The hydrodynamic response of the York River estuary to Tropical Cyclone Isabel, 2003

Hurricane Isabel made landfall along the North Carolina coast on September 18, 2003 (UTC 17:00) and the storm surge exceeded 2.0 m in many areas of the Chesapeake Bay and in the York River estuary. River flooding occurred subsequently, and the peak river discharge reached 317 and 104 m³ s⁻¹ in the Pamunkey and Mattaponi rivers, respectively. The York River estuary experienced both storm surge and river flooding during the event and the estuary dynamics changed dramatically. This study investigates the hydrodynamics of the York River estuary in response to the storm surge and high river inflows. A three-dimensional model was used to investigate the changes of estuarine stratification, longitudinal circulation, salt flux mechanisms, and the recovery time required for the estuary to return to its naturally evolved condition without the storm. Results show that the salt flux was mainly caused by advection, which was induced by the barotropic gradient during the storm event. The net salt flux increased by a factor of 30 during the rise of the storm surge. However, the large amount of salt transported into the estuary was quickly transported out of the estuary as the barotropic gradient reversed during the descent of the storm surge. Subsequent high freshwater inflow influenced the estuarine circulation substantially. The estuary changed from a partially mixed estuary to a very stratified estuary for a prolonged period. The model results show that it will take about 4 months for the estuary to recover to its naturally evolved salinity distribution after the impacts of the storm surge and freshwater pulse.     

华南不同类型热带风暴驱动下珠江口表层悬沙分布趋势

本文利用1949—2014年的华南热带风暴数据和1960—2014年珠江入海流量等, 统计分析风暴作用期间珠江口的风强迫和珠江入海水沙强迫特征, 结果表明, 热带风暴对珠江口的风强迫和水沙强迫因台风距珠江口的距离、强度等因素的影响有显著差异。依据水沙及风强迫的强度, 将热带风暴对珠江口的影响简单分成四类: 中风中水沙驱动型、中风高水沙驱动型、强风中水沙驱动型及强风高水沙驱动型。利用MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer)一级数据和已建立的珠江口表层悬沙指数反演模型, 挑选2002—2010年风暴影响期间无云天气的MODIS影像, 反演珠江口悬沙分布, 分析表层悬沙对四种不同来水来沙及风强迫型风暴的响应特征。结果显示, 中风中水沙型风暴驱动下, 珠江口整体含沙量偏低, 其悬沙扩散及时间变化受控于潮流的强弱; 中风高水沙型风暴驱动下, 八大口门特别是磨刀门浅滩、伶仃洋西滩的含沙量高于其他海域, 其高含沙水体向南偏西方向扩散输运; 强风中水沙风暴驱动下, 河口表层悬沙分布及扩散受主导风向的影响, 在强东北风驱动下, 伶仃洋西侧浅滩含沙量因台风浪的掀沙作用高于湾内大部分海域, 高含沙水体向西南侧扩散; 强风高水沙风暴驱动下珠江河口湾含沙量偏高, 水体一片浑浊, 河口悬沙随偏南风驱动下的沿岸流向东侧输运、扩散。     

Tidal and river discharge forcing upon water and sediment circulation at a rock-bound estuary (Guadiana estuary,Portugal)

The relative impacts of tidal (neap, spring) and river discharge (including a flood event) forcing upon water and sediment circulation have been examined at the rock-bound Guadiana estuary. Near-bed and vertical profiles of current, salinity, turbidity, plus surface suspended sediment concentrations (SSC, at some stations only), were collected at the lower and central/upper estuary during tidal and fortnightly cycles. In addition, vertical salinity and turbidity profiles were collected around high and low water along the estuary. Tidal asymmetry produced faster currents on the ebb than on the flood, especially at the mouth. This pattern of seaward current dominance was enhanced with increasing river flow, due to horizontal advection that was confined within the narrow estuarine channel. The freshwater inputs and, at a degree less, the tidal range controlled the vertical mixing and stratification importance. Well-mixed (spring) and partially stratified (neap) conditions alternated during periods of low river flows, with significant intratidal variations induced by tidal straining (especially at the partially stratified estuary). Highly stratified conditions developed with increasing river discharge. Intratidal variability in the pycnocline depth and thickness resulted from current shear during the ebb. A salt wedge with tidal motion was observed at the lower estuary during the flood event. Depending on the intensity of turbulent mixing, the residual water circulation was dominantly controlled either by tidal asymmetry or gravitational circulation. The SSC was governed by cyclical local processes (resuspension, deposition, mixing, advection) driven by the neap-spring fluctuations in tidal current velocities. More, intratidal variability in stratification indicated the significance of tidal pumping at the partially and highly stratified estuary. The estuary turbidity maximum (ETM) was enhanced with increasing current velocities, and displaced downstream during periods of high river discharge. During the flood event, the ETM was expelled out of the estuary, and the SSC along the estuary was controlled by the sediment load from the drainage basin. Under these highly variable river flow conditions, our observations suggest that sand is exported to the nearshore over the long-term (>years).     

长江分汊河口涨、落潮悬沙不对称特征及季节性差异

入海河口由于径流的存在以及河口地貌形态的影响,存在涨、落潮水动力、悬沙以及盐度分布等不对称现象,同时这一不对称现象还存在显著的区域性和季节性差异。根据2013年7月和2014年1月洪、枯季长江口定点准同步水文泥沙调查结果,发现长江口分汊型河槽悬沙浓度在时间上存在洪枯季、大小潮不对称特征,在空间上存在东西向沿程分布、南北向横向分布以及垂向上表底层分布不对称特征。河势演变形成南、北支河口涨、落潮悬沙浓度不对称分布的整体格局;洪、枯季变化影响河口涨、落潮悬沙分布的再分配过程;大潮涨、落潮过程对悬沙分布不对称影响显著大于小潮;季节性风浪作用影响河口最大浑浊带涨、落潮悬沙不对称南北差异;底部高含沙浓度对口门段涨、落潮悬沙不对称性贡献显著。     

胶州湾高分辨率三维风暴潮漫滩数值模拟

基于海表气压项改进的FVCOM(Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model)海洋模式,研发胶州湾高分辨率三维风暴潮漫滩数值模式(JS-FVCOM).利用 JS-FVCOM 模式通过对天文潮、台风强度和径流3要素的不同组合,共设计了5个试验,分别进行风暴潮漫滩模拟实验.分析各试验结果得到如下结论:(1)随着台风最大风速的增加,风暴潮增水迅速增加,当综合水位超过防潮堤高程后增水速度明显减慢.海水淹没范围和淹没深度受综合水位超防潮堤高程时间影响明显.(2)在入海河流的河口区,当洪水位与高潮位相遇时,由于高潮位的顶托作用,洪水下泄不畅,造成综合水位上升明显,极易发生海水漫溢现象.JS-FVCOM 的模拟结果清楚地再现了海水漫堤的淹没过程,可为紧急情况下的人员疏散提供科学的基础数据.     

珠江口洪季最大浑浊带的大小潮变化与机制分析*

基于ROMS三维模型, 模拟了珠江口洪季最大浑浊带的轴、侧向分布和大、小潮变化。模拟结果表明, 珠江口伶仃洋最大浑浊带的轴向位置在22.3°—22.45°N之间, 并随着潮流变化而周期性上下游迁移。控制最大浑浊带形成的主要因素是余流作用下的底层泥沙辐聚, 决定最大浑浊带位置的主要因素是水平对流输沙, 泥沙来源主要是上游浅滩沉积物的再悬浮。小潮期间堆积在浅滩的细颗粒沉积物在大潮期间被悬浮, 搬运到下游的滞流点位置, 在中滩南部和西滩外缘落淤。“潮泵”作用在大潮期间将泥沙向下游输运, 在小潮期间向上游输运; 垂向剪切作用则有利于悬浮泥沙的陆向输运; 二者共同作用产生泥沙辐聚, 形成最大浑浊带。大、小潮期间余流结构差异不大, 主要由密度差和潮汐混合不对称共同导致, 其中前者贡献更大。     

长江河口悬浮泥沙向浙闽沿岸输运近期变化的遥感分析

利用2000~2015年Terra-MODIS(terra-moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer,中等分辨率成像光谱仪)数据和2014年洪枯季现场数据建立泥沙反演模型,分析入长江河口泥沙大幅减少后河口表层悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运的时空变化和扩散形态。结果表明:(1)利用MODIS数据的二次型模型能够揭示长江口及邻近海域悬沙分布及输运特征,入海输运的长江口悬浮泥沙是浙闽沿岸连续悬浮泥沙带存在的物源;(2)受季风和沿岸流动力驱动,长江口悬沙向浙闽沿岸输运具有明显的季节性:春季,悬浮泥沙从长江口向浙闽沿岸呈条带状输运,春夏之交,南下的悬沙至温岭近岸海域出现中断现象;夏季,长江口大量悬沙滞留在长江口杭州湾近岸,仅有少量悬沙向南输运,泥沙带中断;秋季,10月下旬—11月中旬逐渐形成连续的近岸泥沙带;历冬至春,循环复始;(3)受近年来长江流域进入河口的泥沙减少影响,浙闽沿岸秋冬季连续的输沙带在春季提前断开,在秋季有推迟恢复的现象。本研究对于探究浙闽沿岸泥沙减少新格局,分析近海生态环境新变化具有重要意义。     

Suspended sediment transport from the Gironde estuary (France) onto the adjacent continental shelf

Current velocity and suspended sediment concentration measurements at anchor stations in the downstream extremity of the Gironde estuary indicate that during periods of high river discharge, a significant amount of suspended sediment is transported out of the estuary onto the adjacent continental shelf. The vertical profile of the residual (non-tidal) suspended sediment flux is similar to that of the residual current velocity, with a net upstream flux near the bottom and an overlying seaward-directed transport. The overall, depth-integrated result is a net seaward transport of suspended sediment out of the estuary. It appears that this net seaward transport varies directly with tidal amplitude.Aerial photography and water sampling indicate that during high river inflow, the downstream extremity of the turbidity maximum extends onto the continental shelf at ebb tide. The tidal and coastal current patterns of the inlet and inner shelf induce a northward transport of the turbid estuarine water, and at each tidal cycle, a certain amount of suspended sediment leaves the estuary; part of this sediment is deposited in a silt and clay zone on the continental shelf.     

基于MODIS数据的珠江口悬沙扩散形态对风和径流的响应

Cloud-free moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) images of the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Estuary(ZRE) taken between 2002 and 2012 are retrieved and used to study the spatial and temporal patterns of suspended sediment concentrations(SSCs) across the estuary under runoff, wind, and tropical storm conditions.Five typical dispersal patterns of suspended sediments in the estuary are defined: Case I shows generally low SSCs under low dynamics; Case Ⅱ shows a river-dominant dispersal pattern of suspended sediments from the outlets,particularly from Modaomen, Jiaomen, Hengmen, and others; Case Ⅲ shows wind-dominant dispersal of high SSCs derived from the west shoal and southwesterly transport under a strong NE wind; Case IV is the combination of relatively large runoff and wind; and Case V is caused by a strong tropical storm with high river discharge and wind, which is characterized by the high SSCs across the entire estuary that are transported eastward by winddriven and buoyancy currents outside the estuary. Runoff is a dominant factor that controls seasonal and annual SSC variations in the ZRE, with the area of high SSCs being largest in the summer and smallest in the spring. The correlation coefficients between the monthly averaged river-suspended sediment discharge and the area of the high SSCs are approximately 0.6. The wind power over the west shoal increases with a wind speed, which induces more sediment resuspension and shows a close relationship between the wind speed and high SSC area.     

台风作用下长江口北槽挟沙能力研究

台风作用下水体的挟沙能力研究对深入认识台风暴潮作用下泥沙运动规律、滩槽演变特征以及提升数学模型和物理模型技术等方面具有重要意义。文中从台风波能对泥沙的悬浮作用入手,建立了台风浪作用下的挟沙能力公式;依据能量叠加原理,完善了传统的河口海岸挟沙能力公式（窦国仁挟沙能力公式）,使公式能够同时概括潮流、波浪和台风浪作用下的泥沙运动特征,并应用近年来长江口北槽实测的台风期近底水沙资料对公式进行了率定验证,在此基础上分析了台风期北槽近底含沙量变化特征。     

Morphology, hydrography and sediment dynamics in a mangrove estuary: The Konkoure Estuary, Guinea

The Konkouré Estuary in the Republic of Guinea is a poorly understood atypical mangrove system. Sediment dynamics in tropical estuaries are controlled by a combination of processes including river discharge, morphology, salinity, erosion and deposition processes, the settling of mud, physico-chemical processes and mangrove swamps. Here we present a consistent set of data aimed at characterising the estuary and thus, increasing our understanding of tropical systems, as well as studying the impact of human intervention in the region. Water elevations, current measurements, salinity, suspended sediment concentrations, bathymetry and sediment cover are presented following a 3 year survey of the Konkouré Estuary. Here we provide conclusive evidence that the Lower Konkouré is a shallow, funnel shaped, mesotidal, mangrove-fringed, tide dominated estuary, well mixed during low river discharge. The estuary becomes stratified during high river flows and spring tides whereas a salt wedge appears during neap tides. The Konkouré Estuary has been described as hypersynchronous, and has three terminal outlets, two of which are landward-directed, attesting to a tidal pumping effect, while the third one is seaward-directed, and is controlled by the mangrove. The suspended matter is transported by the tidal effect within the middle estuary and is therefore trapped in the Turbidity Maximum zone (TMZ). The location of the TMZ is river-controlled and is correlated with residual currents but not with salinity front. A dam, constructed 130 km upstream, impacts on the hydrodynamics, and reduces the salinity intrusion by about 25%. It causes an increased low river discharge whereas its efficiency over high river flows is unclear.     

不同路径台风作用下长江下游沿线风暴增水分布研究

长江口受台风影响严重,台风风暴潮、上游洪峰及天文大潮相遇将致使长江下游至长江口水位暴涨,对沿岸至河口的防汛安全构成严重威胁。基于ADCIRC模型构建东中国海至长江口风暴潮数学模型,模拟9711号台风和0012号台风两场典型台风水位过程。以典型台风为基础构成多种台风路径,分析不同登陆位置和走向对长江沿线风暴增水影响。研究大洪水、不同路径台风、天文大潮共同影响下长江下游沿线风暴增水分布规律。结果表明:登陆位置处于长江口南侧情况下长江河道沿线增水大于正面登陆长江口和北侧登陆型台风;平行于长江河道方向移动的台风造成沿线增水大于斜向穿越长江口的台风,不同台风走向对于风暴增水影响程度小于登陆位置;台风风暴潮、上游洪峰及天文大潮“三碰头”情形下长江沿线增水分布呈单峰型,从大通至江阴不断增大,江阴至中浚维持高位,中浚至口外迅速减小。     

风暴潮前后莱州湾西岸滩演化特征研究

Multiple surveys were conducted before and after storm surge at four beach sections,Sediment samples were analyzed and numerically simulated for understanding the characteristicsof becach reaction to storm surge and morphological evolution ,The results show that the sediment sources in this area do not increase in amount;the beach is basically stable in normal weather.While in gale weather,sediment from Yellow River and the eroded matters from the bank becomes a part of the sediment sources.The northem beach of Xiaoqing estuary is eroded seriously, while the southern beach is overall stable,Thw tidal creeks changed from the northern beach are transported greatly sea-ward and the inshore sediment becomes sandy,while that of the southem beach becomes silty,The sand transporting capability is almost 100 times of that in nomal weather. Human activities and big storm surges are the main reasons for the beach evolution.     

长江河口水流输运时间研究

利用水龄理论的新方法,借助环境水动力学模型定量讨论了多年平均径流条件下长江河口径流和潮汐作用对河口水流输运时间的影响。研究给出了长江河口水流输运时间的时空格局:多年平均流量条件下,水流从徐六泾输出至河口(122.5°E)大约需要24d,南、北槽分流口以上河段水流输运时间主要由径流控制,水流输运时间为8d,向下至拦门沙滩顶水域由径流和潮汐共同控制,水龄为16d,说明最大浑浊带区域的水流输运速度较上下游为慢,从一个侧面阐述了最大浑浊带区域水动力的特征;长江河口水流输运时间存在明显的层化现象,表底层相差最大值可达6d。数值模拟试验结果表明长江河口的潮汐作用是影响河口水流输运时间的关键要素,河口巨大的进潮量增强河口水流交换能力并减小水流输运时间,从而显著影响随水体运动的物质输运格局。水流输运时间研究,不仅可以成功应用于河口水动力环境的量化研究,而且可以为泥沙输运及污染物输运等环境变化研究提供动力的基础。     

Observations of Floc Sizes in a Muddy Estuary

Measurements are presented of median floc diameters and associated environmental data over spring-tide tidal cycles at two stations in the muddy Tamar Estuary, UK, for winter, spring and summer conditions. The particulate organic carbon and particulate total carbon contents of mudflats and SPM (suspended particulate matter) at the stations, together with other evidence, indicates that much of the SPM was derived from mud sources that were located between the two stations during winter and spring, and from very mobile sediment sources in the upper estuary during summer. Observed in-situ median floc sizes varied widely, from <50 to >500 μm and rapid settling of particles close to HW and LW (high and low water) left only the smaller flocs in suspension. Time-series of depth-averaged median floc sizes generally were most closely, positively, correlated with depth-averaged SPM concentrations. Floc diameters tended to reach maximum median sizes near the time when SPM concentrations were highest. These high concentrations were in turn largely generated by resuspension of sediment during the fastest current speeds. Although such correlations may have arisen because of SPM-driven floc growth - despite fast tidal currents - there is also the possibility that tough aggregates were eroded from the intertidal mudflats and mudbanks. Although a hypothesis, such large aggregates of fine sediment may have resulted from the binding together of very fine bed particles by sticky extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) coatings, produced by benthic diatoms and by other biologically-mediated activity. A rapid reduction of SPM occurred at the up-estuary station within 2.5 h of HW on the flood, when decelerating currents were still relatively fast. It appears that at least two processes were at work: localised settling of the largest flocs and up-estuary transport in which large flocs were transported further into the estuary before settling into the Tamar's ETM (estuarine turbidity maximum) over the HW-slack period. Up-estuary advection of large flocs and their eventual settling would place the down-estuary edge of the ETM above the upper-estuary station during summer, spring-tide conditions. This position of the ETM was observed close to HW during longitudinal surveys of the estuary.     

温州近岸围堤对风暴潮漫滩影响的数值研究

利用-套基于非结构网格且能计算海水漫堤溢流的超高分辨率风暴潮漫滩数值模式模拟由9417号台风特大风暴潮引起的漫滩,结果与实测吻合良好。此外,选取超强台风强度并以9417台风路径为南路径,往北每间隔30 km为中路径和北路径设计了3条台风路径,进行了-系列数值模拟得出:近岸围堤加大了风暴潮、漫滩淹没对温州的威胁,而且由南路径引起的漫滩深度和中路径引起的漫滩面积影响最大。究其原因,近岸围堤对外海风暴潮在温州近海及瓯江口传播的阻隔和分流作用,两者综合变相加大了风暴潮往瓯江口北侧海域、瓯江北口、瓯江中上游的输送量。     

长江口潮间带沉积对台风过程的响应

位于陆海交汇区的河口潮滩对台风作用的响应极为敏感.台风大浪极可能构成河口潮滩沉积过程的快速变化,进而不利于潮滩保护、开发及利用.基于此,本文利用200509号"麦莎"台风作用前后长江口南汇潮滩采集的沉积物样品及水文资料,探讨台风高能事件作用下河口潮滩动力沉积过程及其主控因素.结果表明长江口潮间带不同区域沉积作用对于"麦...     

海南岛博鳌港洪水过程模拟

采用一个包括陆地淡水径流和风暴潮影响的模型计算了海南省博鳌港的洪水水位。模型中的外海潮汐考虑K^1和O^1分潮，风暴增水和河流流量的变化过程采用峰值函数的形式模拟，取得了与实测结果相近的计算结果。模拟实验表明，洪水水位峰值与河流洪峰流量，风暴增水峰值，系统的过水断面形状以及洪水历时的长短等因素有关。对于博鳌港口门通航条件整治，采用复合的梯形过水断面最为合适，因为相对于天然的口门过水断面，复合梯形断面能使湾内的最高洪水水位下降约20％。     

Simulation of storm-induced barrier island morphodynamics and flooding

Prediction of coupled storm hydrodynamics and morphodynamics is essential for accurately designing coastal flood protection measures. A numerical simulation methodology was developed and implemented to evaluate and assess engineering design solutions for storm damage reduction along the south shore of Long Island, New York, USA. This simulation methodology was applied to compute bay water levels for two major coastal storms taking into account contributions from storm surge, waves, wind, and barrier island overwash and breaching. Simulation results for breaching and bay flooding compare well to historically documented barrier island morphological change and bay high water marks.     

河口挡潮闸对三角洲潮汐不对称时空变化的影响*

三角洲内部潮汐不对称性与三角洲地貌演变方向有重要关系。目前诸多研究关注海洋、陆地边界的改变对三角洲内的潮汐不对称性演变规律的影响。实际上, 大规模的河口工程也会对三角洲内的潮汐不对称性产生影响。在众多河口工程中, 河口挡潮闸由于直接削弱口门处海洋潮动力, 影响最为直接。荷兰三角洲是潮动力主导型三角洲, 受洪潮灾害影响较为严重, 为此在荷兰西南部修建了世界上著名的三角洲挡潮闸工程。文章以荷兰莱茵河-默兹河三角洲为研究对象, 分析以挡潮闸为主的河口工程对三角洲内河网潮汐不对称性演变特征的影响。选取莱茵河-默兹河三角洲13个潮位站点的50~60年的水文资料, 利用非平稳调和分析方法计算分析三角洲内部潮汐传播特性, 并进一步研究潮汐涨落潮历时不对称性演变特征, 揭示河口挡潮闸工程对潮汐河网中潮汐动力和潮汐不对称性的影响。研究表明, 莱茵河-默兹河三角洲为显著的涨潮占优型河口, 潮汐不对称现象总体向上游沿程增强。河口挡潮闸修建后受河网径流量和潮动力剧烈变化的影响, 封闭的南部通道内的潮波大幅度削弱, 潮汐不对称现象在下游增强在上游减弱。北部、中部通道其他站点则因为通道径流增大, 潮汐不对称现象增强, 中部站点变化更为显著。