom affect the water quality of Hong Kong waters due to their transport away from Hong Kong; (3) during the winter when a northeasterly monsoon prevails, all pollutants released from the eight river gates will be laterally transported seaward inside the estuary and transport westward in the coastal waters along the river plume frontal zone. However, pollutants released from the surface layer of offshore stations near or east of the Dangan Channel will be carried into the coastal waters of Hong Kong by the landward component of the westward coastal current driven by the winter northeasterly monsoon. But the pollutants from the bottom layer of the offshore stations will be carried away from the offshore by the bottom flow driven by the northeasterly monsoon. This implies that only surface-released matter from offshore stations will affect the water quality of the coastal waters around Hong Kong during the winter when a northeasterly monsoon prevails.     

胶州湾及周边海域大气和海水中N_2O和CH_4的分布及海气交换通量

分别于2006年8月,12月和2007年4月,10月采集胶州湾及周边海域大气和海水样品,对氧化亚氮(N2O)和甲烷(CH4)浓度进行了测定,并设置1个连续站进行24 h连续观测.结果表明:大气中N2O春、夏、秋、冬的平均浓度(体积分数)分别为(3.17±0.03)×10-7,(3.24±0.15)×10-7,(3.19±0.02)×10-7和(3.08±0.25)×10-7;大气中CH4春、夏、秋、冬的平均浓度(体积分数)分别为(1.89±0.04)×10-6,(1.79±0.04)×10-6,(2.09±0.21)×10-6和(2.01±0.09)×10-6.胶州湾表、底层海水中N2O和CH4的浓度和饱和度表现出明显的季节变化,其中N2O浓度和饱和度冬季最高,春、秋季次之,夏季最低;CH4浓度和饱和度夏季最高,冬季最低.利用Liss and Merlivat(1986)公式和Wanninkhof(1992)公式估算出胶州湾海域N2O的年平均海-气交换通量分别为(11.16±14.15)和(22.42±27.56)μmol m-2·d-1;CH4分别为(7.75±6.19)和(17.76±14.84)μmol m-2·d-1.胶州湾大部分海域表层海水中N2O和CH4呈过饱和状态,是大气中N2O和CH4的净源.     

A model study of influence of circulation on the pollutant transport in the Zhujiang River Estuary and adjacent coastal waters

A tracer model with random diffusion coupled to the hydrodynamic model for the Zhujiang River Estuary (Pearl River Estuary, PRE) is to examine the effect of circulations on the transport of completely conservative pollutants. It is focused on answering the following questions: (1) What role does the estuarine plume front in the winter play in affecting the pollutants transport and its distribution in the PRE? (2) What effect do the coastal currents driven by the monsoon have on the pollutants transport? The tracer experiment results show that: (1) the pollutant transport paths strongly depend on the circulation structures and plume frontal dynamics of the PRE and coastal waters; (2) during the summer when a southwesterly monsoon prevails, the pollutants from the four easterly river inlets and those from the bottom layer of offshore stations will greatly influence the water quality in Hong Kong waters, however, the pollutants released from the four westerly river-inlets will seldom affect the water quality of Hong Kong waters due to their transport away from Hong Kong; (3) during the winter when a northeasterly monsoon prevails, all pollutants released from the eight river gates will be laterally transported seaward inside the estuary and transport westward in the coastal waters along the river plume frontal zone. However, pollutants released from the surface layer of offshore stations near or east of the Dangan Channel will be carried into the coastal waters of Hong Kong by the landward component of the westward coastal current driven by the winter northeasterly monsoon. But the pollutants from the bottom layer of the offshore stations will be carried away from the offshore by the bottom flow driven by the northeasterly monsoon. This implies that only surface-released matter from offshore stations will affect the water quality of the coastal waters around Hong Kong during the winter when a northeasterly monsoon prevails.