郑州黄河湿地自然保护区植物物种多样性对人类活动的响应

基于2009年的遥感图像和野外调查,采用人类活动压力指数对郑州黄河湿地自然保护区的人类干扰程度进行了评估,并分析了湿地群落植物物种多样性对人类活动压力的响应。结果表明,该区的人类活动压力较大,在严重的人类活动影响下,郑州黄河湿地自然保护区已成为典型的河岸湿地生态系统退化区域,植物物种数下降,各生境间物种差异增大,其中城镇化压力是导致群落多样性变化的主因。     

北方土石山区的土地压力及其缓解途径

以北方土石山区27个小流域样本数据为基础,针对流域粮食生产、经济发展和生态保护对土地的需求,构建了土地压力定量评估方法,评估了各流域的土地压力,并将其与实际土地生产力进行了比较,进而从各小流域的经验事实中提取出使两者平衡的有效途径。结果表明,土地压力在空间上具有非均衡性,但相对于土地生产力的相对土地压力则存在空间均衡化的趋势。2000年前后,只有76%的样本小流域能够支撑人均300 kg/a的粮食生产压力,只有约20%的样本小流域能够支撑其经济发展压力,但这些小流域的土地压力最终都得到了有效缓解。劳动力转移、发展经济林果和特色产业等是缓解上述压力的主要途径。     

条件价值法中的偏差分析及信度和效度检验——以九寨沟游憩价值评估为例

条件价值法(CVM) 是一种基于虚拟市场的公共物品价值评估方法,其假想性使得人们对 其信度和效度缺乏信任,评估结果的精度成为学术界广泛争议的焦点。采用CVM价值评估方 法,对九寨沟世界自然遗产地的游憩价值进行了评估,并结合国内其他相关文献,对CVM在旅 游资源价值评估中存在的偏差进行了分析述评,最后对CVM的评估结果进行了再测信度、内容 效度和收敛效度检验。研究发现：① 九寨沟旅游资源2008、2009 年的游憩价值分别为3.33 亿 元、3.46 亿元。与其他方法相比,CVM的评估结果明显偏低。② CVM在旅游资源价值评估中存 在的偏差包括研究方法本身的偏差和研究实施过程中产生的偏差。前者包括假想偏差、信息偏 差、抗议性偏差以及策略性偏差等;后者包括CVM调查在总体和样本的界定、样本规模的确定、 抽样方式的选择、调查方式和回收率、数据的统计和分析等环节出现的偏差。③ 再测信度检验 表明本研究的信度较高,即评估结果具有较高的稳定性和可重复性;而内容效度和收敛效度检 验则表明本研究对九寨沟进行的CVM调查不具有良好的效度,CVM有低估旅游资源价值的倾 向。④ CVM今后的研究重点应从个案研究向信度和效度检验转向,为此需要尽快建立完善适 合发展中国家的CVM实施规范,提高CVM评估结果的信度和效度。     

中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰时空变化特征分析

构建人类干扰指数,从时间和空间双重角度,评估中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰变化特征。研究表明：① 总体来说,2018年中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰低于全国平均水平,1980―2018年,和全国平均水平相比,中国重要生态保护区域人类干扰增加幅度小、增长趋势慢,定量说明中国重要生态保护区域人类活动整体管控成效好;② 1980―2018年,3类重要生态保护区域（国家级自然保护区、生物多样性优先区、重点生态功能区）人类干扰指数均呈逐步增加趋势。以“胡焕庸线”为界,重要生态保护区域以西、以北人类干扰总体较小,增加相对缓慢;以东、以南人类干扰相对明显,增加也相对明显,今后对这些区域要重点加强管控;③ 国家级自然保护区人类干扰指数在5个监测年份均最低,增加趋势最平缓、增幅最小,人类活动实际管控成效最好;重点生态功能区和生物多样性优先区人类干扰相对较大,管控成效有待显现,结果反映中国对重要生态保护区域分类管控力度和梯度的差异;④ 重要生态保护区域内部人类干扰指数及增幅均低于外部未受保护区域,构建重要生态保护区域有效降低人类干扰。     

不同样本方案及支付方式下耕地保护外部性测度与分析——基于CVM不同引导技术视角

针对条件价值评估法(CVM)不同引导技术下的样本方案及支付方式,对焦作市耕地保护外部性测度结果的差异性及其影响因素进行剖析。结果表明:(1)支付卡式CVM"出钱""义务劳动""出钱和义务劳动"3种支付方式的单位面积耕地保护外部性具有一定差异,且"出钱和义务劳动"方式下居民耕地保护支付意愿(WTP)和单位面积耕地保护外部性测度结果具有较高的可靠性;(2)二分式下不同样本方案CVM测度结果的精度与投标值样本数量显著相关,与投标值样本数量均衡度的相关性则不显著。在同一总样本下,区域属性(城镇、农村)分类或合并,投标值的样本数量和均衡性是产生居民年户均耕地保护WTP差异性的根本原因;(3)在双边界二分式引导技术基础上,采用"出钱和义务劳动"相结合的支付方式及均分样本或分类均分样本方案设计,有助于CVM非使用价值评估结果精度的提高。     

“一带一路”沿线地区关键生物多样性区域生态变化特征（英文）

KBA (Key Biodiversity Areas)是由IUCN提出并被国际社会认可的生态保护优先区域,评估其生态变化特征对生物多样性保护与自然保护地建设至关重要。“一带一路”沿线地区生态系统类型丰富,生物多样性保护价值极高,而沿线KBA更应该成为生态保护的核心目标。本文利用土地覆盖、归一化植被指数（NDVI）和夜间灯光数据（NTL）,从植被覆盖度和人类活动方面分别对沿线KBA的生态状况及其时空变化特征进行分析,得到以下结论：（1）KBA内的土地覆盖长期保持稳定,林地、荒野和草地是主要的土地覆盖类型;（2）KBA内NDVI总体上呈现增加的趋势,表明植被覆盖度在不断提高,少数植被退化的KBA主要分布在中南半岛、青藏高原以及西亚地区;（3）KBA内NTL总体上处于很低的水平,表明人类活动对自然生态系统的干扰程度十分有限,极少数分布于中东欧、印度、中南半岛以及地中海附近国家的KBA具有较强的人类活动且呈现出增加的趋势。本研究结果强调在KBA生态保护中充分利用生物群落演替规律,同时限制人类活动对自然生态系统的干扰,以推动沿线地区生物多样性保护与自然保护地建设。     

中国国家级自然保护区人类活动及变化特征

自然保护区是中国自然保护地的基础,是生物多样性保护的核心区域,国家级自然保护区更是中国自然保护区的主体。基于高分辨率影像数据,提取了中国446个国家级自然保护区2015年的人类活动及2013—2015年人类活动变化信息,分不同功能区、不同人类活动、不同区域和不同类型国家级自然保护区分析了人类活动及变化情况,并评估了2013—2015年人类活动变化强度和规律,结果表明：2015年,446个国家级自然保护区人类活动普遍存在,以农业用地和居民点占绝对优势,这两种类型人类活动总面积占国家级自然保护区人类活动总面积的88.94%、总数量占77.67%。2013—2015年,有66.59%的国家级自然保护区存在新增或规模扩大人类活动,人类活动数量增幅达到2.45%,相较于农业用地和居民点,开发建设活动的新增或规模扩大趋势更为明显。2013—2015年,33.41%的国家级自然保护区人类活动无变化,45.06%的国家级自然保护区人类活动变化较小,仅有21.53%的国家级自然保护区人类活动变化明显和较明显。从空间分布看,总体上东部的国家级自然保护区比中西部的国家级自然保护区人类活动变化强度大,沿海、沿河国家级自然保护区人类活动变化强度相对较大。     

基于公里格网的中国人地关系紧张度定量模拟

人地关系紧张度是定量描述人类社会经济活动压力超过自然地理环境承载力所导致的人地关系紧张程度的量值。借鉴生态足迹模型的思想,分别从消费和生产角度对人类活动压力状况进行分析,构建人类活动压力模型;同时借鉴土地承载力模型概念,通过均衡因子、生产因子对自然承载力进行标准化处理,并通过城市、交通等人文要素对其进行修正,构建环境承载力模型;然后结合环境承载力及人类活动压力分析,建立基于公里格网数据平台的中国人地关系紧张度综合分析模型,实现在比行政单元尺度小的空间粒度水平上对中国人地关系空间差异状况进行定量模拟。     

广州市珍稀濒危植物水松的种群现状与保护策略

水松［Glyptostrobus pensilis（Stanunt.）K. Koch］为我国 I级重点保护野生植物之一,曾于珠江三角洲地区普遍生长。但由于近 50 a 来人类活动的强烈干扰,其野生种群和个体数量骤减,世界自然保护联盟（IUCN）已将水松评估为“极危”状态。文章以实测法进行野外调查,结果表明：广州市野生水松古树在近 5 a 间快速消亡,现仅存 8 个种群共 14 株个体,且半数处于生长不良或濒死状态;种群个体数量少,仅包括 1~4 株水松,无法进行自然更新;这些水松长期未得到科学合理的保护,如不采取有效保育措施,残酷的生存压力可能导致大部分种群的快速死亡。因此,在广州地区开展水松的就地和迁地保护、扩大种群的个体数量、开展水松的保护遗传学和监测人工林种群的遗传结构变化情况等研究,应成为目前保护和拯救本地区水松种群及其遗传多样性的必要策略。     

生态足迹与区域可持续发展评价

评判区域可持续发展的关键,在于考查其资源环境可持续支持潜力的大小,进而探寻具体的应对方略。较之其它评价体系,生态足迹易于映示人类活动对自然的压力和资源环境对人类可持续支持的潜力。文章在简介生态足迹内涵和分析评估方法的基础上,以温州市为例进行了实证分析、评判和应对策略研究。嗣后,就其应用中存在的问题进行了探讨。     

基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析（英文）

Twenty-one typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas within and surrounding nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau using the large sample comparison method(LSCM).To evaluate the effectiveness of the nature reserves in protecting the ecological environment,the alpine grassland net primary production(NPP) of these coupled samples were compared and the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas were analyzed.The results showed that:(1) With respect to the alpine grassland NPP,the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of the surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the Tibetan Plateau.(2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected,the positive trend in the NPP for Manzetang was the most significant,whereas there was no obvious trend in Taxkorgan.With the exception of Selincuo,the annual NPP growth rate in the nature reserves covered by alpine meadow and wetland was higher than that in nature reserves consisting of alpine steppe and alpine desert.(3) There were notable findings in 21 typical coupled samples:(a) After the establishment of the nature reserves,the annual rate of increase in the NPP in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves was higher than that of the corresponding samples outside nature reserves.(b) The effectiveness of ecological protection of the Mid-Kunlun,Changshagongma,Zoige and Selincuo(Selin Co) nature reserves was significant; the effectiveness of protection was relatively sig-nificant in most parts of the Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang nature reserves,whereas in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan the protection effectiveness was not obvious.(c) The ecological protection effectiveness was significant in nature reserves consisting of alpine meadow,but was weak in nature reserves covered by alpine steppe.This study also shows that the advantage of large sample comparison method in evaluating regional ecology change.Careful design of the samples used,to ensure comparability between the samples,is crucial to the success of this LSCM.     

基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析

在青藏高原选择11个代表性自然保护区,基于高寒草地植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Production,简写NPP）变化过程数据,比较分析了自然保护区与其相邻等面积区域的NPP变化差异;采用样区对比法,在自然保护区内外选取21组对比样区,比较自然保护区建立前后及其内外的生态状况,评估了自然保护区的保护成效。研究表明：1. 1982-2009年间,82%的代表性自然保护区NPP比保护区周邻区域及青藏高原的平均水平低,反映了自然保护区的生态系统状况更为脆弱;2. 在代表性自然保护区中,曼则塘自然保护区的NPP增长趋势最为明显,塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的NPP增长趋势最弱;除色林错自然保护区外,以草甸和湿地为主的自然保护区NPP增速明显高于以草原与荒漠草地为主的自然保护区;3. 代表性样区的研究发现：① 自然保护区内76%以上的样区和国家级保护区内82%以上的样区NPP增加幅度明显高于保护区外对应样区的增幅;② 取得明显保护效果的有中昆仑、长沙贡玛、若尔盖和色林错等自然保护区;曼则塘自然保护区的东南部边缘地区和塔什库尔干野生动物自然保护区的北部边缘地区的效果不明显,可能与保护区及其周邻地区人类扰动增强密切相关;③ 高寒草甸类型自然保护区的保护效果最为显著,高寒草原类型自然保护区的保护效果较差。本研究展示了样区对比法在评估大区域生态变化中所具有的独特优势,其关键在于科学设计样区并进行合理的空间抽样。     

Assessment of effectiveness of nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau based on net primary production and the large sample comparison method

Twenty-one typical coupled large samples were chosen from areas within and surrounding nature reserves on the Tibetan Plateau using the large sample comparison method (LSCM). To evaluate the effectiveness of the nature reserves in protecting the ecological environment, the alpine grassland net primary production (NPP) of these coupled samples were compared and the differences between them before and after their establishment as protected areas were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) With respect to the alpine grassland NPP, the ecological and environmental conditions of most nature reserves were more fragile than those of the surrounding areas and also lower than the average values for the Tibetan Plateau. (2) Of the 11 typical nature reserves selected, the positive trend in the NPP for Manzetang was the most significant, whereas there was no obvious trend in Taxkorgan. With the exception of Selincuo, the annual NPP growth rate in the nature reserves covered by alpine meadow and wetland was higher than that in nature reserves consisting of alpine steppe and alpine desert. (3) There were notable findings in 21 typical coupled samples: (a) After the establishment of the nature reserves, the annual rate of increase in the NPP in 76% of samples inside nature reserves and 82% of samples inside national nature reserves was higher than that of the corresponding samples outside nature reserves. (b) The effectiveness of ecological protection of the Mid-Kunlun, Changshagongma, Zoige and Selincuo (Selin Co) nature reserves was significant; the effectiveness of protection was relatively significant in most parts of the Sanjiangyuan and Qiangtang nature reserves, whereas in south-east Manzetang and north Taxkorgan the protection effectiveness was not obvious. (c) The ecological protection effectiveness was significant in nature reserves consisting of alpine meadow, but was weak in nature reserves covered by alpine steppe. This study also shows that the advantage of large sample comparison method in evaluating regional ecology change. Careful design of the samples used, to ensure comparability between the samples, is crucial to the success of this LSCM.     

Assessing the effectiveness of protecting reserves for nature assets in China

Evaluating the effectiveness of protecting nature assets is a vital component of responsive, pro-active management of protected areas. It is important to protect reserves of geological (including fossils) assets as a means to also protect national and natural heritage. At the end of 2013, 2669 protected areas had been established in China and 123 of them are reserves for nature assets. This paper builds an evaluation framework for protection effectiveness of these assets. The current elements and characteristics for effective protection are analyzed, along with an analysis of existing problems so as to construct a scientific approach to protect these assets. The influencing elements and characteristics for effective protection of nature asset reserves are included in an index evaluation system for effective protection in such areas, which contains four parts-target layer, evaluation criteria, evaluation indexes, and evaluation parameters-based on related documents and files. For the target layer, it includes nature asset evaluation and management evaluation. In the end, it is discussed how to build a comprehensive evaluation model and achieve an effective quantitative evaluation.     

中国荒漠类自然保护区保护成效评估指标及其应用

自然保护区的保护成效是近年来一个重要科学问题。中国荒漠类自然保护区面积比例较高,而针对其保护成效问题的研究较少。本文以中国荒漠类自然保护区为研究对象,结合国内外自然保护区保护成效的相关研究,构建了荒漠类自然保护区保护成效评估指标体系,包括5个因素层共计20个评估指标,并在安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区进行了示范应用。结果表明:本研究构建的指标体系能够反映荒漠类自然保护区主要保护对象的动态变化,从而为科学客观评估荒漠类自然保护区保护成效、提升管理水平提供重要参考依据。此外,通过示范评估可以看出,安西保护区在物种及珍稀濒危生物保护方面取得了一定成效,但在珍稀濒危及特有物种和生态系统服务功能等方面的科研监测尚有待加强。     

盐城世界生物圈保护区十年评估与启示

中国自然保护区建设已有近60年的历史,并成为我国最有效的保护生物多样性网络。如何对已建自然保护区,特别是快速演变的湿地类型自然保护区的保护成效进行评估已成为我们面临的最紧迫任务之一。中国人与生物圈国家委员会对其认定的保护区开展评估已有多年,但政府部门和学术界对此知之甚少。以中国人与生物圈国家委员会对以盐城世界生物圈保护区十年评估为案例,介绍了该组织对自然保护区保护成效评估方式与过程、特点,提出了我国湿地自然保护区今后如何开展保护成效评估的3点启示:1我国自然保护区事业必需转型到重建设和保护成效的新阶段;2对保护对象的科学研究和长期监测是提高保护成效的重要基础;3要特别重视滨海湿地的保护。     

中国典型自然保护区生境状况时空变化特征

中国已建立各类自然保护区2740个,占全国陆地面积的14.8%。本文以典型国家级自然保护区为例,基于遥感反演、模型模拟、空间分析等方法,获得植被覆盖度、净初级生产力（NPP）和土地覆被时空数据集,分析2000-2015年中国不同区域、不同类型自然保护区生境状况时空变化及人类扰动的影响,进而评估自然保护区在栖息地及生物多样性保护方面的效果。结果表明：2000-2015年,国家级自然保护区植被覆盖度从36.3%提高到37.1%,各类型自然保护区均有不同程度提高,其中森林类保护区年增速0.11%,草原草甸类0.84%,内陆湿地类0.21%,荒漠生态类0.09%,野生动物类和野生植物类则分别为0.11%和0.08%。草原草甸类、内陆湿地类、荒漠生态类、野生动物类自然保护区植被NPP年增速分别为2.06 g·m^-2、1.23 g·m^-2、0.28 g·m^-2、0.4 g·m^-2,而森林类和野生植物类则分别以3.45 g·m^-2和2.35 g·m^-2的年速率减少。近15年,国家级自然保护区内人类扰动呈现微弱变化,除青藏高原区和南亚热带湿润区内保护区人类扰动略微下降以外,其他区域均有所增强,特别是北亚热带和温带湿润区,其保护区人类扰动由4.70%明显增至5.35%。     

外来入侵植物分布格局及与环境和人为因子的关系——以五个自然保护区为例(英文)

以5个保护区为例来探究外来入侵植物与环境及人为因子间的关系。利用CCA分析了环境变量与外来入侵植物丰度的关系,采用了多元回归得出了与外来入侵植物最为相关的环境与人为因子。结果显示,从泰山自然保护区到丰林自然保护区,外来入侵植物分别为25种、12种、13种、5种、5种,沿着包括纬度、最高温度,最低温度、最高降雨量等环境因子强度的降低而下滑。而同时,外来入侵植物的数量随着人为活动的干扰度增强而增加。从起源上来看,热带成分从31%降至0,而北美起源的植物则逐渐增加。从科的组成上看,五个自然保护区中均有菊科分布,所占比例分别为15%、33%、36%、 40% 和20%,显示了其世界广布的特性,而其他科属入侵植物的分布并不均衡。从生活型上看,一年生或多年生草本植物为主要成分。外来入侵植物的传入途径在很大程度上受人类活动及利用喜好的驱动。     

Evaluating changes in ecological land and effect of protecting important ecological spaces in China

It is important to quantitatively analyze the effects of protection of important eco-logical spaces in China to ensure national ecological security.By considering changes in the ecological land,this study examines the effects of protecting three types of important natural ecological spaces in China from 1980 to 2018.Moreover,considering important ecological spaces and their surroundings yields differences in the effects of protection between internal and external spaces,where this can provide a scientific basis for the categorization and zoning of China's land.The results show the following:(1)In 2018,the ratio of ecological land to important natural ecological spaces accounted for 92.64％.This land had a good ecological background that reflects the developmental orientation of important ecological spaces.(2)From 1980 to 2018,the area of ecological land in important ecological spaces shrank but the rate of reduction was lower than the national average,which shows the positive effect of regulating construction in natural ecological spaces.The restorative effects of ecological projects to convert farmland into forests and grasslands have been prominent.The expanded ecological land is mainly distributed in areas where such projects have been implemented,and the reduced area is concentrated in grain-producing areas of the Northeast China Plain and agricultural oases of Xinjiang.In the future,the government should focus on strength-ening the management and control of these areas.(3)The area ratio of ecological land was the highest in national nature reserves.The rate of reduction in its area was the lowest and the trend of reduction was the smallest in national nature reserves,which reflects differences in the status of ecological protection among different spaces.(4)The ratio of ecological land to important ecological spaces was higher than that in the surrounding external space,and the rate of reduction in it was lower.Thus,the effects of internal and external protection had clear differences in terms of gradient.