降水概率预报综述

为了配合概率预报发布工作，收集了国内外开展概率预报的各种文献与报导，就降水概率预报的定义，发布降水概率预报的意义，国内外降水概率预报的研究与业务应用，降水概率预报的基本方法，主观预报在客观降水概率预报中的作用，降水概率预报的经济效益评估等几个重要问题，进行了综合评述。     

南昌市降水概率预报方法研究(二)

介绍了两种降水概率预报方法,一种是根据多因子场相似原理作降水概率预报,另一种是用武汉区域气象中心的MAPS降水资料作降水概率预报。     

分县降水概率指导预报业务系统及其应用

本文以T106数值预报产品为基础，应用相似天气下概率最大法制作降水概率预报，然后根据其它数值预报指导产品，最新天然资料、卫星云图和预报员主观经验知识等订正概率值为思路，建立起我市分县降水概率指导预报业务系统，并运用B、Bs和Bias评分法对其进行评价。     

基于动力相似方法的台风极端降水概率预报研究

采用动力与统计相结合的方法,对台风引起的极端降水事件进行概率预报方法的研究,回算并评估了25个在2012—2015年间登陆中国的台风。此外,还对该预报方法的相似成员数和有效概率阈值进行了敏感性试验。试验结果显示,该台风极端降水概率预报方法具有一定的预报技巧,能准确预报多数产生极端降水的站点,但预报范围略偏大,空报率较高。相似成员数的敏感性试验表明,100%的相似成员数比率具有更优的预报效果;在相似成员数比率为100%的基础上,24 h预报的有效概率阈值在0%~2%之间的预报效果最好,48 h的有效概率阈值在0%~1.5%之间的预报效果最好。最后对“苏迪罗”和“海鸥”两个台风进行个例预报试验,结果表明对不同个例,预报效果存在较大差异。      

北京地区夏季降水概率预报业务应用研究

作者分析了降水概率预报的基本特征，在北京中尺度数值预报模式（ＢＭＮＦＭ）的基础上应用事件概率回归估计（ＲＥＥＰ）方法，建立北京地区夏季两个量级（≥０．１ｍｍ和≥１０．０ｍｍ）的降水概率预报方程，并结合最新天气观测资料和预报员知识订正客观预报结果。应用Ｂ评分，Ｂｓ评分和Ｂｉａｓ方法对主观降水概率预报和客观降水概率预报进行评估。     

GRAPES区域集合预报对2019年中国汛期降水预报评估

2019年,数值预报中心开发了以GRAPES全球模式为驱动场,集合变换卡尔曼滤波为初值扰动方法,随机物理过程倾向项为模式扰动方法的10 km水平分辨率GRAPES-REPS V3.0区域集合预报模式,并投入业务运行。基于该模式,作者开展了2019年7～9月夏季降水不确定性的集合预报实时试验,并从统计检验和个例分析角度,与GRAPES-REPS V2.0和ECMWF全球集合预报模式进行对比,由此对GRAPES-REPS V3.0区域集合预报模式的降水预报能力给予客观评价,并分析了引起中尺度强降水预报不确定性的物理机制,研究结论可为诊断集合预报模式及改进集合预报方法提供依据。结果表明:(1)GRAPES-REPS V3.0区域集合预报系统的降水ETS评分在所有预报时效和量级内均优于GRAPES-REPS V2.0区域集合预报模式,降水成员具有明显等同性,且概率预报技巧FSS评分较高,GRAPES-REPS V3.0区域集合预报模式降水预报效果全面优于GRAPES-REPS V2.0区域集合预报模式。(2)GRAPES-REPS V3.0区域集合预报的集合平均降水BIAS评分及小雨和暴雨ETS评分均明显优于ECMWF全球集合预报系统,降水概率预报与ECMWF降水概率具有一定可比性。(3)个例分析结果表明,不同集合预报模式通过刻画中尺度特征物理量不确定性来捕捉降水预报不确定性,初始时刻,GRAPES-REPS V3.0区域集合预报模式和ECMWF全球集合预报模式环流形势分布较为相似,随预报时效演变,GRAPES-REPS V3.0区域集合预报模式对中尺度动力、热力场捕捉更为准确,相应地对降水落区与量级预报较好,概率预报技巧较优。(4)与ECMWF全球集合预报模式相比,GRAPES区域集合预报模式集合成员能很好地预报降水发生、发展、消亡整个过程,故GRAPES-REPS V3.0区域集合预报系统对中国汛期降水具有较强的预报能力。     

相似离度法在逐日降水概率预报中的应用

考虑环流的演变特征，设计一种环流演变相似离度预报方法，利用1991－2001年的EMCWF24－144h的格点资料，分别提取3个物理意义清晰、又具有立体性和多元性的相似因子，依据最小离度相似原理，进行相似离度过滤，从历史样本中选出与预报形势演变场最相似的样本，对照济南市及其周边五县（区）各站的降水情况，预测出各站未来1－6d的逐日降水概率。     

降水概率预报的特点及国内外概况

自开展天气预报业务以来，已出现了多种形式的天气预报，大致可分为：定性预报、定量预报、形态预报和概率预报四种类型’‘’。60年代以后，由于数值天气预报的发展，美国国家气象局（NWS）最先把概率天气预报用于日常预报业务，并于1965年开始进行降水概率预报的业务试验。降水概率预报是天气变化的随机性和天气预报的不确定性所要求的。当今社会人们对天气预报的精度要求越来越高，迫切需要天气预报服务与社会经济相适应，使其在社会经济中产生更大的效益。本文主要介绍降水概率预报的基本特点、国内外降水概率预报的方法与业务应用情…     

新疆降水概率预报技术研究

采用相似预报方法以相似离度为相似判据，使用T213资料，从1980－1999年共20年的NCAR再分析格点数据中，经四次相似过滤，选取相似样本，建立预报方程，制作全疆59个测站0－12、12－24h小量、中量以上降水概率预报，预报概率值大小分为12级0、5、10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100％。     

基于模式相对湿度的降水概率预报方法研究

本文采用EC数值模式预报结果与历史观测资料结合的方法,建立了一种基于模式确定性相对湿度预报制作降水概率产品的方法。通过对2012—2013年华东地区EC细网格模式大气相对湿度预报进行分类,将不同层次和不同湿度等级的大气进行分类采样,并统计各类别对应的历史降水概率,分析模式相对湿度与实际降水概率的分布特征,进而根据当前模式预报的相对湿度预报降水概率。采用ETS评分、Brier评分、可信度对比及个例分析方法检验2013年7月至2014年5月降水预报试验效果,结果表明:本文建立基于模式相对湿度的降水概率预报方法可较好的反映未来降水的分布,对天气尺度雨带的预报效果优于对流性降水;与EC模式相比,可有效降低空报现象;与传统集合概率预报相比,本文建立的降水预报方法可更好地反映实际降水的发生概率,降水概率产品能较好的指示降水发生的位置和可能性,具有较好的实际参考价值。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.