甘肃阳山金矿构造控矿模式

阳山金矿位于扬子板块与秦岭造山带结合带上,矿体赋存于泥盆系三河口群浅变质碎屑岩建造中.矿床受地层、构造以及早侏罗世岩浆活动的共同控制,其中构造控制着岩浆、成矿流体的活动以及矿体的就位,为主要控矿因素.该矿床主要受安昌河-观音坝断裂带控制,带内一系列次级层间剪切带或次级断裂是金矿体的有利赋矿部位.成矿年代学研究及矿区构造应力分析表明,阳山金矿最终形成于第三纪早期,成矿前矿区应力以近SN向挤压为主,成矿期以NE向挤压为主,且应力大小与金矿化成正比.     

滇西北红牛—红山铜矿床构造特征与成矿关系研究

红牛—红山铜矿区位于义敦岛弧南段之格咱压性弧，矿床类型为与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的斑岩-矽卡岩型铁铜多金属矿床，矿床规模为大型。通过系统开展矿区构造地质调查，构建矿区"源-运-储-破"构造体系，结果表明，矿区构造格架为沉积构造、侵入构造、褶皱构造及断裂构造等构造系统叠加复合而成。沉积构造系统为主要成矿前赋矿构造，侵入构造系统为成矿前或成矿期导矿、赋矿构造，褶皱构造系统及断裂构造系统具有多期活动特征。断裂构造同时具有压扭性、张扭性及平移断裂等多性质叠加特征，主要呈NW—NNW向展布。成矿前红牛向斜对矿区成矿的空间分布具有决定性作用，矿体均产于红牛向斜中，同时成矿前红山断裂及次级断裂具导矿、配矿、赋矿作用，控制矿区成矿地质体的产出形态及范围，决定成矿的时间和空间范围。成矿期节理裂隙系统丰富了矿区成矿容矿空间，而成矿后断裂及次级小褶皱对矿区矿体进行破坏和改造，形成现今矿床特征。     

四川大梁子富锗铅锌矿床的控矿构造样式及成矿机制研究

大梁子富锗铅锌矿床位于扬子板块西南缘,是四川-云南-贵州(川滇黔)铅锌矿集区大型矿床之一,其矿石储量4.5 Mt,Pb+Zn平均品位10%~12%,矿体主要以筒状、脉状赋存于严格受断裂构造控制的富有机质破碎带“黑色破碎带”中,赋矿围岩为震旦系灯影组的白云岩。矿区断裂十分发育,主要发育NWW向断裂、NW向断裂和NE向断裂。通过详细分析各组断裂的几何学和运动学特征,厘清了成矿前、成矿期和成矿后断裂活动特征及构造动力学特征。成矿前,该矿区受近N-S向挤压应力作用,形成NWW向逆断层;成矿期,受古特提斯洋的俯冲消减和碰撞造山作用,研究区构造应力场转变为NW-SE向挤压应力,形成矿区的NWW向张扭性断层、NW向扭张性断层和NE向逆断层;成矿后,区域构造应力场转变为近EW向,形成NWW向、NW向和NE向的破矿断裂。NWW向断裂是矿区的主控断裂,是流体运移的通道;NW向断裂是NWW向断层的主要配套断裂,是流体混合和矿体就位的空间,NWW向断裂和NW向断裂组成的负花状构造是大梁子富锗铅锌矿床最具特色的控矿构造样式。来自深部的富金属离子的流体与来自寒武系富有机质地层的还原型流体在NWW向断裂和NW向断裂控制的张裂空间的混合,是该床的主要成矿机制。矿区南部和西部类似的构造样式区是下一步找矿的方向。     

海南抱伦金矿床控矿构造特征及其对金矿化的控制作用

抱伦金矿床是海南省新近发现的大型金矿床之一，属于成生于印支期受构造控制的岩浆热液型金矿床。矿区出露下志留统陀烈组浅变质岩系与白垩系红色碎屑岩，西北侧分布印支期花岗岩。北北东向豪岗岭断裂与其上盘的北北西向断裂破碎带组成矿区基本构造格架。磁组构分析显示矿区千枚岩以压扁变形占绝对优势，主压应力近东西向，矿化热事件前的构造变形较强，矿化之后的构造变形较弱。矿化期构造应力场为近东西向拉伸(主压应力近南北向)。北北西向断裂破碎带是主要赋矿(含矿)构造，对矿体的空间分布、形态产状起重要的控制作用。     

个旧锡矿高松矿田断裂构造多期活动特征研究

通过对高松矿田内主要断裂构造结构面、破碎带、旁侧派生伴生构造及其蚀变矿化等特征的系统深入观察研究，构造应力场分析，推断该矿田自中生代以来经历了印支期→燕山中晚期→喜山早期→晚近期的四期构造活动，其中燕山中晚期的构造活动为成矿构造；印支期活动为成矿前构造，其对成矿有一定的控制作用；后两期则为成矿后构造，其起到破坏矿体的作用。     

岩组分析在大井矿床构造研究中的应用

赤峰北部大井多金属矿床为裂隙充填型脉状矿床，矿体主要受断裂构造控制，本文用岩组分析方法首次从微观角度对矿床成矿前及成矿期构造裂隙性质进行研究，阐明了矿床内各矿脉的控矿构造特征，此外，对矿床内断裂系统进行应力分析，提出了成矿裂隙的形成机制。     

郝泉沟金矿控矿构造特征及成矿机制

郝泉沟金矿二云斜长花岗岩岩体内节理、断裂构造发育，划分为成矿前及成矿期构造。控矿构造主要是ＮＮＥ向断裂构造，具双重结构面特征，金矿体严格受其控制。它们是由花岗岩的原生破裂构造（成矿前构造）经多期次多阶段构造运动、热液运移演化而成。通过对成矿机制、蚀变岩体的成因及其与成矿的关系进行研究，提出探部探矿应以寻找破碎带蚀变岩型金矿体为主     

青海省祁漫塔格矿带虎头崖矿田构造控矿特征

虎头崖矿田位于东昆仑西段祁漫塔格成矿亚带和整装勘查区内。笔者在矿田构造调研和室内多元信息研究分析的基础上,结合前人研究成果,从矿田构造角度探讨了该区矽卡岩成矿地质条件。通过对矿田内主要的构造特征进行总结,认为区内构造活动演化具有多期性,从华力西期—燕山期至少有5次构造运动。对矿田内近东西向、北东东向、北西西向和近南北向构造对成岩成矿的影响及控制作用作了详细分析,并初步分析了区内各级构造对成矿的控制和影响。认为:①近东西向断裂、褶皱和北东东向及北西西向断裂,为主要的控矿(布矿)构造,属成矿期构造,控制了各个矿床的空间分布;②近东西向、北东东向和北西西向次级断裂以及接触带构造,属成矿期的容矿(储矿)构造,控制了矿体的分布;③在矿田内近南北向断裂对岩石和矿体产生了改造作用,认为是成矿后构造;④自印支期以来,主要有两阶段的成矿作用,主要为矽卡岩矿床;⑤找矿构造标志:矿体受侵入岩接触带和近东西向及北东东向构造控制明显,在断裂构造复合部位、不同岩性接触部位,均是成矿有利部位。这些认识将进一步指导深部及外围找矿工作部署工作。     

内蒙古白乃庙金矿断裂构造控矿研究

白乃庙金矿由石英脉型和蚀变岩型金矿组成，并受断裂及其破碎带控制，研究了白乃庙金矿断裂构造与成矿关系，断裂构造趋势面与找矿及矿体在断裂中的富集规律，并对成矿远景进行了预测。     

胶东型金矿床控矿构造及成矿模式

胶东型金矿床受断裂构造控制，断裂控矿规律一直是地质勘查和研究的重点问题。为深入研究断裂对金成矿的控制作用，本文基于大量矿床勘查和地质调查资料，通过对典型断裂剖面和断裂与矿体空间关系的构造解析，判断了成矿期断裂的性质和应力状态，讨论了断裂产状变化的控矿机理，提出了胶东型金矿新的构造成矿模式。将胶东主要控矿断裂分为Ⅰ级缓倾角断裂、Ⅱ级陡倾角断裂和Ⅲ级陡倾角张裂脉，三者分别控制了破碎带蚀变岩型、复合类型和石英脉型金矿床。金矿体主要赋存于断裂产状转折部位，蚀变岩型矿体赋存于断裂的倾角变缓部位，石英脉型矿体赋存于断裂倾角变陡部位。缓倾角断裂控制的矿体具有总体侧伏角小、富矿柱侧伏角大的“双向”侧伏特征。矿体产状与断裂产状的关系指示，三山岛、焦家和招平三条控矿断裂成矿期均属右行正滑或右行张扭性，金牛山断裂具有左行正滑特征。根据金矿体产状分析的胶西北金成矿小区区域构造应力场σ1为294°∠82°和269°∠78°，焦家断裂的σ1为300°∠67°、311°∠78°和321°∠81°，招平断裂北段σ1为130°∠65°和138°∠69°，反映了胶西北玲珑花岗岩体分布区域总体以垂向主压应力为主，其东、西两侧的边界断裂处的主压应力方位分别沿SE向和NW向指向岩体，成矿期断裂处于NW—SE向拉张状态。胶东东部邓格庄金矿田的σ1为287°∠0°，以水平主压应力为主。综合分析认为，产状变化的具张扭性质的断裂是金的有利赋矿构造，断裂的产状变化对金矿体具有明显的控制作用，断裂结构和流体性状的变化是金矿阶梯成矿的关键因素，断裂沿走向和倾向的产状转折联合控制了金矿体的侧伏。胶东地区早白垩世深部大量岩浆岩快速侵位，导致地壳强烈隆升产生伸展构造，来自不同深度和层次岩浆房及不同源区的岩浆梯次上侵，为深部含金流体活化、迁移提供了热动力条件和流动通道，含金流体到达地壳浅部在断裂产状变化的减压扩容空间卸载成矿。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

Petrographic, mineralogy, and geochemistry of coals of Pabedana, Kerman Province, Central Iran

This paper discusses the result of the detailed investigations carried out on the coal characteristics, including coal petrography and its geochemistry of the Pabedana region. A total of 16 samples were collected from four coal seams d2, d4, d5, and d6 of the Pabedana underground mine which is located in the central part of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent. These samples were reduced to four samples through composite sampling of each seam and were analyzed for their petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical compositions. Proximate analysis data of the Pabedana coals indicate no major variations in the moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents in the coals of different seams. Based on sulfur content, the Pabedana coals may be classified as low-sulfur coals. The low-sulfur contents in the Pabedana coal and relatively low proportion of pyritic sulfur suggest a possible fresh water environment during the deposition of the peat of the Pabedana coal. X-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses indicate the presence of pyrite in coal samples. The Pabedana coals have been classified as a high volatile, bituminous coal in accordance with the vitrinite reflectance values (58.75–74.32 %) and other rank parameters (carbon, calorific value, and volatile matter content). The maceral analysis and reflectance study suggest that the coals in all the four seams are of good quality with low maceral matter association. Mineralogical investigations indicate that the inorganic fraction in the Pabedana coal samples is dominated by carbonates; thus, constituting the major inorganic fraction of the coal samples. Illite, kaolinite, muscovite, quartz, feldspar, apatite, and hematite occur as minor or trace phases. The variation in major elements content is relatively narrow between different coal seams. Elements Sc,, Zr, Ga, Ge, La, As, W, Ce, Sb, Nb, Th, Pb, Se, Tl, Bi, Hg, Re, Li, Zn, Mo, and Ba show varying negative correlation with ash yield. These elements possibly have an organic affinity and may be present as primary biological concentrations either with tissues in living condition and/or through sorption and formation of organometallic compounds.     

Sharp-based, tide-dominated deltas of the Sego Sandstone, Book Cliffs, Utah, USA

The lower part of the Cretaceous Sego Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale in east‐central Utah contains three 10‐ to 20‐m thick layers of tide‐deposited sandstone arranged in a forward‐ and then backward‐stepping stacking pattern. Each layer of tidal sandstone formed during an episode of shoreline regression and transgression, and offshore wave‐influenced marine deposits separating these layers formed after subsequent shoreline transgression and marine ravinement. Detailed facies architecture studies of these deposits suggest sandstone layers formed on broad tide‐influenced river deltas during a time of fluctuating relative sea‐level. Shale‐dominated offshore marine deposits gradually shoal and become more sandstone‐rich upward to the base of a tidal sandstone layer. The tidal sandstones have sharp erosional bases that formed as falling relative sea‐level allowed tides to scour offshore marine deposits. The tidal sandstones were deposited as ebb migrating tidal bars aggraded on delta fronts. Most delta top deposits were stripped during transgression. Where the distal edge of a deltaic sandstone is exposed, a sharp‐based stack of tidal bar deposits successively fines upward recording a landward shift in deposition after maximum lowstand. Where more proximal parts of a deltaic‐sandstone are exposed, a sharp‐based upward‐coarsening succession of late highstand tidal bar deposits is locally cut by fluvial valleys, or tide‐eroded estuaries, formed during relative sea‐level lowstand or early stages of a subsequent transgression. Estuary fills are highly variable, reflecting local depositional processes and variable rates of sediment supply along the coastline. Lateral juxtaposition of regressive deltaic deposits and incised transgressive estuarine fills produced marked facies changes in sandstone layers along strike. Estuarine fills cut into the forward‐stepped deltaic sandstone tend to be more deeply incised and richer in sandstone than those cut into the backward‐stepped deltaic sandstone. Tidal currents strongly influenced deposition during both forced regression and subsequent transgression of shorelines. This contrasts with sandstones in similar basinal settings elsewhere, which have been interpreted as tidally influenced only in transgressive parts of depositional successions.