锥束CT精确重建算法研究最新进展

第八届三维图像重建及核医疗学国际会议于2005年7月在美国盐湖城召开.该会议是在CT、PET及SPECT图像重建领域最负盛名的会议之一.本文主要介绍在本次会议上提出的几种最新锥束CT精确重建算法,包括MD-FBP算法、R-line算法等;还讨论了这两种精确锥束重建算法的各自优点,并对CT图像重建领域下一步的研究方向做了展望.     

《CT理论与应用研究》2003年第12卷1-3期主要文章目次索引

[栏 目] 文 章 题 目 作 者 期-页码 [CT理论] 正电子断层扫描仪与PET图像重建概述 刘 力 吴晓锋 印 胤 (1-47) 基于正交投影和广义投影(POCS)算法的研究进展 姜 明 张兆田等 (1-51) CT系统的能谱估计及射束硬化校正算法 叶侠娟 张 朋 (2-10) 对一种非圆轨迹扫描下扇束重建公式的讨论 黄朝志 路宏年 杨 民 等 (2-16) 再论扇形束非圆轨迹扫描的补充说明 王 革 (2-39) 论锥束CT扫描Grangeat-型 Katsevich-型的算法 王 革 等 (3-45) 扇束图像重建中OSEM…     

基于相对TV最小的CT图像重建算法

总变差（TV）最小算法是一种有效的CT图像重建算法,可以对稀疏或含噪投影数据进行高精度重建。然而,在某些情况下,TV算法会产生阶梯状伪影。在图像去噪领域,相对TV算法展现了优于TV算法的性能。鉴于此,将相对TV模型引入图像重建,提出相对TV最小优化模型,并在自适应梯度下降-投影到凸集（ASD-POCS）框架下设计对应的求解算法,以进一步提升重建精度。以Shepp-Logan、FORBILD及真实CT图像仿真模体进行重建实验,验证了该算法的正确性并评估了算法的稀疏重建能力和抗噪能力。实验结果表明,相对TV算法可以实现逆犯罪,可以对稀疏或含噪投影数据进行高精度重建,与TV算法相比,该算法可以取得更高的重建精度。      

基于Chambolle-Pock框架的核TV多通道图像重建算法

总变差最小化算法是一种基于压缩感知理论的图像重建算法,能够从稀疏投影或含噪投影数据中高精度地重建图像,已经被广泛应用于计算机断层成像、磁共振成像、电子顺磁共振成像。能谱CT、T1或T2加权的MRI及EPRI均属于多通道成像。逐通道TV算法可以实现较高精度的图像重建,然而忽略了各通道图像之间的相似性。核TV算法是一种考虑了通道间图像相似性的TV类算法,可以实现高精度图像重建。面向多通道图像重建,以CT重建为研究范例,本文提出一种Chambolle-Pock算法框架下的核TV多通道图像重建算法。通过仿真模体和真实CT图像模体的重建实验,验证算法的正确性,分析算法的收敛性,探索算法参数对收敛速率的影响,评估算法的稀疏重建能力及含噪投影重建能力。结果表明,相对于逐通道TV算法,所提算法可以取得更高的重建精度。核TV算法是一种高精度的多通道图像重建算法,可以应用于各种成像模态的多通道重建场合。      

一种扇束扫描模式下的图像重建迭代算法

CT图像重建的扫描模式有平行束、扇束、锥束等,在扇束扫描模式下的图像重建算法大多基于图像的正方形网格剖分。本文建立了扇束扫描模式下新的图像重建离散化模型,并给出了基于新模型的代数迭代校正格式和重建算法。对新的模型下迭代算法几何意义进行了讨论,基于新模型的代数迭代重建算法有助于提高成像质量,启发新的图像重建算法。     

几种CT图像重建算法的研究和比较

本文研究了滤波反投影算法（FBP），局部重建算法（LocalRA)，修正的代数重建算法（MART）。用特别设计的仿真数据和实采数据，分别对这三种算法进行了成像数值试验，分析和比较了各算法的重建速度，空间分辨率，密度分辨率，及其优缺点和适用范围。     

深度学习重建算法的图像质量体模研究

目的:使用体模比较CT深度学习重建算法和迭代重建算法的图像质量。方法:使用GE Revolution Apex扫描ACR质量控制体模Gammex 464,分别测量module 1～module 4的5种物质CT值准确性、低对比度分辨率、图像均匀性和高对比度分辨率。通过指标比较高剂量下（20 mGy）深度学习重建算法TrueFedelityTM（TFI）3种等级（DL、DM及DH）和自适应统计迭代重建算法V（AV）3种等级（30％、60％ 及90％）的图像质量。两种算法的各指标比较采用单因素方差分析。结果:所有6组图像的高/低分辨率均一致（高对比度分辨率:10 lp/cm;低对比度分辨率:6 mm）;两种算法都轻微高估聚乙烯、空气以及丙烯酸的CT值,各物质间CT值差异不具有统计学意义。两种算法均低估骨和固态水的CT值,其中,TFI算法对固态水的CT值较AV更接近真实值,但各组图像间不具有统计学差异。6组图像中,TFIDH的图像均匀性最佳;同等级条件下,深度学习重建算法相较IR算法的图像均匀性更佳。结论:深度学习重建算法在高剂量水平下可以在保持图像空间分辨率和CT值准确性的基础上,进一步降低图像噪声。      

深度学习重建算法在上腹部CT成像中的应用

目的:通过分析比较自适应统计迭代重建（ASIR）算法和深度学习重建（DLIR）算法在上腹部CT成像中的图像质量,探讨DLIR算法在上腹部CT成像中的应用价值。方法:回顾性纳入75例患者上腹部CT平扫图像,利用自适应统计迭代重建算法ASIR（30％、50％、70％、90％）和深度学习重建算法（DL-L、DL-M、DL-H）重建图像,共7组。测量每组图像肝脏、胰腺、竖脊肌的CT值和SD值,并计算信噪比（SNR）和对比噪声比（CNR）,采用单因素方差分析对各指标进行客观评价;同时由两位放射医师对图像质量和噪声评分,采用Friedman M检验进行比较。结果:①七组重建图像的SD值、SNR、肝脏CNR差异有统计学意义。②DL-L与ASIR 50％、DL-M与ASIR 70％、DL-H与ASIR 90％ 间各ROI处CT值、SD值、SNR值、CNR值无差异。③三种深度学习重建算法间随等级升高,SNR值升高,差异有统计学意义;且DL-H 算法的SNR值高于ASIR 30％、ASIR 50％,SD值低于除ASIR 90％ 外的其余5组重建算法。④七组图像主观评分差异有统计学意义,算法DL-H具有最佳的图像质量和最低的噪声,DL-M、ASIR 90％、DL-L、ASIR 70％、ASIR 50％、ASIR 30％ 图像噪声依次增加。结论:深度学习重建算法能够降低上腹部图像噪声,提高图像质量,且随等级升高,图像噪声降低、质量提高、信噪比升高。      

基于GATE的正电子发射断层成像仿真研究

探讨利用GATE仿真软件,来模拟正电子发射断层成像的扫描过程,并进行图像重建研究。介绍了GATE仿真过程中,若干关键参数的设置及计算方法:包括PET探测器的结构设置,被扫描物体的空间结构与活度分布设置,γ光子检测过程中探测器性能参数设置。此外,还讨论了从光子计数数据生成正弦图,以及随后的图像重建过程。作为示例,对西门子公司的Inveon小动物PET扫描仪的进行了仿真成像,成功获得了图像。     

共轭梯度法在图像重建中的应用

图像重建常常被转化为解非线性无约束极值问题,通过范数极小化推导出共轭梯度法的一般算法.通过对模拟数据和实际工件断层扫描数据进行图像重建,估计了算法的有效性,结果表明,与最速下降法相比,此算法更适用于不完全投影数据的图像重建,在保证重建图像拟合度的同时,大大提高了重建速度.     

Potential evapotranspiration changes in Lancang River Basin and Yarlung Zangbo River Basin,southwest China

ABSTRACT

Understanding potential evapotranspiration (PET) changes under climate change is of great importance for hydrological research. The trends of PET changes and their driving forces were investigated in the Lancang (LRB) and Yarlung Zangbo (YRB) river basins, southwest China, using diagnosis graphs and the Mann-Kendall test. Analysis of variance was applied to examine the contribution of different climatic variables to PET. The results show that: (i) there was a statistically significant increase in PET in the period of 1957–2015 in the LRB, while it showed a markedly decreasing trend in the YRB; (ii) PET in both basins is fairly sensitive to wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and maximum air temperature, and the interactions between wind speed and relative humidity are also important; and (iii) the increase in PET in the LRB is due mainly to the increase in maximum air temperature and decrease in relative humidity, while declines in wind speed and solar radiation are the main reasons for the decrease in PET in the YRB.     

Regional potential evapotranspiration in arid climates based on temperature,topography and calculated solar radiation

Values of evapotranspiration are required for a variety of water planning activities in arid and semi‐arid climates, yet data requirements are often large, and it is costly to obtain this information. This work presents a method where a few, readily available data (temperature, elevation) are required to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET). A method using measured temperature and the calculated ratio of total to vertical radiation (after the work of Behnke and Maxey, 1969) to estimate monthly PET was applied for the months of April–October and compared with pan evaporation measurements. The test area used in this work was in Nevada, which has 124 weather stations that record sufficient amounts of temperature data. The calculated PET values were found to be well correlated (R²=0·940–0·983, slopes near 1·0) with mean monthly pan evaporation measurements at eight weather stations.In order to extrapolate these calculated PET values to areas without temperature measurements and to sites at differing elevations, the state was divided into five regions based on latitude, and linear regressions of PET versus elevation were calculated for each of these regions. These extrapolated PET values generally compare well with the pan evaporation measurements (R²=0·926–0·988, slopes near 1·0). The estimated values are generally somewhat lower than the pan measurements, in part because the effects of wind are not explicitly considered in the calculations, and near‐freezing temperatures result in a calculated PET of zero at higher elevations in the spring months. The calculated PET values for April–October are 84–100% of the measured pan evaporation values. Using digital elevation models in a geographical information system, calculated values were adjusted for slope and aspect, and the data were used to construct a series of maps of monthly PET. The resultant maps show a realistic distribution of regional variations in PET throughout Nevada which inversely mimics topography. The general methods described here could be used to estimate regional PET in other arid western states (e.g. New Mexico, Arizona, Utah) and arid regions world‐wide (e.g. parts of Africa). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evapotranspiration in the Mekong and Yellow river basins / Evapotranspiration dans les bassins du Mekong et du Fleuve Jaune

Abstract

Estimates of potential evapotranspiration (PET) and reference evapotranspiration (RET) were compared over the Mekong and Yellow river basins, representing humid and semi-arid Asian monsoon regions. Multiple regression relationships between monthly RET, PET, LAI (leaf area index) and climatic variables were explored for different vegetation types. Over the Mekong River basin, the spatial average of RET is only 1.7% lower than PET; however, RET is 140% higher than PET over parts of the Tibetan Plateau, due to the short and sparse grassland, and 30% lower than PET in parts of the lower basin due to the tall and well-developed forests. Over the Yellow River basin, RET is estimated to be higher than PET, on average about 50% higher across the whole basin, due to the generally sparse vegetation. A close linear relationship between annual RET and PET allows the establishment of a regional regression to predict monthly PET from monthly RET, climatic variables and/or vegetation LAI. However, the large prediction errors indicate that the Shuttleworth-Wallace (S-W) model, although it is more complex, should be recommended due to its more robust physical basis and because it successfully accounts for the effect of changing land surface conditions on PET. The limited available field data suggest that the S-W estimate may be more realistic. It was also found that vegetation conditions in summer are primarily controlled by the regional antecedent precipitation in the cold and dry seasons over the Loess Plateau in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.     

Quantifying the spatial variability of melting seasonal ground ice and its influence on potential evapotranspiration spatial variability in a boreal peatland

Melting seasonal ground ice (SGI) in western Boreal Plains (WBP) peatlands can reduce the available energy at the surface by reducing potential evapotranspiration (PET). PET often exceeds annual precipitation in the WBP. Including this effect in hydrological models may be important in assessing water deficits. However, SGI melt and the timing of ice-free conditions vary spatially, which suggests PET spatial variability could be influenced by SGI. Understanding this potential linkage can help improve site scale PET in peatland hydrological models. The objectives of this paper were (a) to quantify the effect of ice thickness and melt rate on peatland PET; (b) quantify the spatial variability of SGI thickness and melt rate across spatial scales; and (c) assess how/if spatial variability in SGI thickness/melt rate affects site scale PET. Results from the sensitivity analysis indicated that SGI thickness had a bigger impact on reducing PET compared with the melt rate. Two SGI thickness values were used that were observed on site: 0.32 m, which was measured in a more treed area, and 0.18 m, which was in a more open area. The 0.32 m had an average PET reduction of 14 mm (±0.7), over the month of May, compared with 9 mm (±1 mm) when there was 0.18 m of SGI, which are 13.7 and 8.8% reductions, respectively. SGI thickness and melt rate, both exhibited large- and small-scale spatial variability. At the large scale, spatial patterns in SGI thickness appeared to be influenced by extensive shading from the adjacent hillslopes. Small scale, SGI thickness may be a function of tree proximity and the snowpack. Finally, net radiation, rather than SGI, appeared to be the main driver behind PET spatial variability. This work enhances our conceptual understanding of the role of SGI in WBP peatlands. Future work can use the findings to better inform peatland hydrological models, allowing for better representation of peatlands in regional-scale models.     

Estimation of potential evapotranspiration over the Yellow River basin: reference crop evaporation or Shuttleworth–Wallace?

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a key input to hydrological models. Its estimation has often been via the Penman–Monteith (P–M) equation, most recently in the form of an estimate of reference evapotranspiration (RET) as recommended by FAO‐56. In this paper the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) model is implemented to estimate PET directly in a form that recognizes vegetation diversity and temporal change without reference to experimental measurements and without calibration. The threshold values of vegetation parameters are drawn from the literature based on the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme land cover classification. The spatial and temporal variation of the LAI of vegetation is derived from the composite NOAA‐AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using a method based on the SiB2 model, and the Climate Research Unit database is used to provide the required meteorological data. All these data inputs are publicly and globally available. Consequently, the implementation of the S–W model developed in this study is applicable at the global scale, an essential requirement if it is to be applied in data‐poor or ungauged large basins. A comparison is made between the FAO‐56 method and the S–W model when applied to the Yellow River basin for the whole of the last century. The resulting estimates of RET and PET and their association with vegetation types and leaf area index (LAI) are examined over the whole basin both annual and monthly and at six specific points. The effect of NDVI on the PET estimate is further evaluated by replacing the monthly NDVI product with the 10‐day product. Multiple regression relationships between monthly PET, RET, LAI, and climatic variables are explored for categories of vegetation types. The estimated RET is a good climatic index that adequately reflects the temporal change and spatial distribution of climate over the basin, but the PET estimated using the S–W model not only reflects the changes in climate, but also the vegetation distribution and the development of vegetation in response to climate. Although good statistical relationships can be established between PET, RET and/or climatic variables, applying these relationships likely will result in large errors because of the strong non‐linearity and scatter between the PET and the LAI of vegetation. It is concluded that use of the implementation of the S–W model described in this study results in a physically sound estimate of PET that accounts for changing land surface conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PET/CT新技术应用

PET/CT将PET与CT整合为一体化,是功能显像和解剖显像的有机结合.为了获取经济效益,PET/CT必须在不增加治疗费用的同时具有精确的诊断性,并对患者的治疗方案作出有效的指导.PET/CT由于采用了3D采集与单纯PET相比缩短了图像采集时间,从而使病人的要求得到更大程度的满足,同时也增加了病人的舒适程度,减少了由于采集过程中病人活动导致的出错机率.PET/CT在临床上主要应用于肿瘤学、心脏病学及神经精神医学等领域,在上述领域的中其诊断精确性优势是其他显像方法不可比拟的.在指导肿瘤治疗方面,PET/CT可以通过改善患者的治疗决策而具有重要的卫生经济学价值.     

Spatiotemporal variations and abrupt changes of potential evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to key meteorological variables in the Wei River basin,China

Evapotranspiration is an important component of hydrological cycle and a key input to hydrological models. Therefore, analysis of the spatiotemporal variation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) will help a better understanding of climate change and its effect on hydrological cycle and water resources. In this study, the Penman–Monteith method was used to estimate PET in the Wei River basin (WRB) in China based on daily data at 21 meteorological stations during 1959–2008. Spatial distribution and temporal trends of annual and seasonal PET were analysed by using the Spline interpolation method and the Mann–Kendall test method. Abrupt changes were detected by using the Pettitt test method. In order to explore the contribution of key meteorological variables to the variation of PET, the sensitivity coefficients method was employed in this study. The results showed that: (1) mean annual and seasonal PET in the WRB was generally decreasing from northeast to southwest. Summer and spring made the major contributions to the annual values; (2) annual and seasonal PET series in most part of the WRB exhibited increasing trends; (3) abrupt changes appeared in 1993 for annual and spring PET series for the entire basin, while summer value series was detected in the late 1970s. (4) Relative humidity was the most sensitive variable for PET in general for the WRB, followed by wind speed, air temperature and solar radiation. In the headwater and outlet of the WRB, relative humidity and air temperature were the most sensitive variables to PET, while relative humidity and wind speed were more influential in most part of the middle‐lower region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

正电子CT（PET）与21世纪生命科学

２１世纪的生命科学有两大前沿领域：分子生物学和神经生物学，前者研究人体生命过程的基因调控机制，而神经生物学则以探索人脑思维的奥秘为主要目标，正电子层析成像（ＰＥＴ）是研究人体内部分子相互作用动力学的和最有力的方法，并可研究脑的功能定位，ＰＥＴ的化学精度已达到ｐ ｍｏｌ水平，其空间分辨率为毫米数量级。ＰＥＴ将对２１世纪生命科学的巨大进展，起决定性的推动作用。     

Evaluating the use of a gridded climate surface for modelling groundwater recharge in a semi‐arid region (Okanagan Basin,Canada)

Spatially distributed groundwater recharge was simulated for a segment of a semi‐arid valley using three different treatments of meteorological input data and potential evapotranspiration (PET). For the same area, timeframe, land cover characteristics and soil properties, groundwater recharge was estimate using (i) single‐station climate data with monthly PET calculated by the Thornthwaite method; (ii) single‐station climate data with daily PET calculated by the Penman–Monteith method; and (iii) daily gridded climate data with spatially distributed PET calculated using the Penman–Monteith method. For each treatment, the magnitude and distribution of actual evapotranspiration (AET) for summer months compared well with those estimated for a 5‐year crop study, suggesting that the near‐surface hydrological processes were replicated and that subsequent groundwater recharge rates are realistic. However, for winter months, calculated AET was near zero when using the Thornthwaite PET method. Mean annual groundwater recharge varied from ～3·2 to 10·0 mm when PET was calculated by the Thornthwaite method, and from ～1·8 to 7·5 mm when PET was calculated by the Penman–Monteith method. Comparisons of bivariate plots of seasonal recharge rates estimated from single‐station versus gridded surface climate reveal that there is greater variability between the different methods for spring months, which is the season of greatest recharge. Furthermore, these seasonal differences are shown to provide different results when compared to the depth to water table, which could lead to different results of evaporative extinction depth. These findings illustrate potential consequences of using different approaches for representing spatial meteorological input data, which could provide conflicting predictions when modelling the influence of climate change on groundwater recharge. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

医用PET系统技术概述

PET(正电子发射成像)是当今高层次的核医学技术。它综合了核技术、核电子学、计算机、数据处理等领域中的尖端技术,是当前医学界最先进的大型医疗诊断成像设备之一,在肿瘤、心血管疾病和神经系统疾病的临床诊断中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文以国产32环高档临床PET为例,较详细地介绍了PET设备的工作原理、总体基本结构及各子系统基本功能,对PET整机性能及其临床应用也做了简述。