Ski Tourism Experience and Market Segmentation from the Perspective of Perceived Value: A Case Study on Chongli District of Zhangjiakou

As an emerging mountain vacation tourism product, ski tourism is becoming increasingly important in the domestic tourism market. As an important theory for studying the quality of consumer experience, perceived value has been widely employed in tourism research in recent years, and improving the ski tourism experience value has become the focus of competition among ski tourism destinations. Taking the ski tourists in Chongli District of Zhangjiakou as an example, 305 valid questionnaires were collected by using online and offline methods. Based on the theory of perceived value, this paper adopted principal component analysis and cluster analysis to conduct a preliminary study of ski tourism experience and market segmentation. In addition, this paper examined the differences in demographic and behavioral characteristics of different types of ski tourists. This study finds that: (1) The perceived value of ski tourism experience includes four dimensions: facility value, perceived price, safety value and service value. (2) Using the perceived value to segment ski tourists, three different customer segments are identified: comfort-pursuant, price-sensitive and safety-oriented. (3) There are significant differences in key metrics, such as number of visits and stay time, among different types of ski tourists according to their demographic characteristics such as gender, age, monthly income, and behavioral characteristics. These results reveal the different dimensions of the perceived value of ski tourism experience and determine the market segments and characteristics of ski tourists. Developing a corresponding marketing strategy based on the different market segments can better promote the perceived value of ski tourists, and ultimately strengthen the competitiveness of the enterprises.     

气候变化感知对城市居民冰雪旅游环境责任行为的影响机制——以北京市为例

冰雪旅游是推动冰雪经济与旅游产业高质量融合发展的重要途径,现已成为文旅产业中最具潜力的领域之一。然而在全球气候变化的影响下,冰雪旅游发展面临严峻挑战。文章以北京市为例,运用结构方程模型对冰雪旅游情境中城市居民的气候变化感知、感知价值、旅游意向和环境责任行为等变量间的影响关系及其形成机制进行分析。研究发现：(1)气候变化感知分为气候变化表征和气候变化风险两个维度,且两者显著正向影响冰雪旅游感知价值。同时,气候变化风险显著正向影响旅游者环境责任行为。(2)冰雪旅游感知价值显著正向影响冰雪旅游意向和环境责任行为。(3)冰雪旅游意向显著正向影响环境责任行为。(4)旅游经历在气候变化感知对冰雪旅游意向和环境责任行为的影响关系中具有显著的正向调节作用。本研究对厘清冰雪旅游情境下气候变化感知对游客环境责任行为的复杂影响机理具有重要的理论价值,同时也能够在一定程度上为相关部门把握“后冬奥”黄金机遇,推动冰雪旅游高质量发展提供决策参考。     

海南5A级旅游景区不同客源市场热感压力差异——以三亚南山文化旅游区为例

以三亚南山文化旅游区为例,基于1960—2019年全国756个气象站点的逐日气象数据集,采用净等效温度（客观评价）与随机问卷调查（主观感受）相结合的方法,综合比较不同客源市场对该旅游区“热环境”的感知（即热感压力）差异。在此基础上,引入“中性状态”偏差理论,细致刻画客源地长/短期“气候记忆”对游客热感压力偏差的影响。结果发现：1）热感压力在性别和年龄上的差异明显;2）随着年龄的增长,高热感压力的比例整体上呈极显著的线性下降趋势;3）热感压力风险的“两极分化”现象说明客源地长期“气候态”与热感压力在空间上相关性较弱;4）同一气候条件下,9 d短期“气候记忆”导致的“中性状态”偏差最为显著。文章细化了气候因素对热带海滨旅游的影响,揭示了短期“气候记忆”才是影响游客热感压力偏差的重要因素,由此建议针对热感压力低风险客源地（II类,14个省份）加大对淡季旅游宣传力度,并根据年龄和性别设计旅游产品,从短期的观光型旅游向度假型的中长期旅游转变,为优化当地旅游淡季景区经营管理和营销策略提供重要的实践导向。     

Tourists’ reviews of weather in five Indian Ocean islands

Favourable climate forms a key resource in attracting tourists to tropical coastal destinations. Warm temperatures and clear skies are ideal conditions for tourists to spend long days on the beach and engage in outdoor activities. By contrast, rain, strong winds, high humidity and cloud cover serve as a deterrent. These factors influence tourists’ choice of destination, timing and duration of stay, and enjoyment of their vacation, and are therefore imperative to the economic sustainability of a destination. This study explores tourists’ self-reported sensitivity to and satisfaction of weather and climatic conditions during visits to five tropical Indian Ocean Islands through the analysis of 13 618 TripAdvisor reviews. An average of 12 per cent of reviews mentioned climatic factors, indicating a relatively high sensitivity to climate, with a highest proportion of 15.7 per cent of reviews for Maldives. Rain was mentioned most frequently (21 per cent of climate mentions), followed by sunshine and hot conditions. The majority of the reviews were authored in August and May, and more than 40 per cent were written in a neutral tone, with similar but lower proportions of overtly negative and positive reviews. Thematic analysis of reviews highlight the importance of preparedness amongst tourists, emphasizing the need for accurate information communicated.     

Adaptation models of mountain glacier tourism to climate change: a case study of Mt. Yulong Snow scenic area

Mountain glaciers have an obvious location advantage and tourist market condition over polar and high latitude glaciers. Due to the enormous economic benefit and heritage value, some mountain glaciers will always receive higher attention from commercial media, government departments and mountain tourists in China and abroad. At present, more than 100 glaciers have been developed successfully as famous tourist destinations all over the world. However, global climate change seriously affects mountain glaciers and its surrounding environment. According to the current accelerated retreat trend, natural and cultural landscapes of some glaciers will be weakened, even disappear in the future. Climate change will also inevitably affect mountain ecosystems, and tourism routes under ice and glacier experience activities in these ecosystems. Simultaneously, the disappearance of mountain glaciers will also lead to a clear reduction of tourism and local economic benefits. Based on these reasons, this paper took Mt. Yulong Snow scenic area as an example and analyzed the retreat trend of a typical glacier. We then put forward some scientific and rational response mechanisms and adaptation models based on climate change in order to help future sustainable development of mountain glacier tourism.     

基于数字足迹的城市游憩行为时空特征研究

以上海为案例,通过携程网采集数字足迹,运用集中指数、峰值指数和社会网络分析法,从时空二元视角比较居民与游客两类典型城市游憩者的行为特征。研究表明：1）居民在夏季和秋季有明显的户外游憩倾向,通常选择在非节假日出游;游客出游时间的集中指数较高,季节波动性较强,容易在寒暑假和黄金周期间形成客流高峰;2）康娱休闲类游憩资源深受本地居民喜爱;游客更偏爱知名度较高的观光旅游类游憩资源;3）居民游憩网络密度较高,核心景点的辐射能力较强,不同区域景点之间联动明显;游客游憩网络呈现小范围、多中心的空间形态,市中心的多个景点占据了重要的核心位置,彼此之间联系密切,但对其他资源的带动能力不强。     

贵州省避暑旅游流网络结构特征及其影响因素

气候环境对人类行为具有重要影响,在全球变暖和城市热岛效应不断加剧的背景下,避暑旅游已经成为全球旅游者夏季出行的重要选择。贵州省作为中国国内主要的避暑旅游目的地之一,针对避暑旅游流网络特征及影响因素的研究尚未开展。本研究通过对贵州省避暑旅游现象长期的跟踪调查,获取2015—2019年间有效避暑旅游流线路数据2177条,运用复杂网络、GIS空间分析、QAP回归分析等方法,对避暑旅游流网络结构特征和影响因素进行研究。结果表明：① 避暑旅游流网络规模大、密度低,集聚特征明显,网络发育不完善,具有显著的“核心-边缘”结构,核心城市和景区分别呈“板块”和“点轴”状分布,旅游流线路具有“基营”和“环线”式结构特征。② 交通中心城市和核心景区是避暑旅游流的集散中心,贵阳在整体网络中具有突出优势和无法替代的地位,避暑旅游城市和景区在空间上相互交织,形成“贵（阳）安（顺）-荔波-凯（里）镇（远）”的“▽”空间结构。③ 避暑旅游流空间分布受气候舒适度、空间邻近性、旅游资源禀赋、接待服务能力和交通便捷程度等因素共同影响。最后,从区域旅游协调发展、旅游统计数据改革、网络空间结构优化等方面,对贵州省避暑旅游高质量发展提供了对策建议。     

TPC 及 DLC理论在旅游产品再开发中的应用——昆明市案例研究

从旅游产品再开发的角度出发,应用市场营销学的TPC理论和旅游地理学的DLC理论,对昆明市的病例进行分析,提出了昆明市旅游产品再开发战略的方向、原则和发展重点。     

江西庐山风景区旅游气候学透视

天气与气候是影响旅游业发展的关键因素。从旅游气候学角度透视气候对传统避暑胜地庐山旅游业发展的影响,发现当地气候对旅游业的发展具有明显的促进作用,表现在庐山气候的美学属性为当地提供了大量气候旅游资源,另一方面气候的旅游适宜性为吸引海内外游客奠定了坚实基础。但庐山的气候对旅游业发展也有一定制约作用,如气候诱发的明显旅游季节性和某些极端天气事件。为了促进庐山旅游业的可持续发展,未来应大力开发反季节旅游产品,改变传统旅游目的地形象,加大季节性差异定价力度,优化旅游产品结构,提高灾害性天气防御能力。     

Assessing Climate Change in the Contiguous United States Using a Modified Thornthwaite Climate Classification Scheme

Climate change across the contiguous United States is investigated using a modified version of Thornthwaite's climate classification scheme. This approach allows both moisture and thermal conditions to be examined simultaneously for a better assessment of multivariate climate change. Changes in area of different climate types over time is determined using the climate year approach and the spatial nature of climate change is examined by computing climate types based on averages from three thirty-year periods over the twentieth century. Over the study period from 1895 to 2005, statistically significant changes in areal coverage of different climate types have occurred. In the eastern half of the country, climate divisions have become wetter and changed to moister climate categories. The most prominent change has occurred in the Deep South, where the climate has changed to both a lower thermal category and a wetter moisture category. Much of the country has experienced positive temperature trends, but only climate divisions in the Southwest and Upper Midwest show changes to higher thermal categories.     

分时度假中心建设及其在城市旅游发展中的作用

分时度假是一种新型的休闲度假方式,由于它的系统性强、总体规模大,度假村的布局对旅游的主体和客体选择比传统旅游更加严格。单从旅游的角度上讲,分时度假村可以选择于中心城市,也可以选择于相对边远的风景名胜地。但是按照这种度假方式的特点,分时度假村必须接近旅游市场空间大和旅游资源密集的地区布局。由于中心城市具有庞大的客源市场,具备现代旅游的良好基础设施和高效服务能力,具备组织周围地区旅游网络的核心地位,具有高效的信息扩散和示范效应,因而成为分时度假布局的重点。     

Perceived deficiencies in the provision of climate and weather information for tourism: A New Zealand media analysis

Climate and weather are important for tourism and leisure as they impact on destination attractiveness and subsequent visitation. Through an archive analysis of media articles and a content analysis of Regional Tourism Organisation (RTO) websites, this paper explores perceived deficiencies in the currently available climate and weather information for tourists in New Zealand. While media reports focused on concern by many RTOs over the poor regional images generated by inaccurate and poorly presented climate and weather data, the RTO websites were found to contain limited climate and weather information. There is considerable potential for RTOs to improve in this respect.     

城市旅游与旅游城市的深化发展

城市旅游是以城市整体形象作为旅游吸引物,招徕游客进行各种游憩活动,其实质是人们对城市文明的向往与追求。一个城市要发展城市旅游,必须挖掘城市文明,提升城市的游憩功能,使城市转变为旅游城市,进而发展为优秀旅游城市。优秀旅游城市是城市旅游的品牌,它通过品牌效应直接影响旅游者的旅游决策,引发更多的城市旅游,从而实现城市旅游与旅游城市的互动发展。     

海南旅游客流量年内变化与气候的相关性分析

气候是旅游资源不可或缺的组成部分,也是影响旅游地开发的重要因素,直接影响到旅游季节的长短及旅游客流的年内变化。利用海南9个气象站点自建站以来的气候资料及近5年旅游统计资料,通过特吉旺气候舒适指数、相关分析和回归分析等方法,分析海南气候舒适度及其与旅游客流量年内变化的相关性。结果表明:11月~3月是海南旅游的最适宜期;气候对海南旅游客流量有显著影响,以气温为主导的气候舒适度是海南旅游客流年内淡旺季变化及游客旅游决策的主要影响因素;温度与海南旅游客流量呈显著负相关关系;与海口比较而言,三亚旅游业对气候更加敏感。本项研究对更好地将气候整合到旅游产品中进行宣传促销、提高产品吸引力,对海南旅游业发展规划,对提前预判游客规模尽早做出对策安排及旅游投资有很强的现实指导意义。     

中国城市节事活动的开发与管理

通过对大量资料的统计分析 ,对蓬勃发展中的中国城市节事活动的态势进行了较深入的阐述 ,这一研究主要从城市节事活动的主要类型、现状评价、基本规律、讨论与建议等几个方面加以论述。研究表明 ,目前我国节事活动的研究主要集中在概念界定、经济效益及效益机理评估、节事活动与社会经济发展的关系、节事运作模式等方面 ,研究范围较狭窄。节事活动的发展现状主要表现为数量、类型多而举办历史短 ,政府干预多而市场作用发挥不足 ,主题重复与文化、经济结合不紧密 ,节事活动运作模式多样化等特点。文章分析了我国节事活动的时空分布特征和规律 ,并对其开发与管理提出了建议     

五台山旅游气候及其舒适度评价

气候是一个地区旅游发展的基本因子。本文分析了五台山气候状况和气象景观 ,计算了各月舒适度指数、寒冷指数和平均着衣指数 ,得出了人体气候舒适度的时间分布。根据舒适度指数、寒冷指数和穿衣指数对各月旅游气候适宜性进行分析评价 ,并提出穿衣建议 ,从而为五台山旅游发展规划和游客选择旅游时间提供了科学的依据     

武汉气候舒适度与游客网络关注度年内变化相关性分析

气候舒适度对旅游地旅游需求量及游客网络关注度具有重要影响．通过对武汉市气候舒适度的评价,并结合2009-2011年游客网络关注度统计资料,采用OLS方法构建了游客网络关注度月指数与气候舒适度的回归模型．研究表明,武汉市气候舒适度指数以及游客网络关注度都呈现出“M”形变化特征,而且游客网络关注度月指数的气候弹性系数为0．883％．本研究为预测武汉市旅游需求量年内变化、游客接待和景区管理提供科学依据．     

城市气候舒适度与游客网络关注度时空相关分析

本文在系统收集城市气候及游客网络关注度数据的基础上,对30个城市气候舒适度和游客网络关注度的时空变化进行了分析,并利用综合舒适指数、经济发展水平、旅游资源丰度、节假日虚拟因子,采用OLS方法建立了游客网络关注度与气候舒适度的时空相关模型,结果显示:①气候舒适度的时空变化主要受地理纬度的影响,按城市气候舒适指数的年内变化...     

Working Together for Resource-based Recreation and Tourism, Sustainable Management and Biodiversity

There are opportunities for more effectively integrating resource‐based recreation and tourism with goals for primary production and nature conservation across a range of landscapes and land tenure types. ‘Naturalness’ sought for recreation and tourism, like biodiversity, is not confined to the conservation estate, and the ‘recreation estate’ extends into private land. Although it may be argued that ongoing privatisation of land ownership reduces public opportunities for recreation, diversity in ownership, at least at the regional level, enhances the overall spectrum of recreational opportunities. Diversification into recreation and tourism on private land may also help protect biodiversity through such processes as ‘sympathetic management’, as well as by making production land‐use systems more economically robust.     

丝绸之路经济带中国段旅游资源与旅游发展耦合研究

在对丝绸之路经济带中国段各省份旅游资源与旅游发展综合评价的基础上,运用耦合协调模型计算旅游资源与旅游发展的耦合度与协调度,运用障碍因子模型确定影响旅游发展的旅游资源障碍因子。结果显示：各省份旅游资源与旅游发展的耦合程度普遍较高,主要为高度耦合和中度耦合2种类型;协调程度包含良好协调、中度协调、勉强协调和失调4种类型,以中度协调和勉强协调为主;旅游资源和旅游发展的耦合度与协调度还没有完全在空间上达到良性共振。除陕西外,其他各省资源条件都是主要障碍因素,因此,要提高旅游发展水平,首先需要加大对各省份旅游资源整合力度,提高旅游资源的质量;出现频率最高的障碍因子分别是资源条件（C₁）、年平均气温（C₂）、年平均降水量（C₃）、空气质量（C₇）、GDP（C₁₀）。