中国暴雨面雨量极值分布

研究了暴雨面积、面平均雨深、暴雨降水总量等有关面暴雨量极值的主要内容;给出了最大时面深记录等各种雨量极值;探讨了面暴雨极值的地域分布规律和影响因素。     

世界实测与调查最大点雨量及其外包线公式

介绍了世界范围内大量实测与调查的点雨量极值,据此求得了世界最大点雨量外包线的新公式R=491D0.452,并对世界最大点雨量的地区分布特点、暴雨成因以及点暴雨极值在可能最大降水估算中的运用作了简要的说明.     

我国暴雨的最大时面深纪录的介绍

各历时实测和调查最大点雨量纪录(通常用雨深～历时关系表示)提供了各地点实际出现的雨量极值,对点的设计暴雨和可能最大暴雨的估算有着良好的作用。美国利用700多次暴雨资料制作了暴雨最大时面深纪录。我们利用1977年以来各省、市、自治区暴雨分析小组和水电部流域机构、设计院等单位分析计算的     

20世纪暴雨和洪水极值的年代际变化

利用20世纪100年(特别是后50年)2万多个雨量站和175个大中河流水文站的实测和调查雨量和流量资料,分析了中国大陆(外流区)暴雨和洪水极值的年代际变化,其中包括长期站暴雨的年代均值变化、20世纪50年点雨量极值的前后期平均值对比、最大点雨量发生年代分布和特大洪峰流量的年代分布。分别就5种历时、不同地区的暴雨洪水极值随年代的变化作了分析,揭示了变化的事实,计算了多项年代比率,探讨了影响因子。     

甘肃省最大点雨量量级分布规律及其暴雨衰减指数分析

甘肃是一个短历时暴雨多发的省份，每年暴雨都会形成灾害；同时，暴雨也是水文循环中的活跃因子。分析了下垫面对暴雨的影响以及10min、60min、6h、24h、3d等5个不同时段的最大点雨量在河西内陆河流域、黄河干流区、渭河流域、泾河流域和长江流域的量级分布规律，介绍了不同时段实测或调查最大、次大等点暴雨值及其发生的时间和地点，分析确定了暴雨量～频率～历时曲线上不同转折点情况下的暴雨衰减指数n的均值和变化范围，并结合甘肃省地理、暴雨特性对n值的变化规律进行了讨论。     

海河流域极端暴雨特征及其天气成因

利用海河流域实测和调查年最大点暴雨、实测大面积暴雨和气象等资料,分析了年极端点暴雨的季节变化、特征和地区分布、大面积暴雨特征以及形成极端暴雨的天气成因,揭示了极端暴雨发生的基本规律。结果表明,流域暴雨9成以上集中在7~8月,极端暴雨7成高度集中在7月下旬到8月上旬;极端暴雨集中分布在太行山~燕山山脉的迎风山区;短历时小面积极端暴雨则分布在高原区;极端暴雨的年际变率迎风山区最大,平原和高原区较小;流域性极端暴雨高空环流多为经向型,通过中纬度西风槽、副热带高压或台风等天气系统以及迎风山区地形抬升作用共同造成。     

内蒙古中西部干旱和半干旱地区暴雨的气候特征分析

本文对内蒙古中、西部干旱、半干旱及沙漠地区51个气象台站近30年暴雨气候资料进行了统计。分析了暴雨的时空分布特征;给出了暴雨强度极值;讨论了环流、天气尺度系统及地形对区域性暴雨形成和分布的影响。     

淮河流域暴雨洪水特性分析

1991年,淮河发生仅次于1954年和其后的2003年流域性大洪水,里下河地区和少数支流主要控制站超过建国以来历史极值;沂沭泗水系的沂河、泗河也出现自1957年和1974年以来的最大洪水。本文从天气形势特征、暴雨特性、洪水特性三个方面对1991年暴雨洪水进行了分析,并与1954年和2003年洪水进行了简单比较。     

中国降水与暴雨的季节变化

论述了与水利水电工程设计和运行密切相关的降水和暴雨季节变化的地域分布,其中包括旬降水量和最大1d暴雨量多年平均值、暴雨年际变化、时-面-深关系等要素的季节变化;提出了降水季节集中系数分布图;讨论了降水、一般暴雨和稀遇暴雨季节变化的异同。     

不同历时设计暴雨组合的风险率分析

基于Copula理论与方法,以广州1951~2010年的日降水为例,以最大日降水量为基准,构建最大日降水量(W1)与历时3日(W3)降水量,最大日降水量(W1)与历时7日(W7)降水量两个组合的联合概率分布模式。经择优检验建立了边缘分布为广义极值和P-III型的Gumbel-Hougaard Copula两变量联合分布。随之,推算了两个组合降水的同现重现期和设计暴雨值。最后,依据条件分布计算了在大于或小于年最大日降水量特定设计暴雨条件下超过历时3日或7日降水设计值的风险率。     

Hydrological modeling of storm runoff and snowmelt in Taunton River Basin by applications of HEC-HMS and PRMS models

Reliable predictions of storm runoff from rainfall and snowmelt are important for flood hazard mitigation and resilience. In this study, the HEC-HMS and PRMS hydrological models have been applied to simulate storm runoff in Taunton River Basin for the storm event in 2010 when maximum rainfall intensity reached approximate 5 in/day in March, and the snowfall reached about 11 inches in December. Model parameters were calibrated, and model performance was evaluated by comparing model-simulated daily stream flow with observations. For the rainstorm period during March–April, results indicate that both HEC-HMS and PRMS provide very good predictions of rainfall runoff with the correlation values above 0.95, and PRMS produces lower root-mean-square errors than those from HEC-HMS. Over the 12-month period including the snowfall in December, the time series of flow by PRMS match better with observations than those from the HEC-HMS. The 12-month overall correlation values for HEC-HMS and PRMS are 0.91 and 0.97 at Bridgewater Station, and 0.89 and 0.97 at Threemile Station, respectively. For an extreme storm scenario of the maximum historical 36.7-inch snowfall in early February in combination with the rainstorm in March–April of 2010, model simulations indicate that the flow would substantially increase by about 50% or more. Comparisons between HEC-HMS and RPMS models have been analyzed to provide references for storm runoff modeling.     

降雨重现期及其用于滑坡概率分析的探讨

极端气候条件往往会诱发各种地质灾害,而降雨型滑坡的发生则与极值降雨关系密切。为了有效预防和控制汛期滑坡灾害的发生,定量评估滑坡灾害造成的人员与经济风险,讨论了汛期极值降雨条件下滑坡概率的分析方法。利用Gumbel极值分布理论,以三峡库区巴东县1990~2006年日降雨量为基础资料,采用统计分析方法,求取研究区在汛期(6月中旬至9月)最大一次连续降雨量、多日累积最大降雨量的极值及其分布曲线; 在此基础上,以研究区一个滑坡实例为对象,综合采用渗流模拟、稳定性分析和基于蒙特卡罗的滑坡概率分析方法,讨论了降雨极值及其重现期成果分别在降雨新生型滑坡和降雨复活型滑坡概率分析中的应用思路与方法。结果表明,随着重现期的增加,一次降雨过程的降雨量也增加; 随着降雨日数的增加,具有不同重现期降雨事件的累积降雨量均会增加,且重现期越长,累积降雨量值会越大; 降雨极值曲线分别应用于降雨新生型和降雨复活型滑坡概率分析的思路是可行并有效的。     

甘肃省境内典型小流域暴雨特性及洪水过程模拟研究

选取甘肃省境内11个典型小流域的水文站实测资料,在分析资料可靠性、一致性、代表性及暴雨洪水特性的基础上,综合利用水文学、数理统计学等理论和方法,建立了小流域最大暴雨量-暴雨历时关系模型、最大洪峰流量-流域特征关系模型。结果表明:各时段最大暴雨量较大值主要分布在泾河流域和嘉陵江流域东南部,较小值主要分布在渭河流域、洮河流域、嘉陵江流域的北峪河;绘制了各代表站最大暴雨量-暴雨历时关系曲线,嘉陵江流域以90min为转折点,其他流域均以180min为转折点,小于转折点时,暴雨量随暴雨历时增长而急剧增加,大于转折点后,变化趋于平缓稳定。重点选取危害较大、难以防范的330场次短历时暴雨洪水,建立各小流域暴雨洪水概化模型,短历时洪水发生时间很短,洪水起涨时间约2～5h,洪峰出现时间约5～7h。研究典型小流域水文要素变化规律,分析局地短历时暴雨洪水特性,并模拟其变化过程,对区域抗旱防汛减灾、水资源管理、小流域治理及生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

基于随机暴雨移置方法的城市设计暴雨分析

城市地区暴雨洪灾发生频繁，合理计算设计暴雨是解决城市洪涝的重要前提。采用随机暴雨移置方法（Stochastic Storm Transposition，SST），设定暴雨移置区并提取出暴雨目录，通过区域性概率重采样与暴雨空间变换相结合的方式进行降雨频率分析，估计本地化的极端暴雨频率。以上海地区为例，研究发现暴雨移置区内暴雨分布具有空间异质性，暴雨随机移置概率不均，计算得到的设计暴雨方案包含了降雨时空分布信息，在不同重现期下设计暴雨的时空结构存在变异性，说明传统方法中采用的简化雨型和均一化空间分布假设会增加设计暴雨的不确定性。     

基于随机暴雨移置方法的城市设计暴雨分析

城市地区暴雨洪灾发生频繁，合理计算设计暴雨是解决城市洪涝的重要前提。采用随机暴雨移置方法（Stochastic Storm Transposition，SST），设定暴雨移置区并提取出暴雨目录，通过区域性概率重采样与暴雨空间变换相结合的方式进行降雨频率分析，估计本地化的极端暴雨频率。以上海地区为例，研究发现暴雨移置区内暴雨分布具有空间异质性，暴雨随机移置概率不均，计算得到的设计暴雨方案包含了降雨时空分布信息，在不同重现期下设计暴雨的时空结构存在变异性，说明传统方法中采用的简化雨型和均一化空间分布假设会增加设计暴雨的不确定性。     

Regional frequency analysis of daily rainfall extremes using L-moments approach

Daily extreme precipitation values are among environmental events with the most disastrous consequences for human society. Information on the magnitudes and frequencies of extreme precipitations is essential for sustainable water resources management, planning for weather-related emergencies, and design of hydraulic structures. In the present study, regional frequency analysis of maximum daily rainfalls was investigated for Golestan province located in the northeastern Iran. This study aimed to find appropriate regional frequency distributions for maximum daily rainfalls and predict the return values of extreme rainfall events (design rainfall depths) for the future. L-moment regionalization procedures coupled with an index rainfall method were applied to maximum rainfall records of 47 stations across the study area. Due to complex geographic and hydro-climatological characteristics of the region, an important research issue focused on breaking down the large area into homogeneous and coherent sub-regions. The study area was divided into five homogeneous regions, based on the cluster analysis of site characteristics and tests for the regional homogeneity. The goodness-of-fit results indicated that the best fitting distribution is different for individual homogeneous regions. The difference may be a result of the distinctive climatic and geographic conditions. The estimated regional quantiles and their accuracy measures produced by Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the estimation uncertainty as measured by the RMSE values and 90% error bounds is relatively low when return periods are less than 100 years. But, for higher return periods, rainfall estimates should be treated with caution. More station years, either from longer records or more stations in the regions, would be required for rainfall estimates above T=100 years. It was found from the analyses that, the index rainfall (at-site average maximum rainfall) can be estimated reasonably well as a function of mean annual precipitation in Golestan province. Index rainfalls combined with the regional growth curves, can be used to estimate design rainfalls at ungauged sites. Overall, it was found that cluster analysis together with the L-moments based regional frequency analysis technique could be applied successfully in deriving design rainfall estimates for northeastern Iran. The approach utilized in this study and the findings are of great scientific and practical merit, particularly for the purpose of planning for weather-related emergencies and design of hydraulic engineering structures.     

Effects of intense rainfalls and their recurrence: Case study in Corralito ravine,Córdoba Province,Argentina

This paper deals with the possible occurrence, within the next 100–1000 years, and under the same geomorphological conditions, of meteorological events similar to the precipitation which triggered the hydric erosion that initiated Corralito ravine. The study area is located in the central part of Córdoba Province (32° 05′–31° 45′S; 64°10′–63°30′W) in the Plains region. The erosive process was started by the storm of September 1978. Five years later, two extreme rains took place in the same humid period (1983/84), with recurrence intervals of 10 and 25 years, respectively, and in the year 2000 another extreme rainstorm with a 100-year return period occurred. Each event can be correlated with the main reactivation surfaces, visible as successive deepening levels at the gully. Although there is a positive climatic tendency in annual rainfall, due to an increasing number of rainy days, the annual maximum of daily rainfall remained constant. Hence, the dominant factor in the ravine development was the occurrence of convectively generated extreme hydrometeorologic events. Prediction of 24-h maximum rainfall through the DIT Model is applicable to the future, allowing the design of structures required to control overflowing and sediment production.