非接触式GB-InSAR技术用于深基坑应急监测的可行性探讨

针对深基坑应急监测的需求,本文提出采用非接触式GB-In SAR技术,对已经发生较大位移的深基坑进行应急监测。介绍了GBIn SAR技术的工作原理,提出了一套较为系统的监测方法,定量评价监测获取成像结果和干涉质量,采用设置角反射器为固定GCPs点的方法获取环境因素校正参数,消除湿度、温度、气压等环境因素造成大气折射的影响,提高监测的准确性。将基于GB-In SAR技术与全站仪监测的结果,进行对比分析验证其精度的可靠性,并进行深基坑稳定性分析,结果表明非接触式GB-In SAR技术,为深基坑快速、准确应急监测提供了一种新技术和新方法。     

地基InSAR技术及其典型边坡监测应用

为了开展边坡活动实时监测,研究以IBIS-L地基InSAR系统为代表的地基InSAR形变时序分析关键技术,进行针对不同变形特征的观测方案和数据处理方法的优化,并开展了奉节大树场镇灾后滑坡、神农架林区人工不稳定斜坡和备战铁矿露天采矿边坡等边坡活动的监测应用,以及备战铁矿隧道南口冰川运动的监测试验。4种类型边坡地基InSAR监测结果表明,在复杂工作情况下,地基InSAR设备具有较高的观测稳定性,在满足观测条件的情况下,地基InSAR测量精度能达到亚mm级,已成为监测边坡微小形变的重要技术手段。这扩展了形变监测模式从星载InSAR技术的“大尺度、宽覆盖”走向地基InSAR技术的“小尺度、局部精细测量”,进一步丰富了科研人员对边坡变形现象的动力学过程认识,为“星-地”联合InSAR技术监测地表形变过程奠定了技术基础。     

Ground-based SAR interferometry for monitoring mass movements

An innovative technique for the remote assessment of ground displacements, based on radar interferometry and implemented using ground-based instrumentation (GB-InSAR), has been tested in recent years on a number of selected case sites. The system, known as LISA, developed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, is a ground-based radar interferometer specifically designed for field use. It is composed of two radar antennas mounted on a linear rail which horizontally slides to form a synthetic aperture. Coherent SAR processing converts the raw data into an image containing, for each pixel, information on the wave phase, which depends on the target-sensor distance. Consecutive couples of SAR images can be cross-correlated to form interferograms representing phase variations which can be directly related to ground displacement along the sight-line of the radar system, since they are acquired from exactly the same position. Several applications of the system have been conducted on a number of mass movements located in Italy, in order to validate the technique for the monitoring of landslides. GB-InSAR has proved its potential for the measurement of the superficial ground displacements of different landslide types, in terms of failure mechanism, materials involved, kinematics, water content and deformation rates. In particular conditions, such as fast-moving phenomena and inaccessible areas, the technique can be employed directly as a monitoring tool, providing multi-temporal displacement maps of the observed area. Additionally, some applications of the GB-InSAR have provided a fundamental support to decision makers during landslide emergencies, allowing the civil protection authorities to assess the risk and to manage an effective emergency response.     

A method for assessing and managing landslide residual hazard in urban areas

On February 14, 2010, a large landslide affected the urban centre of San Fratello town (Sicily Island, Southern Italy), causing severe damage to buildings, roadways, and infrastructure, as well as about 2000 evacuees. This large complex landslide, covering more than 1 km² in extension, represents one of the major phenomena that ever occurred in Sicily. In order to manage the landslide risk, the civil protection system was activated as part of the initial response to the emergency (the “emergency phase”). This involved the Civil Protection Departments both at national (DPC) and regional (DRPC) levels, as well as scientific institutions (namely “Competence centres”, CdCs), local administration personnel, and technicians. On March 8, 2010, during the post-event recovery phase, a ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR) system was installed in order to monitor the ground surface deformation, assess the landslide residual risk, and analyse its displacement trend. Accurate field surveys and building inspections were also performed for a validation of the GB-InSAR data, in order to map the ground deformation, plan building evacuation-demolishment, as well as check the efficiency of the landslide mitigation works. This paper describes the outcomes of the 57 month monitoring campaign (March 2010–December 2014), reporting the use of GB-InSAR data for near real-time monitoring, mapping, and post-emergency/recovery management activities. The final aim was to provide the civil protection personnel with a reliable, rapid, and easy communication system of the monitoring results, designed to an enhance understanding of the landslide phenomena, and to support the decision-making process.     

国产GB-InSAR在特大型水库滑坡变形监测中的应用

水电站库区特大型滑坡的稳定性对于水电站坝工结构及周边人民生命财产安全具有重要影响,对该类滑坡稳定性及变形趋势进行大范围实时精确观测可为滑坡提供可靠的预警和治理信息,具有十分重要的意义。水电站库区滑坡传统监测方法主要以GNSS监测,全站仪监测等为主,本研究将国产先进的地基干涉合成孔径雷达系统LKR-05-KU-S100,应用于澜沧江大华桥水电站沧江桥—营盘滑坡和大华滑坡的监测。现场监测试验表明,该系统精度较高,可进行远距离、全天时、全天候、大范围监测,对于大型及特大型滑坡的监测具有独特的优势和广阔的应用前景。     

The Calatabiano landslide (southern Italy): preliminary GB-InSAR monitoring data and remote 3D mapping

On 24 October 2015, following a period of heavy rainfall, a landslide occurred in the Calatabiano Municipality (Sicily Island, Southern Italy), causing the rupture of a water pipeline supplying water to the city of Messina. Following this event, approximately 250,000 inhabitants of the city suffered critical water shortages for several days. Consequently, on 6 November 2015, a state of emergency was declared (O.C.D.P. 295/2015) by the National Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC). During the emergency management phase, a provisional by-pass, consisting of three 350-m long pipes passing through the landslide area, was constructed to restore water to the city. Furthermore, on 11 November 2015, a landslide remote-sensing monitoring system was installed with the following purposes: (i) analyse the landslide geomorphological and kinematic features in order to assess the residual landslide risk and (ii) support the early warning procedures needed to ensure the safety of the personnel involved in the by-pass construction and the landslide stabilization works. The monitoring system was based on the combined use of Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). In this work, the preliminary results of the monitoring activities and a remote 3D map of the landslide area are presented.     

Displacement patterns of a landslide affected by human activities: insights from ground-based InSAR monitoring

Landslides interacting with large infrastructures represent a major problem for the economy, society as a whole, and the safety of workers. Continuous monitoring for 23 months using an integrated platform with a ground-based SAR interferometer (GB-InSAR), a weather station, and an automatic camera gave us the opportunity to analyze the response of an unstable slope to the different phases of work. The deformational behavior of both the natural slope and the man-made structures was recorded and interpreted in relation to the working stages and the rainfall conditions during the whole monitoring period. A typical pattern of displacement was identified for shallow landslides, debris produced by the excavation and gabions, metallic walls, and anchored bulkheads. Furthermore, insights into the dynamics and behavior of the slope and the man-made structures that interact with the landslide were obtained. Extreme rainfall is the main trigger of shallow landslides and gabion deformations, while anchored bulkheads are less influenced by rainfalls. Movement of debris that is produced by excavations and temporary metallic barrier deformation are closely related to each other. The herein proposed monitoring platform is very efficient in monitoring unstable slopes that are affected by human activities. Moreover, the recorded patterns of displacement in the slope and the man-made structures can be used as reference data for similar studies and engineering designs.     

工作面电磁波高精度层析成像及其应用

介绍了工作面电磁波透视法(简称坑透)高精度层析成像计算原理和工作方法,并结合电磁波衰减特征和应用实际,探讨了不同地质异常的解释方法。实践证明,坑透高精度CT技术应用大大提高了资料解释的精确度和可信度,增强了异常的识别能力。     

一种新改进的DPIV方法

数字粒子图像测速技术DPIV(Digital Particle Image Velocimetry)是一种快速提取流场速度的方法,但测速精度较低。已有的改进方法虽然使精度得到了提高,却丧失了DPIV快速处理的优点。本文综合已有方法的优点,提出了一种兼有快速和精度较高的处理方法。该方法以Willert提出的DPIV方法为基础,吸收了Huang提出的改进方法中的迭代思想,既保留了DPIV快速处理的优点,又在一定程度上提高了测速的精度,非常适合于多工况和非恒定流的测量。     

光纤检测技术在海上钢管桩试桩中的应用

试桩检测包括对桩身完整性测试和承载力测试两部分。试桩检测为设计参数的确定以及桩基沉桩设备和沉桩工艺选择提供依据,确保工程的安全可靠。在综合考虑试桩地区气候和地质条件等客观因素后,采用合适的检测手段,对提高检测结果的精确性和减少成本等方面很有意义。垂直静载试验是常用测定桩极限承载力的方法,准确性高。在对桩身质量检测上,有钻心取样法、低应变、高应变和声波透射法等检测手段。在海上钢管桩试桩工程中,其检测结果的精确性和可靠性受制约因素多。光纤检测技术具有可靠性强、准确性高及实施简便等优点,是根据BOTDR和FBG技术测试出桩身轴向应变及桩周应力的分布规律,是一种比较新的可靠检测手段。但是目前,光纤检测技术在海上试桩检测应用的案例少。本文提到的工程案例中,采用垂直静载试验、光纤检测试验和高应变测试,达到综合评估,为工程建设提供可靠参数     

Dynamic risk prediction based on discriminant analysis for maize drought disaster

This study presents a discriminant analysis-based method for prediction of agriculture drought disaster risk. We selected the Chaoyang city in the Northeast China as the study area. We employed multi-scale standard precipitation index (SPI) to reflect drought hazard. We used the yield losses to indicate the drought disaster risk, which was divided into no, low, or high drought risk. We used the multi-scale SPI and drought disaster risk as the input factors for the discriminant analysis-based risk prediction model. The results showed that the model’s prediction accuracy varied between 40 and 82.4 %. The accuracy of high drought disaster risk category was higher than low and no drought disaster risk category. The prediction accuracy of the milky maturity stage was highest. We use leave-one-out cross-validation method to validate the model’s accuracy. And the results showed that the model validation accuracy of high drought group could reach 70.6 % in milky maturity stage. This study showed discriminant analysis is an effective and operable method for disaster risk prediction. This model can provide timely information for decision makers to make effective measures for drought disaster management and to reduce the drought effects to yields at the minimum level.     

地震数据处理中的高频速度分析研究

地震波传播过程中的频散现象造成不同频率的波在地层中传播的速度不同，应用不同频率的数据进行速度分析荻取的速度值也有所差异。速度分析的精度依赖于最大炮检距处的剩余时差与反射波视周期的比值。从理论模型数据出发，对不同频带的数据进行速度分析研究，以说明频带范围对速度精度的影响。实际数据试验结果表明，在静校正问题基本解决、高频记录信噪比较高的前提下，将数据中的高频成分用于速度分析可获得较高的速度精度和分辨率。     

标准加入ICP-OES法测定卤水中的锂、锶、硼含量

文章采用标准加入ICP_OES法测定高盐度卤水中Li、Sr和B,该方法可以避免因大量存在的碱金属离子和其他离子给Li、Sr和B测定带来的影响。各元素加标回收率在90.44%~99.90%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)2%,分析结果准确度高,精密度好,可以准确测定高盐度卤水中Li、Sr和B的含量。     

基于AVHRR影像的北半球积雪识别算法

针对2000年前北半球较高时空分辨率和高精度的历史积雪范围数据缺失问题,利用NOAA-AVHRR地表反射率数据,以Landsat-5 TM生成的积雪范围影像作为参考真值,优化基于多指标的多级决策树积雪识别算法的阈值,并结合云雪混淆区分技术,生成了北半球AVHRR 1981—1999年L1级逐日积雪范围数据集。此外,针对AVHRR在高纬度地区数据完全缺失和低纬度地区数据部分缺失问题,利用微波雪深数据集进行填充,生成了北半球L2级逐日积雪范围数据集。最后,利用北半球1981—1999年间2 546个气象台站记录的雪深数据和939景Landsat-5 TM参考积雪范围影像作为验证数据,对AVHRR积雪范围数据集进行了精度验证。结果表明：L1级和L2级数据集的总体精度分别为81.8%和82.2%,用户精度分别为83.7%和83.8%,生产者精度分别为81.7%和84.2%,说明算法精度较高,错分误差和漏分误差均比较均衡。进一步利用Landsat-5 TM参考积雪范围影像对L2级数据集进行面上精度评估,发现L2级数据集的总体精度为90.3%,用户精度为90.2%,生产者精度为99.1%,L2级数据集精度较高。生成的北半球历史数据集可为全球积雪变化研究提供有效数据补充。     

基于RPC模型的IRS-P5影像正射校正

为了提高有理函数(rational polynomial coefficient,RPC)模型校正模型的定位精度,以IRS-P5为例,通过控制点及补偿模型的添加,比较分析了影像正射校正的精度变化.发现使用1个控制点比不使用控制点,其校正精度从55.80 m提高到5.80 m;当控制点数达到6个时,其定位精度接近于5.0 m,之后影像定位精度便不会再随控制点数的增加而提高;使用1个控制点和补偿模型,可将定位精度提高到4.0 m左右.实验表明:可通过添加少量控制点提高RPC模型的正射校正精度,在缺少控制点的情况下,使用补偿模型亦能使RPC模型达到相当的影像校正精度.      

土石坝动力分析的改进二次加速度积分法

土石坝动力分析常用的是Wilson-? 积分方法,但该方法用于分析高频问题和大步长问题时精度较低。针对该缺点提出一种改进的二次加速度积分法,该算法与一步二次加速度积分法相比,计算精度不变、稳定性要求容易满足,计算用时大大减少。对算法的基本原理、稳定性及精度进行了分析,并给出一个土石坝动力分析的算例,验证了该算法的可行性。与常用的Wilson-? 法、Newmark法和中心差分法进行了数值比较。计算结果表明：该算法在分析高频问题和大步长问题时,计算精度较高。     

微地震震源定位方法综述

微地震震源定位方法是微地震监测领域的一项核心技术,而考量微地震技术应用效果好坏的准则在于震源定位方法的精确程度。针对非常规油气开发过程中微地震震源定位方法的应用,本文对微地震震源定位方法进行阐述。其中：几何作图法具有稳健、效率高的优势,但震源位置较深时定位精度较低;线性定位法无需速度模型精度,但对初至拾取的精度有较大影响;非线性定位法对初至拾取较为敏感,对速度模型的精度要求较高,但计算量较小;混合优化定位法在一定程度上提高了定位的精度和效率,但在低信噪比、速度模型精度较低时优势不明显;基于波形偏移的定位方法无需考虑初至拾取的精度,但计算量较大;基于神经网络的定位方法采用训练网络进行训练,定位精度高,误差小。同时,本文还介绍了多方法多参数信息融合技术在油气藏微震震源定位中的应用。     

泥浆脉冲式随钻测量系统在高位定向孔中的应用

近年来,煤矿井下随钻测量系统由于其效率高、精度准的优点,已被广泛应用于煤矿瓦斯治理、地质构造勘探及水害防治中。通过在山西临汾市德通煤业现场实际应用泥浆脉冲随钻测量系统,对比中心通缆式测量装置与泥浆脉冲测量装置的精度和效率,证实新型泥浆脉冲仪器钻进效率高、节约成本、工作稳定,具有高安全性和可靠性的特性。可在高位定向孔中推广应用。     

粉末压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定铁矿石中锌砷锰

应用X射线荧光光谱仪测定铁矿石中的锌、砷、锰含量,采用粉末压片法制样,并研究了制样的条件,确定了仪器最佳参数,建立了标准曲线。经国家实物标准铁矿石样品验证,测定值与标准值吻合,三元素的偏差均小于±0.007%;精密度试验表明相对标准偏差(n=10)均小于2.80%。大量实验数据表明,压片制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定锌、砷、锰元素的精密度高,准确可靠。该方法在检测准确度和分析速度上可以满足钢厂生产要求。