研究金属—有机配合物的实验方法

有各种各样的实验方法已被用来测定金属－配合物的化学计量常数和稳定常数。溶解度法为测定在有地球化学意义的条件下各种各样的金属－有机配位体体系的化学类型和热力学数据提供了一种重要方法。氢电极电位测量法已被证明是一种获得高温下金属－有机配合物的稳定常数的最精确方法。在选择研究特写的金属－有机配合物体系的适当方法时，必须考虑以下几个方面：所期望的信息类型，配合物的化学计量和强度，温度，氧化态，溶解度测定过     

金刚石中岩浆熔融包裹体

在我国数颗金刚石发现了罕见的岩浆熔融包裹体。包裹体质由球粒和基体组成，球粒主要为Ｆｅ质球、Ｓｉ－Ｆｅ质球和Ｓｉ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｇ质球，基体成成Ｓｉ－Ａｌ－Ｋ质、Ｓｉ－Ｍｇ－Ｆｅ质和Ｓｉ－Ｆｅ－Ｃａ质等。不同金刚石中包裹成分变化较大，推测包裹体（球体和基体）是经熔离作用的岩浆熔体在温度下降、氧速度很低和淬火作用条件下形成的。金刚石的结晶可能与火山喷发作用有关。     

冀北流纹质淬碎碎屑岩的特征及成因

在北梁火山机构中首次发现瘤状流纹质淬碎屑岩,产于晚侏罗世张家口组酸性火山岩地层中。此岩岩石呈球度较好的疙瘩状或瘤状。球体含量在８０％以上,大小一般０．５－１０ｃｍ,胶结物为隐晶质玻熔质。岩层下部球体滚动特征明显,层圈构造发育。岩层上部球体未滚动,具有平行流面构造,岩石中球体成因主要是喷发的火山集块－角砾岩,被水冷却时产生淬碎作用,并在滚动中进一步圆化而成。     

热变煤的光学结构及其地质意义

不同岩性的岩体侵入不同初始煤级的煤，形成不同宽度的接触变质带，带中煤的光学结构发生大小不同的变化，这种变化具有一定的地质意义，本文强调了热变煤的特征标志是孔隙的存在，并着重探讨了热变煤中新生有机组分－热解碳与小球体光性与成因，指出热解碳具有指热意义，表示近处岩体存在，而小球体分其生成的各向异生体并非表明一定有岩体存在。     

前寒武纪碳质板岩中氨基酸的赋存状态及其地球化学意义

本文以前寒武纪碳质板岩为样品，进行了氨基酸的全分析，结果检出１１－１４种α－氨基酸：８－９种Ｄ－，Ｌ－氨基酸异构体，它们的Ｄ／Ｌ值大多是１左右，由于氨基酸的存在，首先提供了这一地区有藻席和细菌活动的证据，其次可以说明成矿过程中氨基酸参与了反应，生成氨基酸的金属螯合物，且在较强的还原环境中经过迁移，富集而形成矿床，可以认为氨基酸在生物矿化和金属运移，富集中起到了不可忽视的主要作用。     

根据红外光谱分析和分子轨道计算结构建立的钠长石熔体中水溶解机…

Ｈ２Ｏ－和Ｄ２Ｏ－ＮａＡｌＳｉ３Ｏ２玻璃的红外光谱与无水钠长石玻璃的红外光谱之间有两大差别：一量有许多由数个Ｏ－Ｈ伸缩振动引起的高于３０００ｃｍ＾－１的谱带出现，二是在含水玻璃红外光谱中的９００ｃｍ＾－１附近出现一个谱肩。未发现因Ｄ－Ｈ置换而引起的９００ｃｍ＾－１谱肩的频率偏移。根据我们的红外光谱和分子轨道计算结果，以及以前的ＮＭＲ和喇曼光谱，我们得出结论：Ｈ２Ｏ－钠长石玻璃的振动光谱中９００ｃｍ     

湖南新的铜矿类型及其找矿远景

南岭成矿区武夷起的北西、南东两侧各有一个铜多金属成矿带，其中包括德兴、紫金山等与中生代中酸性岩有关的著名斑岩型铜矿床。湘东北－湘南地区是南岭北西侧铜多金属成矿带的组成部分，具有与之相似的斑岩型铜矿形成条件，并根据实际资料在湘东北区、湘南区各提出了１个该类型矿床的成矿预测区。     

三维边界元与二维有限元的耦合模拟技术

根据地下水模拟中某些实际问题的需要，尝试了一种三维边界元（３Ｄ－ＢＥＭ）和二维有限元（２Ｄ－ＦＥＭ）相结合的数值模拟方法。在局部均质的三维流明显的区域，用３Ｄ－ＢＥＭ模拟；而在大部分非均质的以二维流为主的区域，用２Ｄ－ＦＥＭ模拟。在二者公共的内边界上，通过水流的连续性条件把二者耦合成一个体系。这种方法发挥了二者各自的长处。     

三维边界元与二维有限元的耦合模拟技术

根据地下水模拟中某些实际问题的需要，尝试了一种三维边界元（３Ｄ－ＢＥＭ）和二维有限元（２Ｄ－ＦＥＭ）相结合的数值模拟方法。在局部均质的三维流明显的区域，用３Ｄ－ＢＥＭ模拟；而在大部分非均质的以二维流为主的区域，用２Ｄ－ＦＥＭ模拟。在二者公共的内边界上，通过水流的连续性条件把二者耦合成一个体系。这种方法发挥了二者各自的长处。     

多矿物岩石流变性的有限元计算

本文利用有限元计算方法从单矿物的流变关系式来确定其组合而成的岩石整体的流变规律建互了三维不可压缩流体的粘弹性有限元模型，计算模型的骨架矿物橄榄石为立方体，填充矿物尖晶石分别取为立方体、单一球体和多个球体，模拟双矿物在三轴压缩实验条件下的蠕变变形过程。首先，本文验证了使用有限元方法数值模拟双矿物在三轴压缩实验下的蠕变变形的可行性。其次，计算研究了当填充矿物为弱矿物时几何外形对整体流变强度的影响，结果表明，填充矿物的几何外形为立方体时比球体时对整体的流变强度有更大的影响。当填充矿物体积不同时，随着填充矿物体积的增加，填充矿物对整体流变强度的影响也不断加大。最后利用三维模型得到的双矿物整体的流变强度结果，归纳出了填充矿物尖晶石占体积5％，10％，15％，20％时和骨架矿物橄榄石构成的双矿物岩石的蠕变关系式。与Tullis利用平面应变模型归纳出的双矿物经验流变关系式比较，发现Tullis的经验流变公式存在较大的误差，而本文得到的双矿物蠕变公式与理论结果更好地符合、本文结果为研究地幔多矿物岩石流变规律提供了新的途径。     

A review and assessment of experiments on Kimberlites,Lamproites and Lamprophyres as a guide to their Origin

Liquidus experimental studies on kimberlite, lamproite and lamprophyre compositions are reviewed with respect to the information they carry on the mantle origin of these rock types. This information is coupled with melting experiments on peridotite in the presence of H₂O and mixed H₂O+CO₂ volatile species. The origin of most lamproites is explained by the melting of mica-harzburgite assemblages at depths ranging from 40km for leucite lamproites to more than 150km for olivine lamproites. Clinopyroxene-rich, silica-poor lamproites remain enigmatic, but are possibly derived by the melting of a mica-bearing ultramafic source richer in clinopyroxene and under more oxidized, CO₂-bearing conditions. There are insufficient experimental studies on kimberlite to reasonably constrain their origin, and what remain are only general indications of the compositions of partial melts of mantle under volatile-bearing conditions. Melt compositions are not sufficiently well known to prevent very conceptual use of melt ‘names’ such as ‘kimberlitic’ or ‘carbonatitic’, and melts similar to alkaline and ultramafic lamprophyre may be hidden under this shroud. Clearer definition of the origins of alkaline melt compositions such as kimberlites and various lamprophyre types badly needs more exact bracketing of melt compositions of a variety of possible mantle mineral assemblages. The recently-developed sandwich reversal technique is ideally suited to study small degrees of partial melting, and could usefully be applied to lherzolitic and non-lherzolitic materials with hydrous and/or carbonate minerals.     

High‐grade metamorphism and partial melting in Archean composite grey gneiss complexes

Much of the exposed Archean crust is composed of composite gneiss which includes a large proportion of intermediate to tonalitic material. These gneiss terranes were typically metamorphosed to amphibolite to granulite facies conditions, with evidence for substantial partial melting at higher grade. Recently published activity–composition (a?x) models for partial melting of metabasic to intermediate compositions allows calculation of the stable metamorphic minerals, melt production and melt composition in such rocks for the first time. Calculated P?T pseudosections are presented for six bulk rock compositions taken from the literature, comprising two metabasic compositions, two intermediate/dioritic compositions and two tonalitic compositions. This range of bulk compositions captures much of the diversity of rock types found in Archean banded gneiss terranes, enabling us to present an overview of metamorphism and partial melting in such terranes. If such rocks are fluid saturated at the solidus, they first begin to melt in the upper amphibolite facies. However, at such conditions, very little (< 5%) melt is produced and this melt is granitic in composition for all rocks. The production of greater proportions of melt requires temperatures ～800–850 °C and is associated with the first appearance of orthopyroxene at pressures below 8–9 kbar or with the appearance and growth of garnet at higher pressures. The temperature at which orthopyroxene appears varies little with composition providing a robust estimate of the amphibolite–granulite facies boundary. Across this boundary, melt production is coincident with the breakdown of hornblende and/or biotite. Melts produced at granulite facies range from tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite for the metabasic protoliths, granodiorite to granite for the intermediate protoliths and granite for the tonalitic protoliths. Under fluid‐absent conditions the melt fertility of the different protoliths is largely controlled by the relative proportions of hornblende and quartz at high grade, with the intermediate compositions being the most fertile. The least fertile rocks are the most leucocratic tonalites due to their relatively small proportions of hydrous mafic phases such as hornblende or biotite. In the metabasic rocks, melt production becomes limited by the complete consumption of quartz to higher temperatures. The use of phase equilibrium forward‐modelling provides a thermodynamic framework for understanding melt production, melt loss and intracrustal differentiation during the Archean.     

A mantle or mafic crustal source for Proterozoic anorthosites?

Calculations of fractional crystallization (FC) and assimilation fractional crystallization (AFC) at 11 kb for a variety of primitive magmatic compositions and a mafic assimilant demonstrate that none of them has a bulk composition suitable to be parental to massif anorthosites. Mafic compositions thought to be parental to massif anorthosites have Mg′ values of 0.6 to 0.4 and form coherent arrays with moderately steep slopes on plots of TiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅ versus Mg′. The calculated liquid lines of descent (LLD) of basaltic magmas undergoing FC or AFC processes pass through the arrays of anorthosite parent magma compositions with much shallower slopes than the natural arrays, which indicates that the arrays of natural parental magmas were produced by a process other than FC/AFC. Also, by the time most crystallizing basaltic magmas with or without assimilation reach plagioclase saturation, their residual liquids have Mg′ values that are too low to be parental to anorthosites. MORB-like olivine tholeiites and high-aluminum olivine tholeiites (HAOT) from convergent plate margins do reach plagioclase saturation while sufficiently magnesian, but their Wo (Wollastonite) contents are too high such that they reach plagioclase saturation coexisting only with augite and do not reach orthopyroxene saturation (if at all) until Mg′ is too low. Calculations show it is not possible to produce a high-Al melt from typical mantle peridotites that has sufficient TiO₂ to make andesine-type anorthosite.

Calculation of partial melting for an average mafic crustal composition at 11 kbar provides a much closer match to the array of natural parental compositions in terms of minor element concentrations and proportions of mineral components. However, accounting for the entire array requires a more magnesian source composition. Such compositions exist in several crustal xenolith localities. Similar results were obtained using the bulk composition of the Stillwater Complex, which is used as a model mafic source (here the premise is that overdense crustal intrusions might sink back into the mantle). As with the terrain composition, this particular layered intrusion composition is not sufficiently magnesian, however, the fit improves when mixtures of early and late stage portions of the complex (i.e., the denser portions) were run as potential source regions.     

Isotopic composition of strontium and neodymium in potassic rocks of the Little Murun complex, Aldan Shield, Siberia

This paper presents the first data on the isotopic composition of Nd and Sr in ultrapotassic rocks of the Little Murun complex, Aldan Shield, Siberia. The samples analysed include a Sr---Ba-carbonatite and rocks belonging to the biotite pyroxenite-shonkinite series. The latter are representative of rocks termed “lamproites” by previous investigators of the complex. The rocks have isotopic compositions that indicate derivation from ancient sources that have higher Rb/Sr and lower Sm/Nd ratios than those of bulk Earth. The samples define an array on a Sr---Nd correlation diagram, suggesting that the isotopic composition of Sr and Nd in the rocks is a mixture of two components: a dominant one derived from an ancient lithospheric mantle source that has been isolated from convecting mantle, and a minor component of asthenospheric origin. We do not consider that any of the samples analysed are lamproites, although our isotopic data suggest that conditions in the lithospheric mantle in this region are suitable for the generation of lamproites. The potassic rocks from the Aldan shield have isotopic compositions that are similar to those of potassic rocks in the Wyoming craton. It is proposed that the geochemical evolution of the two shields was broadly similar.     

有序人类活动与生存环境

提出了有序人类活动的概念，认为有序人类活动即：通过合理安排和组织，使自然环境能在长时期，大范围不发生明显退化，甚至能持续好转，同时又能满足当时社会经济发展对自然资源和环境的需求的人类活动。在分析有序人类活动与可持续发展等相关概念的关系的基础上，概括了有序人类活动概念提出的背景，列举了有序人类活动的主体及其功能，分析了有序人类活动的特征，并且介绍了有序人类活动的研究内容和方法。     

Isotopic and trace element constraints on the petrogenesis of lavas from the Mount Adams volcanic field,Washington

Strontium, Nd, Pb, Hf, Os, and O isotope compositions for 30 Quaternary lava flows from the Mount Adams stratovolcano and its basaltic periphery in the Cascade arc, southern Washington, USA indicate a major component from intraplate mantle sources, a relatively small subduction component, and interaction with young mafic crust at depth. Major- and trace-element patterns for Mount Adams lavas are distinct from the rear-arc Simcoe volcanic field and other nearby volcanic centers in the Cascade arc such as Mount St. Helens. Radiogenic isotope (Sr, Nd, Pb, and Hf) compositions do not correlate with geochemical indicators of slab-fluids such as (Sr/P) _n and Ba/Nb. Mass-balance modeling calculations, coupled with trace-element and isotopic data, indicate that although the mantle source for the calc-alkaline Adams basalts has been modified with a fluid derived from subducted sediment, the extent of modification is significantly less than what is documented in the southern Cascades. The isotopic and trace-element compositions of most Mount Adams lavas require the presence of enriched and depleted mantle sources, and based on volume-weighted chemical and isotopic compositions for Mount Adams lavas through time, an intraplate mantle source contributed the major magmatic mass of the system. Generation of basaltic andesites to dacites at Mount Adams occurred by assimilation and fractional crystallization in the lower crust, but wholesale crustal melting did not occur. Most lavas have Tb/Yb ratios that are significantly higher than those of MORB, which is consistent with partial melting of the mantle in the presence of residual garnet. δ ¹⁸O values for olivine phenocrysts in Mount Adams lavas are within the range of typical upper mantle peridotites, precluding involvement of upper crustal sedimentary material or accreted terrane during magma ascent. The restricted Nd and Hf isotope compositions of Mount Adams lavas indicate that these isotope systems are insensitive to crustal interaction in this juvenile arc, in stark contrast to Os isotopes, which are highly sensitive to interaction with young, mafic material in the lower crust.     

Petrological characterization of the source components of potassic magmas: geochemical and experimental constraints

The source mineralogy and conditions of origin of the three main groups of ultrapotassic rocks are outlined by combining experimental constraints and an abstraction of evidence from whole-rock chemistry (including volatiles), tectonic setting and xenolith contents. Lamproites originate from a depleted source rock which was strongly re-enriched at a later stage, thus producing mica-harzburgite. Melting conditions are H₂O-rich and in most cases strongly reducing. Kamafugites originate from a clinopyroxene-reich source, also with abundant mica, in more oxidizing, CO₂-rich conditions. Members of the third group form in a relatively fertile spinel-peridotite also containing abundant clinopyroxene and mica. Contrasting effects of variation in (i) pressure of melting and (ii) oxygen fugacity, emphasize the importance of these parameters in the sources of ultrapotassic rocks.

Currently popular models for the origin of ultrapotassic melts by partial melting of phlogopite-bearing lherzolite are inconsistent with the now extensive array of liquidus experimental results on ultapotassic rock compositions. The discrepancy between partial melting models and liquidus results is attributed to the implicit, invalid assumption in the partial melting models that incompatible elements are homegeneously distributed on a large scale. Non-peridotitic assemblages rich in mica and pyroxenes which may be completely free of olivine must have an important role in the genesis of potassic rocks as spatially restricted components of inhomogeneous source regions.     

大别山北坡斑岩型钼多金属矿床（田）物质组成及金属（元素）组份分带

大别山北坡成矿岩体的成矿物质来源丰富,元素多种多样,在成矿演化过程中,随着矿液的运移与扩散,在一定物理、化学变化条件下,金属元素有序沉淀聚集,形成地区性（矿田）金属元素的组份分带。     

Combined bulk-rock Hf- and Nd-isotope compositions of Mesoarchaean metavolcanic rocks from the Ivisaartoq Supracrustal Belt,SW Greenland: Deviations from the mantle array caused by crustal recycling

Bulk-rock Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope compositions, as well as major and trace element data are presented for metavolcanic rocks from the Mesoarchaean (ca. 3075 Ma) Ivisaartoq Supracrustal Belt in the Nuuk region of southern West Greenland. The εHf_t calculated at 3075 Ma range from +0.8 to +3.1 and the corresponding εNd_t values range from +0.7 to +3.6, which forms an array that is displaced off the mantle array for these two isotopic systems. Primitive mantle normalized trace element plots of the metabasalts display negative Nb- and Ti-anomalies in combination with the elevated Th abundances, which is consistent with a subduction zone affinity as proposed by previous studies of this metavolcanic belt. No significant correlations are observed between the isotope compositions and proxies of shallow crustal contamination in the Ivisaartoq rocks, despite clear evidence for inherited Eoarchaean zircon [Polat et al. (2009a) Chemical Geology 268, 248-271], which would have dominated the bulk-rock Hf-isotope budget. Furthermore, the measured samples are less radiogenic than the estimate for the depleted mantle composition at 3075 Ma. The lack of isotope and trace element correlation suggests incomplete equilibration between the crustal contaminant and the parental Ivisaartoq melts. We prefer a petrogenetic model with some combination of slab-derived metasomatism of the mantle source region for the Ivisaartoq magmas, which homogenized their trace element contents, in combination with the incorporation of granitoid residue with unradiogenic Hf-isotope composition at higher degrees of partial melting and finally the eruption of mechanically entrained Eoarchaean crust without significant chemical equilibration. The geochemical arc-affinity and lower than depleted mantle (DM) isotope compositions of these metavolcanic rocks support the notion that crustal recycling and plate tectonics has been operating on Earth since at least the Mesoarchaean Eon.     

变质作用高峰期后的离子再交换与纯转换反应及对温度压力计算的影响

变质程度达角闪岩相及麻粒岩相的各类变质岩石在变质作用高峰期后，如果降温速率比较慢，往往发生退变质性质的离子再交换反应与纯转换反应。这两类退变质反应不可避免地改造了变质高峰期的矿物成分，使岩石不能准确记录变质作用各阶段的矿物成分和变质作用p-T轨迹。对这两类反应的研究已成为近年来变质岩石学研究的热点之一。本文通过研究实例，简要综述了基性麻粒岩中石榴子石-斜方辉石之间的Fe-Mg再交换反应、酸性麻粒岩中斜长石-碱性长石之间的K-Na再交换反应、泥质片麻岩中石榴子石变斑晶边部的部分分解(纯转换)反应，以及恢复变质高峰期矿物成分和计算变质高峰期p-T条件的方法。指出只有在准确恢复变质高峰期变质矿物成分的基础上，获得的变质作用p-T-t轨迹才能反映客观地质事实。