福建省海洋工程装备产业现状与发展对策探讨

近年来,福建海洋工程装备产业进步显著,初步形成了以港口装卸、海上起重机、海底铺管、大型汽车滚装船等传统装备为主导的制造基地;同时,海水淡化核心装备、海洋防腐材料、水下作业机器人、游艇装备等新兴产业也取得了快速发展,但仍存在产业基础薄弱、整体产品低端、研发力量小且分散、试验研发平台严重不足等制约"瓶颈"。文章通过现场调研和资料查询分析了福建海洋工程装备产业的发展现状,总结归纳出当前制约产业发展的主要因素,明确发展思路,提出建设具有海西特色的海工装备制造业应发展海洋工程装备的重点领域、编制福建省海洋工程装备中长期发展规划和实施方案、提升海洋工程装备科技创新能力、制定海洋工程装备发展的扶持政策、构建比较完整的重点领域海洋工程装备产业链等对策与建议。     

海洋平台浮托安装分析及其关键技术

大型海洋工程结构一般采用吊装法进行海上安装.随着海洋结构物重量的不断增大以及受到起重船吊装能力的限制,大型海上结构物浮托安装技术正成为海上施工安装的1种新方法,并成功应用于浅海固定式平台大型组块和深海浮式海洋平台的海上安装.本文介绍了海洋平台海上浮托安装的步骤、关键缓冲设备,列举了一些国内外的安装工程实例,指出了浮托法的关键技术,最后针对某工程实例,利用SESAM软件进行浮托法水动力分析.     

海上风电基础结构研究现状及发展趋势

对国外海上风电机组基础结构的研究与工程应用现状进行了较为详尽地分析,重点对我国海上风电场开发建设有借鉴意义的重力式结构、单桩结构、三角架结构和导管架结构进行了分析论述.基于我国海洋工程技术水平和海上风电产业发展的动态,分析发展适合我国国情的海上风电机组基础结构的可行性及必要性,提出我国海上风电产业发展所面临的挑战.     

基于海洋石油201 DP模式的东方1-1导管架安装技术

从动力定位起重船舶进行导管架海上安装研究出发,总结归纳了动力定位起重船舶海上安装导管架等大型结构物的优势,并以深水动力定位铺管起重船"海洋石油201"安装导管架为例,提出了南中国海大型导管架采用动力定位安装的环境限制条件及动力定位能力分析方法,数值分析导管架下水扶正过程,给出了东方1-1 WHPF导管架动力定位安装的关键步骤及方案设计。该研究对恶劣海况下的大型导管架安装具有一定的借鉴意义。     

海洋平台浮托安装分析及其关键技术

大型海洋工程结构一般采用吊装法进行海上安装。随着海洋结构物重量的不断增大以及受到起重船吊装能力的限制,大型海上结构物浮托安装技术正成为海上施工安装的1种新方法,并成功应用于浅海固定式平台大型组块和深海浮式海洋平台的海上安装。本文介绍了海洋平台海上浮托安装的步骤、关键缓冲设备,列举了一些国内外的安装工程实例,指出了浮托法的关键技术,最后针对某工程实例,利用SESAM软件进行浮托法水动力分析。     

海洋工程监测体系分类研究Ⅱ——资源开发与保护类

根据海洋工程环境影响报告书及相关文献资料,阐述了海上油气开发、海砂开采、人工鱼礁、海水淡化等资源开发与保护类海洋工程项目的特征污染物、主要环境影响及相应环保措施等,提出了各类海洋工程的监测频率及监测内容,为海洋工程分类管理提供依据。     

孤立墩柱在波浪作用下的动力反应

随着海洋工程事业的迅速发展,海上建筑物有不少采用孤立墩柱的型式或是由孤立墩柱组成的.关于作用在孤立墩柱上的波浪力,在我国交通部制定的《海港水文规范》中已作出规定,这方面也有不少文献和研究成果.但是,设计海上孤立墩柱建筑物,只按静力计算往往是不够的,在不少情况下,必须考虑动力反应问题.自1961年美国得萨克四号塔发生重大破坏事故以后,海洋工程界对海上建筑物的动力设计问题非常重视.作用在海上建筑物的荷载,除波浪力外,尚有风、水流等,为使问题简化,本文仅考虑波浪荷载,并视结构为单自由度第一振型的振动.     

新型双船起重拆除平台试验研究

拆除大型海上结构物是一项非常复杂且充满挑战的工程。现提出一种新型海上平台拆除方案,该方案利用三条半潜船来代替具有重型起重装置的单一船舶,通过两艘相同的半潜船将平台上层建筑托起,随后运至第三艘半潜船上完成平台拆除。在风浪流作用下,半潜船和平台的所处方位和运动姿态一直处于动态变化中,这对船舶调节压载的稳定性以及双船运动的同步性提出了要求。为了确保该方案的高效性和安全性,设计了一套完整的模型试验装置,包括船舶模型、平台拆卸辅助设备、六自由度运动采集与分析系统、控制系统、无线通讯系统以及测量系统。开展了相应的水池试验,试验结果验证了双船起重拆除平台方案中双船协同运输这一关键环节的可行性和安全性。     

基于2万吨桥式起重机的半潜式钻井平台建造新工艺

对半潜式钻井平台的建造方法、合拢工艺进行了综述,并指出了这些工艺方法的不足.在综合各建造工艺优缺点的基础上,基于“平地造船”的思想,提出了一种新的建造工艺.该工艺是以总起重量达2万吨的世界第一桥式起重机一“泰山”为核心,平台采用巨型分段建造和舾装,最后利用2万吨起重机整体合拢完成的工艺.该工艺真正实现了平地造船的思想,实践证明,该起重机的投入使用,使得半潜式钻井平台建造工艺得到革新,对整个海洋工程领域将产生积极影响和促进作用.     

海上静力触探(CPT)测试技术的发展现状和应用

静力触探(CPT)是一种速度快,数据连续、再现性好、操作省力等优点的原位测试方法。随着海洋开发的迅速发展,CPT测试技术在国内外海洋工程领域的使用越来越普遍。因此,了解国外海上CPT设备和应用情况,探讨应用中的问题,对CPT测试技术在我国海上工程领域的应用具有重要意义。文章描述了国外海上静力触探(CPT)测试技术的发展现状,阐明了主要的海床CPT(Seabed CPT)设备和井下CPT(Downhole CPT)设备的特点,并对不同CPT设备在海洋工程领域的应用作了分析,这对海上CPT测试技术在我国的应用和发展具有一定的参考价值和指导作用。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.