IGBP的核心计划和执行战略

介绍了IGBP计划已确定的核心计划及可能的核心计划,给出了这些计划的研究内容、研究的时间表以及计划管理和运行机制的基本框架。     

美国国家科学院全球变化科学

在国际地图生物圈计划中(IGBP),美国国家科学院全球变化协调委员会(CCGC)承担着美国国家委员会的任务。     

国际地圈生物圈计划科学咨询委员会第四次会议简介

介绍了ＩＧＢＰＳＡＣⅣ会议概况，特别是围绕ＩＧＢＰ的发展方向与现状评价作了具体阐述。     

全球变化陆地样带研究及其进展

对IGBP中的研究热点——全球变化陆地样带研究——作了较为详细的综述。分析了IGBP样带兴起的原因,在全球的分布以及各条样带的主要研究任务,特别对于美国俄勒冈样带(OTIER)和中国东北温带样带(NECT)作了详细的论述。美国OTTER项目的完成,表明即使是ROREST-BGC这样需要众多环境变量的机理性模型,其所需的大部分变量可以用遥感手段获得,从而为机理性模型斑块推向区域、保证其模拟精度,并使其具有良好的操作性提供了途径,对于以后的样带研究有良好的启发性。中国NECT已经进入实质性研究阶段,对于生态脆弱地区的判定,空间仿真模型的建立以及从NDVI推导参数都取得了较大进展。     

IGBP未来发展方向

人类正面临着“如何维持地球生命支撑系统”的挑战。未来 1 0年 IGBP将在 3个层面上展开研究。IGBP将加强与 IHDP以及 WCRP的紧密协作 ,启动 3个关键的联合项目 :全球碳循环、水资源、食物和纤维。从组织、管理、学科交叉和综合研究等方面提出了加强我国全球变化研究的建议。     

土地利用与土地覆盖变化

文章概要介绍国际地圈－生物圈计划（ＩＧＢＰ）的核心计划之一——土地利用与土地覆盖变化（ＬＵＣＣ）的科学计划。阐述了该计划的形成历史、科学目标以及主要研究内容。指出ＬＵＣＣ研究目的是改善对全球土地利用和土地覆盖变化动态过程（或动力学）的认识，以着重提高规划土地覆盖变化的能力。     

全球变化陆地样带研究及其进展

对ＩＧＢＰ中的研究热点——全球变化陆地样带研究——作了较为详细的综述。分析了ＩＧＢＰ样带兴起的原因，在全球的分布以及各条样带的主要研究任务，特别对于美国俄勒冈样带（ＯＴＩＥＲ）和中国东北温带样带（ＮＥＣＴ）作了详细的论述。美国ＯＴＴＥＲ项目的完成，表明即使是ＲＯＲＥＳＴ－ＢＧＣ这样需要众多环境变量的机理性模型，其所需的大部分变量可以用遥感手段获得，从而为机理性模型斑块推向区域、保证其模拟精度，并使其具有良好的操作性提供了途径，对于以后的样带研究有良好的启发性。中国ＮＥＣＴ已经进入实质性研究阶段，对于生态脆弱地区的判定，空间仿真模型的建立以及从ＮＤＶＩ推导参数都取得了较大进展     

国际全球变化研究计划综览

全球变化研究是80年代兴起的跨学科、综合性的迄今规模最大的国际合作研究活动，其目的是研究人类所面临的一系列重大而紧迫的全球环境问题，即研究造成这些全球环境问题的物理过程、化学过程和生物过程之间复杂的相互作用，以解释当今日益显见的变化的意义，从而提出措施以减缓或适应全球变化的结果。国际全球变化研究计划由世界气候研究计划(WCRP)、国际地圈生物圈计划(IGBP)和全球环境变化中的人类因素计划(HDP或HDGECP)组成。本文浓缩介绍了这三个计划及其核心计划的科学目标、研究内容、实施期限、预期成果等关键内容。     

当前国际古全球变化研究的主要科学问题和任务——极地—赤道—极地大断面

国际地圈－生物圈计划（ＩＧＢＰ）是当前地学领域最重要的科学活动之一，其核心项目“古全球变化（ＰＡＧＥＳ）”的主要目标是研究过去的全球变化问题。而ＰＡＮＡＳＨ计划（南北半球古气候计划）是当前ＰＡＧＥＳ活动的焦点。其主要目标是通过三个ＰＥＰ（极地—赤道—极地）大断面，建立气候变化的序列和相位关系。文章对ＰＡＮＡＳＨ及其三个ＰＥＰ项目的主要科学目标和科学问题进行介绍，并对它们共同的科学问题进行分析。我国是ＰＥＰ－Ⅱ断面的重要组成部分，在该方面研究的程度直接关系到整个ＰＥＰ－Ⅱ的工作。组织好该方面的研究是我们重要的国际科学责任和义务。     

认识地球所受压力状况 寻求全球可持续性路径——“压力下的星球——迈向解决方案的新知识”大会综述

2012年3月26～29日,由＂全球环境变化研究计划＂——国际地圈生物圈计划（IGBP）、生物多样性计划（DIVERSITAS）、全球环境变化人文因素计划（IHDP）和世界气候研究计划（WCRP）及其地球系统科学联盟（ESSP）、国际科学理事会（ICSU）联合组织的＂压力下的星球——迈向解决方案的新知识”（Planet Under Pressure2012：NewKnowledge To-wards Solutions）大会在英国伦敦召开。     

Progresses and Prospects for North Tropical Atlantic Mode Interannual Variability

North Tropical Atlantic Mode (NTAM) is the leading variability of the boreal spring sea surface temperature anomalies over the North Tropical Atlantic at interannual timescale. It is also known as the northern pole of the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM). NTAM shows significant impact on the shift of Intertropical Convergence Zone, the precipitation of the surrounding countries, the quasi-biennial oscillation of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the recent global warming hiatus. Despite its distinct influence on global climate, NTAM has not received equivalent attention as other tropical variability (e.g. ENSO). By revisiting previous studies, this paper summarized the triggers and mechanisms responsible for the evolution and development of NTAM, including remote forcing from ENSO, south tropical Atlantic as well as North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), local air-sea coupling, and the interactions among different triggers. Also, this paper detailedly introduced the ability of CMIP5 (The fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) model simulation. The prominent model biases over the equatorial Atlantic significantly limit the study of NTAM. Finally, a future prospective of NTAM interannual variability was presented.     

我国北方沙尘暴年代际变化与北大西洋海气系统年代际变率的联系

分析了近50年我国北方沙尘暴的年代际变化和热盐环流(THC)的年代际变率的演变特征,发现沙尘暴与THC存在一定的联系.这种相互联系的演变过程大致是:THC与北大西洋涛动(NAO)有联系,NAO与西伯利亚冷高压有联系,而西伯利亚高压又影响北半球冷空气活动,最终影响我国北方沙尘暴的发生.结果表明,THC强(弱)→NAO弱(...     

夏季东亚和西北太平洋地区的气候变异及其机理

夏季东亚气候异常和西北太平洋地区有着密切的联系,表现为不同纬度间强烈的相互作用。由于这一地区的不同纬度间相互作用对东亚夏季气候异常具有重要的影响,最近20年,对这种相互作用的表现形式、三维空间分布、形成机理,及其与欧亚大陆遥相关波列和热带海温的关系等都做了大量的研究。对这些研究进行综述,侧重点放在近10年以来的研究工作,并对还需进一步研究的问题进行一些探讨。     

North Atlantic Abrupt Climate Signals during the Last Glacial Period in Central Asia: Evidences from Aeolian Loess Sediments

<正>Objective Climate fluctuations over suborbital or millennial timescale display significant instability during the last glacial period,which are often superimposed upon the orbital periodicity.They triggered some abrupt climate events,such as the Dansgarrd/Oeschger(D-O)events recorded in the Greenland ice cores and the Heinrich(H)     

Nature：沿海富营养化导致盐沼消失

2012年10月,Nature期刊发表了一篇题为《海富营养化促使盐沼消失》（Coastal eutrophication as a driverof salt marsh loss）的文章。文章指出,盐沼是一种具有很高生产力的沿海湿地,可以为人类提供重要的生态系统服务（例如沿岸城市的暴风雨防护、养分去除和碳封存）。尽管采取了很多保护措施,     

Synthetic generation of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index

In this article synthetic records of longer duration than the historic records of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index were compared. The synthetic records were obtained using the year interchange method and the Svanidze fragments method, as well as the Fiering method. These records can be used in simulation models for the longterm analysis of the behavior of the teleconnection index, predominantly vis-á-vis climate change scenarios.     

末次间冰期东亚季风气候不稳定的神农架洞穴石笋记录

基于神农架永兴洞石笋(YX21)4个230 Th年龄和303个δ18O测试数据,建立了东亚季风末次间冰期持续时间约2 ka(127.32±1.23～124.95±1.16 ka BP)的洞穴石笋高分辨率δ18O的时间序列。该洞穴末次间冰期δ18O变化曲线表现出高频振荡特征,表明东亚季风末次间冰期降水的不稳定性,并识别出该时段4个季风冷事件,这种冷事件可能与北大西洋冰漂碎屑事件有关。谱分析结果显示百年和十年际尺度的季风降水变化响应于太阳活动周期。     

Composition and origin of North Atlantic deep sea cherts

Rocks described as chert from the North Atlantic, recovered during the Deep Sea Drilling Project, consist of quartz or disordered cristobalite. They occur in a wide variety of sediment types; only a few are associated with radiolarian oozes. Some of the cristobalitic cherts contain abundant clinoptilolite or palygorskite and sepiolite.The cherts have a variety of origins. They are most probably replacement cherts at sites 5, 6, and 7; direct alteration products of radiolarian ooze at site 8; and either alteration products of volanic glass or direct precipitates from hydrothermal solutions at sites 9 and 12. Evidence for these diverse origins is preserved as unusual mineral assemblages in these geologically young rocks.     

Comparative Phylogeography of North American Atlantic Salt Marsh Communities

Identifying differential population structure within metacommunities is key toward describing the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity in natural systems. At both local and regional scales on the North American Atlantic coast, we assessed phylogeographic and genetic diversity patterns of six common salt marsh invertebrates using equivalent sampling schemes and sequence data from the same mitochondrial locus. In general, our results suggest little genetic structure across four previously sampled biogeographic regions and a slight increase in genetic diversity from northern to southern areas; however, two of the species (Geukensia demissa and Uca pugilator) exhibited significant differentiation between the northernmost populations and other regions, consistent with a number of previous studies. Although the minimal genetic structure recovered in this community is consistent with expectations based on the larval life history of the species examined, confirmation of this result suggests that latitudinal shifts in ecological interactions in salt marsh systems are environmentally driven, rather than due to heritable adaptation.     

Seasonal Dependence of the North Pacific and North Atlantic SST Predictability and Forecast Skill

In this paper, the decadal predictability and forecast skill of the Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA) in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Ocean were investigated by conducting three sets of perfect model forecast experiments using a global coupled general circulation model. The results show that the annual mean SSTA in the North Pacific is less predictable on decadal time scale, with the forecast skill notably weaker than that of the North Atlantic. By analyzing the predictability and forecast skill of seasonal mean SSTA, it is found that the decadal predictability and forecast skill of the winter mean (JFM) SSTA in the central and western North Pacific are significantly higher than those of other seasons, and the magnitude is comparable with that of the North Atlantic. The predictability and forecast skill of the North Atlantic SSTA also show seasonal variations. Further analysis indicates that the seasonal dependence of the SSTA decadal predictability and forecast skill in the North Pacific is due to the winter-to-winter reemergence mechanism of SSTA in the North Pacific, which results from the seasonal variation of the mixed layer depth of the North Pacific Ocean. While the seasonal dependence of the North Atlantic SSTA predictability and forecast skill might be related to seasonal variations of other processes, such as the Atlantic Decadal Oscillation. The results of this paper suggest that for decadal climate prediction, if the forecast skill of the seasonal mean is taken into account, we might obtain higher than annual mean forecast skill for some seasons.