北太平洋海浪场时空变化特征分析

根据1950—1995年共46a的北太平洋船舶气象报资料,对按5°×5°网格统计的海浪要素进行分析,阐明了北太平洋浪、涌的特点及其变化规律。该区赤道地区常年盛行东北浪,冬季海浪比夏季强盛,相应的平均波高、大浪大涌频率也较大。该海域与北印度洋同属季风气候区,但其特点正好相反。     

南海海浪场与厄尔尼诺的相关性分析

利用来自ECMWF具有较高时空分辨率的近45年ERA-40海表风场资料和将风浪、涌浪分离的ERA-40海浪再分析资料,分析了南海海表风场、海浪场与厄尔尼诺的相关性.研究发现:(1)南海的海表风场、海浪场与nin03指数有着密切的关系,其中涌浪、混合浪与nin03指数的相关性好于风浪;7月和10月海浪场与nin03指数的相关性好于1月和4月,其中4月相关性为全年最低.(2)南海海表风场、风浪、涌浪、混合浪场第一模态空间分布均呈现东北-西南走向的高值区分布,风浪场与海表风场具有较好的对应关系,而混合浪场则更多的是包含了涌浪的信息.(3)南海海表风场、风浪、涌浪、混合浪场存在3-3.75年的共同周期.南海的海表风场、风浪场与nin03指数存在的3.3年左右、5年左右的共同周期,涌浪场、混合浪场与nin03指数存在的3-4年左右的共同周期.     

太平洋海浪场时空特征分析

为了深入了解太平洋海浪场特别是涌浪场的时空分布特征,利用44 a(1958~2001年)ERA-40海浪再分析资料对南、北太平洋风浪和涌浪的波高和波向进行了统计分析,结果表明:北太平洋海浪场比南太平洋具有更明显的季节变化特征,四季中南太平洋涌浪均有明显的越赤道北传过程.南、北半球西风带海浪波高随时间呈线性增长趋势,且涌浪分别存在2.4~3.7 a 和2.9 a 左右的显著周期,风浪和混合浪波高存在6.5 a 和5.2 a 的共同周期     

1957～2002年南海—北印度洋海浪场波候特征分析

利用ERA-40海表10 m风场驱动第三代海浪数值模式WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ,得到南海—北印度洋1957年9月至2002年8月的海浪场,并分析其波候(风候)特征.研究发现如下主要特征:(1)该海域的波高波向、风速风向受季风影响显著;(2)北印度洋大部分海域的海表风速呈显著性逐年线性递增趋势,大约0.01～0.02 m/(s·a),南海线性递增的区域则较少,有效波高呈显著性逐年线性递增的区域主要集中在低纬度中东印度洋(约0.003～0.006 m/a)、索马里附近海域(大约0.002～0.005 m/a)、南海大部分海域(约0.002～0.004 m/a),线性递减的区域主要集中在孟加拉湾海域(约-0.002 m/a);(3)Nino3指数与南海—北印度洋的海表风场、浪场存在密切的关系;(4)南海—北印度洋的海表风速与有效波高存在5.2a左右的共同周期,南海的海表风速、有效波高还存在2.0a左右的共同周期,北印度洋的海表风速、有效波高还存在26.0a的长周期震荡.     

浙江东部海域沉船海难海浪灾害性特征分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的再分析数据,分析了2015—2021年发生在浙江东部海域9起沉船海难事故的海浪灾害性特征。结果表明：沉船海难事故的发生往往伴随着波高或波陡的增大,使得船舶的纵摇和垂荡加剧。海难发生时波高比12 h前增大0.5 m以上,或是海难发生3 h以内波面坡度达到峰值。沉船海难还伴随着风浪向与航向的夹角、风浪向与涌浪向的夹角约为60°～100°,即船向与某一种浪向接近垂直,使得船舶横摇剧烈。此外,结合一个代表性沉船事故个例进行过程总结,分析了较陡的波面坡度、较大的风浪向和涌浪向夹角产生的原因。     

近44年北印度洋海表风速变化趋势分析

利用来自ECMWF的ERA-40风场资料,就北印度洋海表风速的长期变化趋势展开分析,以期可为海洋水文保障、防灾减灾、研究全球气候变化提供参考.结果表明:(1)1958-2001年期间,北印度洋低纬度海域、索马里至斯里兰卡一带的大范围海域的海表风速表现出显著的逐年线性递增趋势,基本在0.01-0.02 m·s-1·a-1;呈显著性递减的区域主要分布于亚丁湾、红海、波斯湾、斯里兰卡北部零星海域、以及缅甸仰光西南部近海等小范围海域,约-0.01-0.005m·s-1·a-1;阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾等海域的海表风速在近44年期间则无显著性变化趋势;(2)近44年期间,北印度洋海域的海表风速整体上以0.0061m·s-1 ·a-1的速度显著性震荡递增,震荡区间在5.0-5.5 m·S-1之间;(3)不同海域海表风速的变化趋势在不同季节表现出很大差异:冬季和夏季,大部分海域海表风速的变化趋势显著,春季次之,秋季仅在赤道附近一带海域呈显著性递增;(4)近44年期间,北印度洋的海表风速存在显著的2.0年、2.6-3.7年、5.2年的变化周期,以及26年以上的长周期震荡.     

2002年12个海水浴场海浪特征分析及预报结果分析

海水浴场海浪预报是海水浴场海洋环境预报中一项十分重要的预报，它不仅影响到游泳舒适度，更重要的是它直接影响游泳者生命安全。近年来，游泳者被海浪卷入深海伤亡事故经常发生，因此海水浴场海浪预报引起有关方面的高度重视。本文利用天气图、海浪图和12个海水浴场实测海浪资料，对12个海水浴场的海浪特征进行初步分析，取得的结果将对今后海水浴场海浪预报有较大帮助。     

近45 年北印度洋海表风、浪特征研究

基于第三代海浪数值模式(WAVEWATCH-Ⅲ),以ERA-40海表风场为驱动场,得到北印度洋1957年9月～2002年8月的海浪场,并分析其特征.研究发现,北印度洋1958～2001年年平均海表风速和有效波高均呈缓慢递增趋势;北印度洋的海表风速、有效波高存在2.36～5.2 a左右的共同周期及26 a的长周期震荡;北印度洋海域年平均海表风速、有效波高的突变形势与冬季相似,突变期在20世纪80年代初.本研究可以为在北印度洋这一重要战略通道上作业的船只提供重要参考.     

近43年北大西洋海浪场与AO的相关性研究

利用来自ECMWF的ERA-40 wave reanalysis海浪资料,分析了近43年北大西洋海浪场与AO(北极涛动——Arctic Oscillation)的关系。研究发现如下主要特征:1、北大西洋海域的海表风场和(风浪、涌浪、混合浪)海浪场与AO有着密切的关系,且存在3.71年左右的共同周期和26年的长周期震荡;2、通过交叉谱分析发现,在波数k=7(周期T=3.71年)这一频率上,AO、海表风速、波高振动的凝聚是显著的。     

太平洋东边界波浪输运

通过计算2000年涌浪指标(swell index)的全球分布,发现太平洋东边界赤道附近区域存在涌浪池.利用ECMWF再分析波浪资料,计算出2000年全球月平均波浪体积输运.比较2000年全球月平均波浪体积输运和2000年QUICKSCAT月平均风场,发现在赤道太平洋东边界涌浪池区域内的波浪输运方向和风向存在很大的差别,两者方向相差大约90°.这进一步验证了该地区涌浪池存在的真实性.研究发现,赤道太平洋东边界涌浪主要来源于北太平洋和南太平洋的西风带对应的海区.在涌浪池区域内分别在2.5°S和2.5°N取两条边界(边界起点为125°W,终点为美洲大陆西边界),计算通过这两条边界进入赤道区域涌浪的Stokes体积净输运量.结果表明,不同月份通过南、北两条边界波浪的净输运量与当月南、北太平洋西风带的风浪强度密切相关.同时指出了,涌浪的体积输运将会对大洋环流系统产生潜在的重要影响.     

全球变暖背景下最近40年太平洋海面高度和热容量变化数值模拟

用Non-Boussinesq POP模式和1960—1999年NCEP的1 000hPa大气温度和风场资料,模拟了最近40a太平洋海面高度和热容量的变化,通过与实际观测结果比较,得出模拟结果可信的结论,并且得到了如下有意义的结果。1960—1999年由热膨胀引起的太平洋海面高度平均以0.5mm.a-1的速度上升,如果在此之后假设全球气温不再升高,由于海洋特别是深海还没有达到平衡,在未来282a太平洋深海继续增温导致平均海面高度还将以0.15mm.a-1的速度上升。1960—1999年太平洋海面高度平均变化率的水平分布显示,最大的下降率在热带中西太平洋,为7mm.a-1;最大的上升率在热带东太平洋,为8mm.a-1左右;中纬度太平洋中部海面高度是下降的,下降率1mm.a-1左右;另外在南半球的中太平洋南部海面高度也是下降的,下降率小于1mm.a-1,而在太平洋沿岸则基本上是上升区域;中国沿海海面高度的上升率为1.0mm.a-1左右,它相对于东太平洋沿岸的上升率要小很多。太平洋热容量从海表向下传播的速度是由快变慢的,到170m再由慢变快,到500m达到最快,在500m深度以下又逐渐变慢;在大多数情况下,El Ni o年份整个太平洋的热容量是比较高的,而La Ni a年份的热容量则比较低。     

Deep-sea coral evidence for dissolved mercury evolution in the deep North Pacific Ocean over the last 700 years

The ocean is an important inventory of anthropogenic mercury (Hg), yet the history of anthropogenic Hg accumulation in the ocean remains largely unexplored. Dee...     

Ice-rafted volcanic ash in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during the last 100,000 years

Eucampia antarctica (Castr.) Mangin abundance curves for two piston cores from the western Agulhas Basin (southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean) were used to place volcanic glass shard and ice-rafted debris abundance curves into a stratigraphic framework for the last 100,000 years. A direct correlation is shown between increased abundance of E. antarctica, tephra and ice-rafted debris; low abundances are often characterized by calcareous sediment in the northern core. Peaks in abundance of E. antarctica have been interpreted as an indication of glacial periods and the increased ice-rafted debris and tephra during glacial periods is evidence for an ice-rafted origin for the tephra.Microprobe geochemical analysis of volcanic glass shards provides no single distinct source for the ash. The geochemical data is consistent, but not definitive, with a primary source in the Scotia Arc and a minor source from Bouvet Island. Between core correlations of geochemically “fingerprinted” dispersed tephra zones were not successful due to variability of glass shard geochemistry and limited sample size.     

西太平洋E20岩芯末次冰期以来的沉积特征与环境意义

硅藻席沉积在热带西太平洋陆续被发现,其形成年代和机制对于热带西太平洋碳循环研究具有重要意义。本文对采自西马里亚纳弧,含近2.5 m厚硅藻席沉积的E20岩芯进行了高分辨率的XRF元素扫描、颜色扫描以及AMS14C测年分析。结果表明,E20可分为3个沉积单元,从下至上具有深海黏土—硅质软泥—硅质黏土的沉积序列,Ti、Fe、Cu、Br等元素呈三段式变化,Ca与Si元素呈反向变化。综合AMS14C测年结果推测,E20反映了西太平洋低纬度海区末次冰期以来显著的环境变化,10.9～28.6 ka B.P.为硅藻席勃发期,而末次冰期时风尘输入量的增加可能是勃发的主要原因。硅藻席沉积的保存与其周围的围陷地形有很大关系。     

北太平洋海浪场和风场特征分析

利用欧洲中尺度天气预报中心(ECMWF——European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)的1979年1月2014年12月逐6 h的ERA-Interim有效波高和10 m风场资料,分析了近36年期间北太平洋海域海浪场和风场的变化特征。结果表明:1)中低纬度的西北太平洋波高有逐年线性递增趋势,大约在0.2~0.6 cm/a,而低纬度的太平洋东北部海域则以-0.4~-0.2 cm/a的趋势减小。2)风速线性变化趋势显著的区域主要集中在太平洋东北部低纬度海域,约以1.0~2.0 cm/(s·a)的速度在增加。而日本岛四周、菲律宾半岛以南等海域大都以-1.0~-0.5 cm/(s·a)的速度减小。3)北太平洋海域波高和风速都具有明显的季节变化特征,两者具有很强的相关性。西风带内有一个个波高超过10 m的风暴圈,其波高受风浪和涌浪的双重作用。这可为航海、海洋工程设计、军事及海洋能开发与利用等方面提供科学依据。     

Ocean temperature change around New Zealand over the last 36 years

Ocean temperature changes around New Zealand are estimated from satellite sea surface temperature (SST) products since 1981, two high resolution expendable bathythermograph transects (HRXBT) since 1986 and 1991, and Argo data since 2006. The datasets agree well where they overlap. Significant surface warming is found in subtropical waters. Greatest warming is east of Australia and in the central Pacific. All NZ coastal waters are warming, with strongest warming east of Wairarapa and weakest between East Cape and North Cape. Temperature changes are surface intensified, extending to ～200 m in the northeast and at least 850 m in the eastern Tasman. Significant interannual variability is coherent over a large area of ocean north of the Subtropical Front and modulates extreme events. NZ air temperatures are highly correlated at interannual timescales with SSTs over a broad region of ocean north of the Subtropical Front from the eastern Tasman to east of the dateline.     

Ocean wave characteristics around New Zealand

Nearly 17 years wave records from deep water and shore‐based stations are used to describe the ocean wave characteristics around New Zealand. The wave environment is dominated by west and southwest swell and storm waves generated in the temperate latitude belt of westerly winds. As a result, the west and south coasts are exposed, high energy shores, the east coast is a high energy lee shore, and the northern coast from North Cape to East Cape is a low energy lee shore sheltered from these winds and waves. South of New Zealand, wave energies are extremely high; the prevailing deep water wave is 3.5–4.5 m high and has a 10–12 s period, with a slight increase in wave heights in winter.

The west coast wave environment is mixed, and consists of locally generated westerly and southerly storm waves, and swell waves generated to the south. The prevailing wave is t.0–3.0 m and 6–8 s period. There are no strong seasonal rhythms, only shorter period cycles of wave height (5 day) associated with similar quasi‐rhythmic cycles in the weather.

The east coast also has a mixed wave climate with southerly swells, originating in the westerlies south of New Zealand, and locally generated southerly and northerly storm waves. The prevailing wave is 0.5–2.0 m and 7–11 s period. A short period rhythmic cycle, similar to that on the west coast, is superimposed on a weak seasonal cycle. The seasonal, cycle results from an increase in the frequency of local northerly waves in summer.

The prevailing wave on the north coast is a northeasterly, 0.5–1.5 m high and 5–7 s period. Subtropical disturbances and southward‐moving depressions generate a mixed wave environment and a possible seasonally reflecting a winter increase in. storminess.     

An assessment of global ocean wave energy resources over the last 45 a

Against the background of the current world facing an energy crisis,and human beings puzzled by the problems of environment and resources,developing clean energy sources becomes the inevitable choice to deal with a climate change and an energy shortage.A global ocean wave energy resource was reanalyzed by using ERA-40 wave reanalysis data 1957–2002 from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF).An effective significant wave height is defined in the development of wave energy resources(short as effective SWH),and the total potential of wave energy is exploratively calculated.Synthetically considering a wave energy density,a wave energy level probability,the frequency of the effective SWH,the stability and long-term trend of wave energy density,a swell index and a wave energy storage,global ocean wave energy resources were reanalyzed and regionalized,providing reference to the development of wave energy resources such as wave power plant location,seawater desalination,heating,pumping.     

Biomarker records from core GH02-1030 off Tokachi in the northwestern Pacific over the last 23,000 years: Environmental changes during the last deglaciation

We investigated marine and terrestrial environmental changes at the northern Japan margin in the northwestern Pacific during the last 23,000 years by analyzing biomarkers (alkenones, long-chain n-alkanes, long-chain n-fatty acids, and lignin-derived materials) in Core GH02-1030. The U ₃₇^K′-derived temperature in the last glacial maximum (LGM) centered at 21 ka was ∼10°C, which was 2°C lower than the core-top temperature (∼12°C). This small temperature drop does not agree with pollen evidence of a large air temperature drop (more than 4°C) in the Tokachi area. This disagreement might be attributed to a bias of U ₃₇^K′-derived temperature within 2.5°C by a seasonal shift in alkenone production. The U ₃₇^K′-derived temperature was significantly low during the last deglaciation. Because this cooling was significant in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition zone, the temperature drops are attributable to the southward displacement of the Kuroshio-Oyashio boundary. Abundant lignin-derived materials, long-chain n-alkanes and long-chain n-fatty acids indicate a higher contribution of terrigenous organic matter from 17 to 12 ka. This phenomenon might have resulted from an enhanced coastal erosion of terrestrial soils due to marine transgression and/or an efficient inflow of higher plant debris to river waters from 17 to 12 ka.