栉孔扇贝对Cd的累积和排出

重金属是主要的海洋污染物之一,它易被生物体吸收富集,转化为毒性更大的金属有机化合物,再经食物链传递,危害人体健康.随着近岸水产养殖业的快速发展,养殖产生的废物(粪便、残饵、分泌物)中存在可与重金属相互作用的活性介质,这些活性介质对水域中重金属污染物的行为产生影响,从而对重金属的生物有效性(生物体吸收、蓄积重金属的能力)产生影响 [1].因此,关于重金属生物有效性及其影响因素的研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,而且是水环境质量基准研究以及建立合理的水质标准的必要前提.     

栉孔扇贝对Cd的累积和排出

重金属是主要的海洋污染物之一，它易被生物体吸收富集，转化为毒性更大的金属有机化合物，再经食物链传递，危害人体健康。随着近岸水产养殖业的快速发展，养殖产生的废物（粪便、残饵、分泌物）中存在可与重金属相互作用的活性介质，这些活性介质对水域中重金属污染物的行为产生影响，从而对重金属的生物有效性（生物体吸收、蓄积重金属的能力）产生影响。     

华贵栉孔扇贝的人工育苗

华贵栉孔扇贝Chlamys(Mimachlamys)nobilis(Reeve)分布于印度尼西亚、日本部分海域以及我国南海等地[1],我国福建、广东沿海曾形成规模化养殖,后来发生爆发性大面积死亡,给养殖生产造成重大经济损失[2],导致其养殖生产陷入低谷.自我国政府与越南政府解决北部湾海域划界以来,广东雷州市大量转产转业渔民兴起了养殖扇贝的热潮.华贵栉孔扇贝因壳面色泽好、生长快、价格高,成为养殖户首选养殖对象.但目前由于种种原因,其育苗生产不稳定甚至失败.为此,笔者于2003年4月至8月在湛江市雷州珍珠一场进行了华贵栉孔扇贝人工育苗试验,为苗种生产提供参考.     

华贵栉孔扇贝的人工育苗

华贵栉孔扇贝Chlamys(Mimachlamys)nobilis(Reeve)分布于印度尼西亚、日本部分海域以及我国南海等地，我国福建、广东沿海曾形成规模化养殖，后来发生爆发性大面积死亡，给养殖生产造成重大经济损失，导致其养殖生产陷入低谷。自我国政府与越南政府解决北部湾海域划界以来，广东雷州市大量转产转业渔民兴起了养殖扇贝的热潮。华贵栉孔扇贝因壳面色泽好、生长快、价格高，成为养殖户首选养殖对象。但目前由于种种原因，其育苗生产不稳定甚至失败。为此，笔者于2003年4月至8月在湛江市雷州珍珠一场进行了华贵栉孔扇贝人工育苗试验，为苗种生产提供参考。     

镉、硒胁迫下华贵栉孔扇贝消化腺差异蛋白表达

【目的】应用蛋白组学技术解析镉（Cd）、硒（Se）胁迫对华贵栉孔扇贝（Chlamys nobilis）组织中蛋白表达的影响,为扇贝金属蓄积和耐受机制研究提供数据。【方法】将华贵栉孔扇贝置于分别含有Cd、Se、Cd+Se的海水中,采用非标记定量Label-free蛋白组学技术分析对照组和处理组扇贝消化腺的差异表达蛋白（differentially expressed proteins,DEPs）,并对其进行GO富集、KEGG通路富集和蛋白质相互作用网络分析。【结果】CT组的闭壳肌和外套膜中的Cd质量分数显著高于鳃、性腺和消化腺（P <0.05）。除闭壳肌外,在镉、硒、Cd+Se胁迫下扇贝其他组织中的Cd或Se质量分数均显著增加（P <0.05）。Se+Cd胁迫下扇贝闭壳肌、外套膜和消化腺中的Se质量分数显著降低（P <0.05）,说明扇贝中Se和Cd相互拮抗。共鉴定出887个DEPs;与对照组相比,Se组45个上调蛋白、9个下调蛋白,Cd组15个上调蛋白、10个下调蛋白,CdSe组13个上调蛋白、3个下调蛋白。生物信息学分析发现,Cd、Se胁迫的DEPs主要涉及参与细胞...     

儿茶酚胺类激素对华贵栉孔扇贝循环生理的影响

【目的】探究儿茶酚胺类激素对华贵栉孔扇贝（Chlamys nobilis）循环生理的影响,为贝类应对环境胁迫的生理响应研究提供基础。【方法】将0.2、1.0、2.0μmol/L的儿茶酚胺类激素（多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素）注射到华贵栉孔扇贝体内,运用多普勒超声成像技术实时监测扇贝在0、5、20、40、60、180、300 min时的心率、舒张末期速度、收缩峰值速度、血流量等循环生理指标变化情况。【结果】注射0.2μmol/L的多巴胺和肾上腺素后,扇贝的心率相对变化率与海水对照组之间均无显著差异（P> 0.05）,而舒张末期速度、收缩峰值速度、血流量分别在注射后20、40 min显著高于对照组（P <0.05）;注射0.2μmol/L的去甲肾上腺素后,仅舒张末期速度在注射后5 min显著高于对照组（P <0.05）;注射1.0μmol/L的儿茶酚胺类激素后,扇贝各循环生理指标的相对变化率平均值在40 min前低于对照组,在60 min时高于对照组;注射2.0μmol/L的儿茶酚胺类激素后,扇贝各循环生理指标的相对变化率平均值在40 min前均低于对照组且为负值,在1...     

华贵栉孔扇贝稚贝盐度适应性的研究

通过室内实验研究了水温28.5～29.4℃、pH值7.6～8.1条件下,华贵栉孔扇贝Chlamys nobilis(Reeve)稚贝(壳高9.77±0.19mm)对不同盐度的适应性。结果表明:华贵栉孔扇贝稚贝适宜生存盐度为24.27~37.18,最适生存盐度为26.91~32.13,适宜生长盐度为24.56~37.09,最适生长盐度为26.91~29.52。在适宜生存盐度范围内,当盐度变化超出最适范围时,低盐端变化对相对成活率、壳高日增长率、体重日增长率影响比高盐端明显。     

大亚湾华贵栉孔扇贝[Chlamys nobilis（Reeve）]繁殖和生长的初步观察

扇贝是我国的主要海水养殖品种之一。扇贝的闭壳肌干制品俗称“干贝”，是畅销的出口珍品，换汇率高。据国外最新研究报导，扇贝的医药价值更高，其韧带浸出物可治癌病，其卵巢对白血病有较高的疗效。     

华贵栉孔扇贝人工育苗的初步研究

华贵栉孔扇贝[(Chlamys nobilis (Reeve)]属暖水性双壳类。具有生长快、肉质细嫩、清甜鲜美、营养丰富、经济价值高的特点。它的闭壳肌干制品俗称“干贝”，自古为人民所喜爱的海珍品。因此是一种较好的浅海养殖对象。目前，世界上如美国“加拿大、日本、法国、澳大利亚、巴西等国家均进行了大面积养殖生产。     

低值鱼蛋白多肽-铁(Ⅱ)螯合物的酶解制备及其抗氧化、抗菌活性

以南海低值鱼蛋白为原料,采用木瓜蛋白酶和风味酶的复合酶水解得到多肽水解物(HP),并制备多肽-铁(Ⅱ)螯合物,对螯合工艺及螯合产物的结果及抗氧化和抗菌功能特性进行了初步研究。结果表明:1)水解度为5%的多肽与铁(Ⅱ)螯合效果最佳,螯合率为94.15%;2)化学分析及红外光谱表明活性肽与亚铁离子螯合并形成稳定结构的螯合物;(3)经过50%乙醇(体积分数)沉淀的螯合铁具有明显的抗氧化活性,其抗氧化作用相当于维生素E的90%,经过80%乙醇(体积分数)沉淀的螯合物具有显著的抗枯草牙孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌活性,其抑菌圈均直径为13mm。     

Effects of benzo（a）pyrene exposure on the antioxidant enzyme activity of scallop Chlamysfarreri

Scallop Chlamys farreri was exposed to different concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) (0.5 μg/L, 1.0 μg/L, 10.0 μg/L and 50.0 μg/L) for 30 days in seawater. The 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was significantly induced, and increased with the increasing BaP concentration. The glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities increased in short time at low concentration of BaP, and was significantly depressed at high concentr...     

Effects of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on amino acid con-tent in guinea pig skin irradiated by chronic ultraviolet A and B

1 INTRODUCTION Long-term exposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation results in degenerative processes involved in photoaging and photocarcinogenesis (Differy, 1987). As UVC is absorbed entirely by the stratospheric ozone layer and does not reach the earth抯 surface, sunlight is composed of UVA (320 nm 400 nm) and UVB (290 nm 320 nm). Human skin is exposed constantly to both UVA and UVB radiation, it is, therefore, important to protect the skin against UVA and UVB-induce…     

Development of 101 novel EST-derived single nucleotide polymorphism markers for Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri)

Zhikong scallop(Chlamys farreri) is an important maricultured species in China.Many researches on this species,such as population genetics and QTL fine-mapping,need a large number of molecular markers.In this study,based on the expressed sequence tags(EST),a total of 300 putative single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were selected and validated using high resolution melting(HRM) technology with unlabeled probe.Of them,101(33.7%) were found to be polymorphic in 48 individuals from 4 populations.Further evaluation with 48 individuals from Qingdao population showed that all the polymorphic loci had two alleles with the minor allele frequency ranged from 0.046 to 0.500.The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.925 and from 0.089 to 0.505,respectively.Fifteen loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and significant linkage disequilibrate was detected in one pair of markers.BLASTx gave significant hits for 72 of the 101 polymorphic SNP-containing ESTs.Thirty four polymorphic SNP loci were predicted to be non-synonymous substitutions as they caused either the change of codons(33 SNPs) or pretermination of translation(1 SNP).The markers developed can be used for the population studies and genetic improvement on Zhikong scallop.     

Characterization,expression and function analysis of DAX1 gene of scallop (Chlamys farreri jones and preston 1904) during its gametogenesis

DAX1, a member of nuclear receptor superfamily, has a function in the sex determination and gonadal differentiation of several vertebrate species. However, little information about DAX1 of invertebrates is available. Here we cloned a homolog of scallop (Chlamys farreri Jones and Preston 1904) dax1, Cf-dax1, and determined its expression characteristics at mRNA and protein levels. The cDNA sequence of Cf-dax1 was 2093 bp in length, including 1404 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 467 amino acids. Unlike those of vertebrates, no conserved LXXLL-related motif was found in the putative DNA binding region of Cf-DAX1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that Cf-dax1 located on the short arm of a pair of subtelocentric chromosomes. Tissue distribution analysis using semi-quantitative RT-PCR revealed that Cf-dax1 expressed widely in adult scallop tissues, with the highest expression level found in adductor muscle, moderate level in mantle, gill and testis, and low level in kidney, ovary and hepatopancreas. The result of quantitative real-time PCR indicated that the expression of Cf-dax1 was significantly higher (P<0.05) in testis than in ovary at the same stage, showing a sex-dimorphic expression pattern. Furthermore, immunohistochemical detection found that Cf-DAX1 mainly located in spermatogonia and spermatocytes of testis and in oogonia and oocytes of ovary, implying that DAX1 may involve in gametogenesis of bivalves.     

Identification of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri)

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily is one of the membership largest and function most diverse protein superfamily recogniozed among living beings. Members of this superfamily were further assigned to different families and subfamilies based on their amino acid similarities. According to their phylogenetic relationships, the CYP genes which likely diverged from common ancestor gene and may share common functions were grouped into one clan. Widely distributing scallops are a group of the most conspicuous bivalve; however the studies on their CYP is acarce. In this study, we searched the genome and expressed sequence tags of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) for CYP genes. In total, 88 non-redundant CYP were identified, which were homed in 13 CYPs gene families. Phylogenetic analysis divided these genes into 4 CYP clans. As in deuterostomes, Clan 2 was the largest, which contained 33 genes belonging to CYP1, CYP2, CYP17 and CYP356 families. Clan 3 contgained 19 genes belonging to CYP3, CYP5 and CYP30 families. Clan 4 contained 23 genes, all belonging to CYP4 family. The mitochondrial CYP clan contained 9 genes belonging to CYP10 and CYP24 families. In comparison, protostomes (C. farreri, D. pluex, D. melanogaster) contained more CYP genes than deuterostomes (S. purpuratus and vertebrates) in Clan 2 but less genes in Clan 3 and Clan 4. Our findings will aid to deciphering CYP function and evolution in scallops and bivalves.     

Protective Effect of Topically Applied Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri Against Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Chronic Skin Damage in Guinea Pig

INTRODUCTIONSolarultraviolet(UV)radiationisknowntobeamajoretiologicalriskofphotoaging.AsUVC(2 0 0nm -2 90nm)isabsorbedentirelybythestratosphericozonelayer,sunlightontheearthsur faceiscomposedofUVA (3 2 0nm -4 0 0nm)andUVB (2 90nm -3 2 0nm)only.UVAradiationenergyaccountsformorethan 90 %ofsolarUV ;andpenetratesthebasallayerofepidermismoreefficientlythanUVB (Brulsetal.,1984) .However,atsimilardosages,UVBismuchmoremuta genicthanUVA (Drobetskyetal.,1995) .Furthermore ,humanskinisexp…     

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri inhibits UVB-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells via iNOS/NO and HSP90

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri(PCF) is a novel marine bioactive product that was isolated from the gonochoric Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri,and was found to be an effective antioxidant in our recent studies.In this study,we investigated the effect of PCF on ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells and the intracellular signaling pathways involved.Pretreatment with the inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) inhibitor S-methylisothiourea sulfate inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis,indicating that iN...     

A polypeptide from Chlamys farreri inhibits UVB-induced HaCaT cells apoptosis via the Apaf-1/caspase-9 and Smac/XIAP signaling pathway

A novel marine active polypeptide(PCF),isolated from the gonochoric Chinese scallop,Chlamys farreri,has potential antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activity against ultraviolet irradiation.We investigated whether UVB-induced HaCaT cell apoptosis occurs via the mitochondrial pathways Apaf-1/caspase-9 and Smac/XIAP/caspase-3.We then investigated the molecular mechanisms controlling the anti-apoptotic effect of PCF.Pre-treatment with PCF and caspase-9 inhibitor significantly inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis in HaC...     

The comparison between allozyme and RAPD makers for the population genetic structure analysis of scallop Chlamys farreri

1INTRODUCTION Since the first use in human genetic research in1966,allozyme has become the most popular genetic marker for population genetics studies for almost all groups of animals and plants(Lewontin and Hubby,1966;Murphy et al.,1996).In the past seve…     

Effects of different combinations of cryoprotectants on spermatozoon vitality of Chinese scallop,Chlamys farreri,during low temperature equilibrium

The effects of membrane penetrating anti—freezing agents (MPAAs), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), glycerol, EG (ethylene glycol) and methanol in combination with different cryoprotective additives such as carbohydrates, macromoleules and inorganic compounds on the spermatozoon vitality of Chinese scallop,Chlamys farreri, during 1 h 0 °C equilibrium were investigated. When only MPAAs existed, the detrimental effects of different MPAAs ranked in the following order: DMSO<methanol<EG<glycerol. When carbohydrates were added into MPAAs solution, 5% glucose caused larger decrease of spermatozoon vitality than 2.4% lactose. 5% glucose or 2.4% lactose in 7.5% glycerol caused complete damage. 10% yolk was best in maintaining the spermatozoon vitality except when used in combination with 10% methanol. 10% milk significantly decreased spermatozoon vitality in EG and methanol and enhanced its vitality in glycerol, but did not significantly influence it in DMSO. Glycine MPAAs ranked in the following order. 10% yolk <10% yolk +2.4% lactose <2.4% lactose <2.0% citrate <10% milk <10% milk +2.0% citrate <5% glucose <80mmol/L glycine +55 mmol/L NaHCO₃. Contribution No. 2434 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.