影响东亚夏季风降水异常的前期海温信号

采用NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料、HadISST海温数据以及中国东亚季风区的实测降水资料,探讨前期冬季海温与东亚夏季风之间的关系。研究表明,影响东亚夏季风异常的海温变化存在2个关键区,分别位于南印度洋中部和北太平洋东部,关键区的海温与东亚季风区的降水在长江中游有显著正相关,与东亚夏季风指数有显著负相关。基于此,定义了印-太海温指数。强海温指数年的南亚高压、索马里越赤道气流、西太平洋副高偏强,有利于东亚夏季风北进,中国大部降水偏多;弱海温指数年则相反。      

海南岛沿海近地面风时空分布特征的观测分析

利用2012年海南岛沿海6个常规气象站、2个海岛站的逐时风向、风速资料,分别对全年以及不同季节内近地面风速大小、风速日变化以及风向频率分布等进行了统计分析.结果表明:2012年全年海南岛沿海近地面风速约在1.8~5.7 m/s之间,其中三亚站风速最大,冬季高达6.5 m/s,大部分站点夏季风速最弱,最大风速出现在春、冬季;海南岛南部沿海风速大于北部,东部大于西部;各站24 h风速基本呈现白天大、夜晚小的典型特征,由于所处地形、植被独特,三亚部分季节风速呈现相反的日变化特征;全年各站基本存在两个盛行风向,大部分站点近地面风向与南海季风的风向变化较为一致,夏季以南风、西南风为主,冬季以北风、东北风为主;各季沿海近地面风向南北部差异较大,东西部差异较小,随着季节转变,南部沿海盛行风转向最明显,东西部次之,北部则不明显.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF 500 hPa GEOPOTENTIAL AND SST FIELD OF EXTREMELY SEVERE COLD MONTHS IN SOUTH CHINA WINTER

The region of south China is sometimes subject to major climatic catastrophes in winter. To have a clear understanding, the time in which extremely severe cold months occur in the south China wintertime over the past 45 years are determined and characteristics of the 500-hPa geopotential fields and SST fields are studied for the simultaneous and preceding 6-month periods. Similarity exists in the 500-hPa geopotential fields between each current severely cold month, with the geopotential pattern of being high in the north, but low in the south, of Asian-Pacific region and meridional circulation developing. The work presents anomalies of the months with significant differences in the 500-hPa geopotential field of the previous periods. The SSTA is continuous in the distribution from each extremely severe cold winter month back to the 6 months leading up to it for the region of south China while the SST pattern is of El Ni?o in January and the preceding 1 ~ 6 months for equatorial eastern Pacific but of La Ni?a in February and December. It is concluded that the prediction of severely cold winter months are possible with the use of the geopotential field at 500 hPa and the SST fields for the months ahead of the target time.     

中国沿海风能分布特征及其影响因子的数值模拟

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心0.75°×0.75°再分析资料,对中国海岸线两侧相邻区域内的风能、风速进行研究,讨论不同季节、不同区域风能、风速的分布特征;利用WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式模拟海表面温度上升和城市化发展对中国东部沿海风能的影响。结果表明:1)中国沿海风能的时空分布不均一,季节变化明显。春季渤海湾区域风能明显大于其他三区(华东沿海、东南沿海和南海北部沿海区域)。夏季渤海湾区域风能显著小于其他三区,而华东沿海区域风能稍大。秋季东南沿海和南海北部沿海区域风能较大。冬季沿海四区风能大小接近。一般而言,秋冬季风能较大、春夏季风能较小,夏季风能显著小于冬季。2)不同区域、不同季节风速的年际变化存在明显差异。除冬季东南沿海区域风速有增大趋势外,其他区域各季节风速都呈缓慢减小趋势,但减小幅度很小。3)海表温度升高在不同季节对风速的影响不同。春季渤海湾和山东半岛、北部湾沿海及杭州湾风速随海温升高而增强。夏季海温升高幅度不同,则风速显著变化区域不同,但大部分沿海区域风速随海温升高而增强。秋冬季风速随海表温度升高而增强,影响区域较稳定:秋季东南沿海和华东沿海区域风速增强,冬季渤海湾和南海北部沿海区域风速增强。4)城市化发展增大了地表摩擦力,使得夏秋季登陆我国的热带气旋迅速减弱,沿海风速随之减小。     

抚州市大雾天气气候概况及气象要素特征分析

利用地面观测资料,对抚州市1959-2009年大雾天气气候概况及气象要素特征进行分析。结果表明,抚州市大雾年平均日数冬春季多、夏秋季少,大雾主要集中在10月到翌年4月;大雾区域分布极不均匀,东多西少,南多北少,山区谷地多平原少;大雾日数随着年代的推移总体呈逐渐减少趋势,平均以1.8d(/10a)的速度减少;大雾日数存在3-6a、12-15a和19-22a的周期变化;大雾存在明显的日变化特征,02-07时是大雾多发时段。当气温为0-10℃、相对湿度为85%-95%、风速为0-3m/s、气压为1005-1 015 hPa时,出现大雾的频率最高。一年中以辐射雾最多,占77.5%;其次是平流-辐射雾,占17.4%;平流雾仅占5.1%。     

中国周边海域海面温度日变化对区域气候的影响

利用区域气候模式,分别以逐时海面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)数据及逐日SST数据作为模式的海表温度进行强迫,开展了1991～2010年共计20年的数值模拟,探讨SST日变化对中国区域气候变化的影响。对比结果表明,两组试验均能合理地再现中国区域气候的主要气候态特征。同时发现,两组试验模拟的气候特征在我国沿海区域以及近海洋面上存在明显差异:考虑SST日变化之后,2 m气温和感热通量差异呈现夏季(冬季)升高(降低)为主的趋势;潜热通量则与之相反;低层风场差异在夏季以海洋吹向大陆的东南风为主,冬季则以陆面吹向海洋的西北风差异为主;另外,水汽输送差异呈气旋式(反气旋式)时,降水出现正差异(负差异)。SST日变化对上述气候因子的影响在夏季更为显著。     

湖北省近50年气候变化特征分析

本文应用1951－2000年的逐月平均气温和降水量资料，分析了湖北省5个代表站的年、季、月气温与降水的变化情况，结果表明，近50年湖北省各地气候变化的地域性，季节性差异较大，省内中、东南部在冬、春季增暖明显，西部，北部在夏、秋季变冷较显著，降水量的变化趋势各地差异明显。     

广西暴雨非均匀性分布特征研究

利用广西1979—2008 年83 个气象观测站的逐日降水和NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料,采用蒙特卡罗检验等方法,计算和分析广西暴雨非均匀性分布及其变化特征。结果表明,广西暴雨主要发生在汛期(4—9 月),暴雨总站次约占全年总数的9 成;年暴雨量占全年总降水量的比例随年际变化有增加的趋势,即以后发生极端强降水的可能性增大。广西暴雨集中度分布为桂东大于桂西,桂西北和沿海地区的暴雨集中度变化趋势大部分为正趋势,桂东南大部分为负趋势。桂东北和西南地区暴雨集中期最晚,百色北部山区和桂东南地区最早,暴雨集中期气候趋势是桂东大部分地区和沿海地区有偏晚趋势,桂中和桂西大部分地区有偏早趋势。冬春季青藏高原南部和西太平洋高度场负距平,夏秋季副热带高压偏强、面积偏大、脊线偏西,这种稳定的东高西低形势有利于广西暴雨集中度偏大。冬季青藏高原南部和西太平洋地区的高度场均为正距平,春夏秋季青藏高原南部及西太平洋高度场的周期性变化特征使广西暴雨集中度偏小。夏季风强(弱)的年份孟加拉湾向广西输送的水汽通量少(大),低空风速小(大),造成广西除了北部山区和北海以外大部分地区暴雨集中度偏小(大)。      

太湖无锡地区近40a来日照的变化特征分析

利用无锡站1961—2000年日照时数、日照百分率、总云量及低云量资料，对太湖无锡地区近40a来日照的变化特征进行分析，阐述了其年变化及多年变化特征，分析了日照时数与日照百分率、总云量、低云量之间的关系。结果表明：日照时数呈减少趋势，年日照时数的减少幅度为99．72h／10d，其中又以夏、秋季减少最快；日照时数年内变化为夏秋季大、冬春季小；日照时数与日照百分率变化趋势不完全相同；日照时数与总云量、低云量呈负相关；年日照时数存在突变现象。     

我国四季极端雨日数时空变化及其与海表温度异常的关系

利用1960—2004年我国586个气象站的逐日降水观测资料,对每个季节和每个站点,以雨日降水量升序排列的第90个百分位值定义极端日降水阈值,分析揭示了我国四季极端雨日数的时空变化特征、与海表温度异常的关系以及相联系的大气环流异常型。结果表明,我国长江流域极端雨日数在冬季和夏季呈显著增加趋势,华北地区极端雨日数在冬季显著增加、而在夏季显著减少,华南地区极端雨日数在春季显著增加,东北地区极端雨日数在冬季和春季显著增加,而西北地区极端雨日数在四季均显著增加。各季极端雨日数在线性趋势变化之上表现年际和年代际变化特征,并且其典型异常型明显不同,春、秋季表现为长江以南与以北地区反位相的"偶极型"变化,夏季表现为长江流域与华南、华北地区反位相的"三极型"变化,冬季表现为全国大部分地区同位相的"单极型"变化。我国季节极端雨日数与印度洋-太平洋海表温度异常的关系主要表现为与ENSO的关系,而ENSO影响我国极端降水异常是通过相应的大气环流异常型来实现的。     

近60年深圳气候平均值变化特征分析

利用深圳国家基本气象站1953—2010年的观测资料,分析深圳气象要素平均值变化趋势和气候特点。结果表明,深圳总体呈现气温升高、降水量起伏、相对湿度下降和日照时数减少趋势。深圳的夏季延长、秋冬渐短,雷雨影响时段略有延长。另外,冬季平均气温的升高对深圳暖冬年份的判定有较为明显的影响,在气候评价等气候业务中需要注意这些差异。     

ANALYSIS ON INTRA-ANNUAL INHOMOGENEITY OF RAINSTORM EVENTS IN GUANGXI

Based on the daily precipitation data of 83 stations in Guangxi and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data from 1979 through 2008, the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution and variation of the rainstorm concentration degree （RCD） and the rainstorm concentration period （RCP） are analyzed by using the methods of Monte Carlo test etc. The results are shown as follows. The rainstorm events are concentrated in April-September, taking up about 90% of the yearly rainfall total, and the percentages of rainstorms in the annual total precipitation have an increasing tendency. RCD in the east of Guangxi is larger than that in the west. The RCP in the northeast and southwest of Guangxi is later than that in the other regions, and has the earliest onset in the northern mountainous regions of Baise and southeast Guangxi. The RCD exhibits an increasing tendency in the northwest and the coastal region while showing a decreasing tendency in the other regions. On a long-term basis, the RCP in the east and coastal region has a postponing trend but tends to be earlier in the other regions. The proposed mechanism is as follows： If the geopotential height in the south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the West Pacific has a highly negative anomaly in winter, the western Pacific subtropical high will be strong in summer, which increases the RCD in Guangxi. If the geopotential height has a highly positive anomaly in winter, the subtropical high will have a significant periodic oscillation in summer, which decreases the RCD in Guangxi. The value of RCD is high （low） in the area of northern mountainous regions of Guangxi and Beihai in strong （weak） South China Sea summer monsoon years, while in the other areas, the value of RCD is low （high）.     

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PRECEDING WINTER MJO ACTIVITIES AND THE SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN YANGTZE-HUAIHE RIVER BASIN OF CHINA

The first two series(RMM1 and RMM2) of RMM Index(all-Season Real-time Multivariate MJO Index) are computed to obtain the interannual variation of the preceding winter(preceding December to current February) MJO strength,according to which active(or inactive) years of preceding winter MJO are divided.By utilizing the data provided by NCEP/NCAR,CMAP and China’s 160 stations from 1979 to 2008,we studied the preceding winter MJO strength and discovered that the summer precipitation in the basin are of significantly negative correlation,i.e.when the preceding winter MJO is relatively active,the summer precipitation in the basin decreases,and vise verse.We also analyzed the causes.When the preceding winter MJO is relatively active,its release of potential heat facilities Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) to strengthen and locate northward in winter and propagate northeastward.This abnormal situation lasts from winter to summer.In mid-May,ITCZ jumps northward to the South China Sea,the western Pacific subtropical high withdraws eastward,and the South China Sea summer monsoon sets off and strengthens.In summer,ITCZ propagates to South China Sea-subtropical western Pacific,the zonal circulation of subtropical Pacific strengthens,and a local meridional circulation of the South China Sea to the basin area forms,giving rise to the East Asia Pacific teleconnection wave-train.An East Asian monsoon trough and the Meiyu front show opposite features from south to north,the East Asian summer monsoon strengthens and advances northward.As a result,the summer monsoon is weakened as the basin is controlled by the subtropical high continually,with less rain in summer.On the contrary,when the preceding winter MJO is inactive,ITCZ weakens and is located southward,the subtropical high is located southward in summer,and the basin is in a region of ascending airflow with prevailing southwest wind.The East Asian monsoon trough and EASM weaken so that summer monsoon is reduced in the basin where precipitation increases.     

南海表面温度距平对我国夏季风和降水影响的数值试验

我国东部夏季降水不仅与副高脊线的向北推进有关,而且与对流层低层夏季季风向北推进有关。Shukla,在研究印度季风降水量对阿拉伯海域海表温度响应时也指出,对季风环流模拟的真实性直接影响印度季风降水模拟的真实性。本文以观测分析结果为依据,用英国     

北太平洋海温异常对中国东北地区旱涝的影响

文中利用 196 1～ 2 0 0 0年中国东北地区 80个测站 4 0a的月降水和同一时期的北太平洋海温资料以及奇异值分解 (SVD)技术 ,分析了北太平洋海温异常对中国东北地区夏季旱涝的影响。结果表明 :东北地区夏季降水与北太平洋海温异常之间存在着较为密切的联系 ,当前期冬季和春季甚至是前一年夏季赤道中东太平洋海温如果处于异常偏暖 (或偏冷 )状态 ,并且西风漂流区具有较明显的SST负 (或正 )距平分布时 ,则东北大部分地区夏季降水具有整体偏多 (或偏少 )的倾向。当然 ,东北地区降水与北太平洋海温异常之间的这种联系也并非是简单的一一对应的关系     

CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIMATE WARMING AND IMPACT ON CLIMATE ZONES CHANGE IN GUANGDONG

Based on temperature data in Guangdong in the past 50years, statistical methods are used to analyze the characteristics of temperature in spatial and temporal variation. The results show that land surface temperature warms by 0.16 °C/10a in Guangdong. The range of warming was lower than the average of nationwide and global land surface. Furthermore, the temperature has a larger increase tendency in winter and spring and coastal areas than in summer and autumn and inland areas. Climate zones move towards the north obviously. North tropical zone is expanding, south subtropical zone is reducing and central subtropical zone is relatively stable. Under the global climate warming, characteristics of climate warming in Guangdong were influenced by atmosphere general circulation, sea surface temperature and human activities etc.     

冬季黑潮延伸体异常增暖对东亚夏季风影响的数值试验

利用NCAR CAM3全球大气环流模式数值试验，研究了冬季黑潮延伸体的海温异常增暖对东亚夏季风的影响。结果表明，冬季黑潮延伸体海温异常增暖将导致东亚夏季风增强北推。表征夏季风强度的EASMI（the East Asian Summer Monsoon Index）和LSTDI（the Land-Sea Thernal Difference Index）在夏季风爆发后都呈现了明显的增强趋势，且LSTDI对海温异常增暖的响应更为敏感。华北、南海和菲律宾以东的低空西南季风显著增强，副热带西风急流轴以北（南）西风加强（减弱）。日本群岛及周边海域和中国东部长江以南至秦岭一线的降水明显减少；华北、南海、东海、黄海和菲律宾以东的西太平洋上的降水增多。华北是东亚夏季风对黑潮延伸体的海温异常响应最敏感的区域。东亚地区近地面温度表现为一致的增温特征，而30～50 °N之间对流层的整体升温导致了海陆热力差异的加大，这是促使东亚夏季风增强的重要原因。中国及周边地区环流和降水异常分布和西北太平洋副热带高压增强北抬有关。     

THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS AND DECADAL VARIATION OF GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN CAM3.0

Using the CAM3.0 model, we investigated the respective effects of aerosol concentration increasing and decadal variation of global sea surface temperature(SST) around year 1976/77 on the East Asian precipitation in boreal summer. By doubling the concentration of the sulfate aerosol and black carbon aerosol separately and synchronously in East Asia(100-150 °E, 20-50 °N), the climate effects of these aerosols are specifically investigated. The results show that both the decadal SST changing and aerosol concentration increasing could lead to rainfall decreasing in the center of East Asia, but increasing in the regions along southeast coast areas of China. However, the different patterns of rainfall over ocean and lower wind field over Asian continent between aerosol experiments and SST experiments in CAM3.0 indicate the presence of different mechanisms. In the increased aerosol concentration experiments, scattering effect is the main climate effect for both sulfate and black carbon aerosols in the Eastern Asian summer. Especially in the increased sulfate aerosol concentration experiment, the climate scattering effect of aerosol leads to the most significant temperature decreasing, sinking convection anomalies and decreased rainfall in the troposphere over the central part of East Asia. However, in an increased black carbon aerosol concentration experiment, weakened sinking convection anomalies exist at the southerly position. This weakened sinking and its compensating rising convection anomalies in the south lead to the heavy rainfall over southeast coast areas of China. When concentrations of both sulfate and black carbon aerosols increase synchronously, the anomalous rainfall distribution is somewhat like that in the increased black carbon concentration aerosol experiment but with less intensity.     

陕西省降水量变化的区域特征分析

根据陕西省1951—2000年的降水量资料,采用旋转主因子分析方法,对冬季、夏季和年降水量场进行客观分区。陕西省可划分为3个子区域：陕北区、关中陕南西部区和陕南区。在此基础上,研究了陕西省降水量变化的区域特征和年代际变化以及长期趋势特征。结果表明,陕西省过去50年降水量有显著的北少南多特征,而且陕北区降水量的减少趋势远大于关中陕南西部区,陕南区在夏季和冬季降水量还略有增加。