2002年春季北京沙尘天气成因及源地分析

利用气象卫星资料对2002年春季北京沙尘天气成因及源地进行分析,得出:我国北方地区连续数年的持续少雨以及2001年冬天以来的异常温暖是2002年北京沙尘天气频发的主要气候原因;2002年春季影响北京的沙尘天气分别来源于蒙古国境内和内蒙古阴山地区及浑善达克沙地毗邻地区,前者所造成的影响明显大于后者。     

2021年中国北部特大沙尘天气的遥感监测与路径分析

2021年3月中旬，中国北部地区遭遇了近十年来最强的一次沙尘天气。本文利用多源卫星和PM10浓度数据对此次沙尘天气过程进行了水平、垂直方向动态监测，并通过HYSPLIT模式前向、后向轨迹的聚类分析了沙尘的来源及传输路径，结果表明：(1) 2021年3月14日至18日，中国20个省市和渤黄海近岸海域均受到沙尘影响，其中西北、华北、东北地区部分省市出现沙尘暴，华中、华东部分省市和渤黄海近岸海域受轻度沙尘天气影响。(2) 14日至15日的沙尘主要源自蒙古国中部，16日至18日的沙尘则更多来自中国内蒙古中西部和新疆维吾尔自治区中部。沙尘传输路径可以分为西北路、北路、西路3支。(3)沙尘的输送高度主要为对流层低层1—3 km与对流层中高层3—10 km，高于“三北防护林”等生态环境工程的风沙拦截高度。多源卫星产品和数值模式相结合，为中国沙尘天气的预报预警以及沙尘污染的区域联防联控提供了科学参考。     

2000年华北沙尘天气遥感研究

利用最新的气象卫星数据分析影响华北的沙尘天气从产生到消失的动力过程,确定了沙尘天气发生的范围和移动方向。并利用TM、NOAA、FY－1影像,时间跨度为30年的沙尘暴空间分布数据,1951－1994年华北地区的气象站点数据,土壤质地和土地利用数据,对沙尘天气发生的下垫面因素与沙尘天气发生的空间分布关系进行了分析,指出植被指数、土壤质地、土壤含水量和地形对沙尘天气发生的影响方式,并对沙尘天气发生区域的土壤侵蚀状况进行了分析,探讨了影响华北地区沙尘天气的供沙区分布状况和不同路径沙尘暴的源地分布,结果表明下垫面因素对于沙尘天气的产生有着非常重要的作用。     

中国北方沙尘灾害特点及其下垫面状况的遥感监测

2000年春季,中国北方地区多次受到沙尘灾害的影响,对生产、生活活动造成了多方面的不利影响。采用遥感和GIS技术进行沙尘灾害的过程监测、空间特点分析和下垫面状况分析是一个有效的技术方法,通过对沙尘灾害发生、发展的环境条件的了解,可以减轻沙尘天气的危害、防治等一系列决策措施的制定、实施提供客观、及时的空间信息,有助于制定和实施区域生态环境保护措施,以便减少沙尘天气的次数和减轻灾害性天气的危害程度。     

可见光波段灰度熵和热红外亮温差的沙尘遥感判识

沙尘作为对流层气溶胶的主要成分,对气候系统有许多影响;同时,作为环境污染物,对人类健康危害也很大。沙尘天气一般在春季爆发,对中国北方大部分区域的生产和生活有较大影响。以往针对沙尘遥感监测人们开展了许多研究,取得了一定的效果。但对于一些云和沙尘混合的复杂状况,传统方法识别效果较差,几乎不能有效识别出沙尘。采用葵花8号(Himawari-8)卫星数据,提出一种针对性的识别方法。引入了0.46μm和0.51μm反射率差值RDI,统计发现该指数在一定范围内可以表现出沙尘连续性特征,并有效地将中高云和大部分地表与沙尘区分开来。碎积云的RDI值分布与沙尘的较为相似,为此进一步引入了灰度熵方法来滤除。例举了3次沙尘过程的判识结果,并结合地面观测数据进行了验证。其中对2017年5月4日沙尘的地面验证表明,位于云沙混合区的27个站中有22个站的地面观测与判识相一致。对于一些复杂条件下的沙尘,该方法是对分裂窗亮温差的有效补充。     

中国北方沙尘灾害特点及其下垫面状况的遥感监测

2000年春季,中国北方地区多次受到沙尘灾害的影响,对生产、生活活动造成了多方面的不利影响。采用遥感和GIS技术进行沙尘灾害的过程监测、空间特点分析和下垫面状况分析是一个有效的技术方法,通过对沙尘灾害发生、发展的环境条件的了解,可以减轻沙尘天气的危害、防治等一系列决策措施的制定、实施提供客观、及时的空间信息,有助于制定和实施区域生态环境保护措施,以便减少沙尘天气的次数和减轻灾害性天气的危害程度。     

FY-3A/MERSI海上沙尘天气气溶胶光学厚度反演

利用FY-3A/MERSI资料,结合MODIS C005算法的海上气溶胶模型,研究了中国渤海、黄海以及东海海域沙尘天气气溶胶光学厚度反演方法。通过MERSI反演的气溶胶光学厚度与MODIS C005气溶胶光学厚度产品(MOD04)对比,发现MERSI气溶胶光学厚度反演结果存在较大偏差。分析认为,这种偏差是由MODIS C005算法的海上气溶胶模型对MERSI气溶胶光学厚度反演不完全适用造成的。鉴于此,本文研究引进了一种沙尘气溶胶模型,并将其与MODIS C005算法的粗粒子气溶胶模型按照一定比例混合,形成了改进的气溶胶模型。利用改进气溶胶模型再次反演海上沙尘天气气溶胶光学厚度,反演结果与MOD04一致性较好,说明改进气溶胶模型能有效地提高MERSI定量反演沙尘气溶胶的能力。     

利用热红外温差识别沙尘

沙尘识别是沙尘灾害监测和沙尘气溶胶特性研究的首要工作。利用辐射传输方程进行了沙尘气溶胶的辐射计算 ,对不同沙尘气溶胶光学厚度下的热红外通道温差ΔT(T11μm-T12 μm)的变化进行了分析。理论分析表明 ,利用热红外通道的温度差ΔT进行陆地沙尘识别是可行的。并利用NOAA AVHRR热红外通道的温度差ΔT进行了陆地沙尘识别的实验 ,经与地面气象站实测的沙尘天气现象相比较 ,结果一致。     

北京消失的湖泊

近些年每到春季,内蒙古、甘肃中部、河北北部和北京等地总会出现沙尘天气。沙尘暴固然和境外的戈壁荒漠源区有关,但具体到北京,当您翻开地图,会发现北京市频繁出现沙尘天气与近50年来大面积填埋河流、湖泊有着密切联系。近50年来,北京市有以下几个较大的水面、湖泊从地图上消失了。     

FY-2E分裂窗晴空沙尘区导风初步研究

干旱半干旱沙尘爆发区风场信息作为沙尘监测的一个重要组成部分,能够为沙尘移向预报提供宝贵的资料。结合目前日趋成熟的红外分裂窗差值监测沙尘及卫星导风技术,针对FY-2E气象卫星,首先利用MODTRAN辐射传输模式对沙尘晴空区特征进行敏感性分析,再将经过图像掩膜及线性处理后的分裂窗差值图像代入导风计算程序计算,获得了传统卫星导风所无法得到的水汽含量低值区风场信息。实际个例分析表明,得到的沙尘区风场与NCEP再分析资料850hPa风场有很好的一致性,能够为监测沙尘移动提供良好的风场信息。     

Effect of dust storm on ocean color and snow parameters

The present study clearly shows the influence of dust storms on chlorophyll bloom in the offshore region of the Arabian Sea, with a time lag of few days, during the pre-monsoon season. Various satellite derived parameters over the Arabian Sea, Himalayan and Tibet snow covered regions show large changes due to the influence of dust storms. The MODIS snow albedo gives unreliable values under the influence of dust storms due to increase in the aerosol loading over these regions and snow albedo product must be used in combination with snow pixel counts during the dust storm season. A detailed study is required for the quantitative evaluation of dust storms on the chlorophyll blooms in the Arabian Sea region and on the snow parameters in the Himalayan region.     

First order approximation of Broadband Directional Albedo with High Resolution Quickbird Imagery: a case study for arid urban areas

Albedo is a key forcing parameter controlling the planetary radiative energy budget and its partitioning between the surface and the atmosphere. Characterizing and developing high resolution albedo for an urban environment in arid regions is important because of the high urbanization rate in these regions and because of the high land-cover heterogeneity within urban settings. Using a Monte Carlo simulation of a multi-variable regression, we (a) correlate directional solar reflectance (albedo) ground measurements from Phoenix, AZ, with four narrowband reflectance data from QuickBird, and (b) developed a new set of coefficients for converting QuickBird narrowband reflectances to albedo. The albedo models were then applied to a second image over Las Vegas, NV, to assess their feasibility and accuracy. Two wavebands, visible-near infrared (VNIR) and total shortwave albedo, were evaluated for two reflectance models: surface and top-of-atmosphere. Results show that it is possible to accurately estimate directional albedo from high resolution imagery, specifically QuickBird, with the most accurate result from an atmospherically corrected VNIR model. The methodology presented in this paper could thus be applied in other urban areas to obtain a first order estimation of albedo. The new set of coefficients can be applied as first order albedo estimate by researchers, urban planners, developers and city managers interested in the influence of high-resolution albedo on a myriad of urban ecosystem processes.     

Prior-knowledge-based spectral mixture analysis for impervious surface mapping

In this study, we developed a prior-knowledge-based spectral mixture analysis (PKSMA) to map impervious surfaces by using endmembers derived separately for high- and low-density urban regions. First, an urban area was categorized into high- and low-density urban areas, using a multi-step classification method. Next, in high-density urban areas that were assumed to have only vegetation and impervious surfaces (ISs), the vegetation–impervious model (V–I) was used in a spectral mixture analysis (SMA) with three endmembers: vegetation, high albedo, and low albedo. In low-density urban areas, the vegetation–impervious–soil model (V–I–S) was used in an SMA analysis with four endmembers: high albedo, low albedo, soil, and vegetation. The fraction of IS with high and low albedo in each pixel was combined to produce the final IS map. The root mean-square error (RMSE) of the IS map produced using PKSMA was about 11.0%, compared to 14.52% only using four-endmember SMA. Particularly in high-density urban areas, PKSMA (RMSE = 6.47%) showed better performance than four-endmember (15.91%). The results indicate that PKSMA can improve IS mapping compared to traditional SMA by using appropriately selected endmembers and is particularly strong in high-density urban areas.     

融合Landsat ETM+和MODIS数据估算高时空分辨率地表短波反照率

提出一种通过融合高空间低时间分辨率、低空间高时间分辨率地表短波反照率,来估算高时空分辨率地表短波反照率的方法。首先,利用Landsat ETM+数据,通过窄波段到宽波段的转换得到一景或多景空间分辨率较高的ETM+蓝天空短波反照率;然后,在MODIS短波反照率产品基础上,以天空光比例因子为权重,得到空间分辨率较低的MODIS蓝天空短波反照率;最后,利用STARFM(Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)模型融合ETM+短波反照率的空间变化信息和MODIS短波反照率的时间变化信息,得到高时空分辨率的地表短波反照率。针对STARFM模型在异质性区域估算精度降低的问题,通过以MODIS反照率影像各像元的端元(各地类)反照率取代MODIS像元反照率来提取时空变化等信息参与STARFM模型的融合过程,达到提高异质性区域估算精度的目的。结果显示,直接利用STARFM模型估算得到的高空间分辨率地表短波反照率处在合理的精度范围内(RMSE0.02),用改进后的STARFM模型估算得到的异质性区域短波反照率和真实ETM+短波反照率间的相关系数增大。     

Linear unmixing of MODIS albedo composites to infer subpixel land cover type albedos

We use a linear unmixing approach to test how land use and forestry maps, in combination with the MODIS BRDF/albedo product, can be used to estimate land cover type albedos in boreal regions. Operational land use maps from three test areas in Finland and Canada were used to test the method. The resulting endmember albedo estimates had low standard errors of the mean and were realistic for the main land cover types. The estimated albedos were fairly consistent with albedo measurements conducted with a telescope mast and pure pixel albedos. Problems with the method are the possible errors in the land cover maps, lack of good quality winter MODIS albedo composites and the mismatch between the MODIS pixels and the true observation area. The results emphasize the role of tree species as determinant of forest albedo. Comprehensive spatial and temporal measurements of land cover albedo are usually not possible with in situ mast measurements, and the spatial resolution of MODIS albedo product is often too low to allow direct comparison of pixel albedos and land cover types in areas with heterogeneous vegetation. Hence, and since local forestry maps exist for most temperate and boreal regions, we believe that the proposed method will be useful in estimating average regional land cover type albedos as well as in tracking changes in them.     

Monitoring the source of trans-national dust storms in north east Asia

Abstract

The vast expanse of the Gobi desert across the Mongolian plateau experiences frequent dust storms. In this isolated region remote sensing techniques can provide an effective measurement of dust storms. Brightness temperature channels 4, 5 of AVHRR/NOAA satellite data, emissive bands of MODIS/TERRA satellite data and meteorological station measurement data were used and tested for dust and sandstorm mapping in the desert area of Mongolia and northern China. The differences between thermal bands in combination with geographic information system (GIS) layers were used for mapping in this study. The results show that dust and sand storm maps can be achieved from emissive bands for monitoring of dust and sandstorms. Most active dust storm sources can occur in truly remote areas where there is little or no human activity, although many sources are associated with areas where human impacts are well documented. Thus, on a regional scale dust mobilisation appears to be dominated by natural sources.     

基于Landsat TM的城市热岛效应与地表特征参数稳健关系模型

 首先,利用Landsat TM热红外影像结合地面气象观测资料反演地面温度,揭示了济南市夏季城市热岛效应| 然后,基于稳 健的LTS与最小二乘回归（LS）分析探讨了城乡地面热辐射与地表特征参数的线性变化趋势,认为植被指数（NDVI、SAVI和TCG）、 湿度指数（NDMI和TCW）以及近红外反照率与地表温度的变化趋势相反,亮度指数（NDBI和TCB）和可见光反照率与地表温度的变化 趋势一致,而短光波段反照率与地表温度不存在明显相关趋势。研究结果表明,NDMI能很好地解释地表温度变化,且最为稳健; 其次是NDVI、SAVI、TCG和NDBI,它们对地表温度的解释程度高且稳健性较强; 可见光反照率虽能较好解释地表温度,但其稳健性 较差; 近红外反照率、TCW和TCB对地表温度的解释程度和稳健性相对较低。     

Surface albedo from the geostationary Communication,Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS)/Meteorological Imager (MI) observation system

The surface albedo is an essential climate variable that is considered in many applications used for predicting climate and understanding the mechanisms of climate change. In this study, surface albedo was estimated using a bidirectional reflectance distribution function model based on Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite/Meteorological Imager data. Geostationary orbiting satellite data are suitable for a level 2 product like albedo, which requires a synthetic process to estimate. The authors modified established methods to consider the geometry of the solar-surface-sensor of COMS/MI. Of note, the viewing zenith angle term was removed from the kernel integration used for estimating spectral albedo. Finally, the spectral (narrow) albedo was converted into the broadband albedo with shortwave length (approximately 0.3–2.5 μm). This study determined conversion coefficients using only one spectral albedo of visible channel. The estimated albedo had a relatively high correlation with Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre/Vegetation and low unweighted error values specific for land types or times. The validation results show that estimated albedo has a root mean square error of 0.0134 at Jeju flux site that indicates accuracy similar to that of other satellite-based products.     

基于NOAA/AVHRR数据的北极反照率反演及其变化研究

极地海冰反照率直接影响极区的热收支,反照率的变化对地气系统热量收支平衡及气候变化等的研究具有重要意义。本文采用由美国国家海洋与大气管理局NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)发射的NOAA卫星携带的先进的甚高分辨率辐射仪AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) Level-1B (L1B) 数据,经宽带反射率转换、各向异性校正、大气订正、云检测等处理,得到4 km宽带晴空地表反照率产品。将AVHRR反照率与北冰洋地表热收支SHEBA (Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean)实验数据进行印证,印证结果显示在冰雪冻结期二者平均偏差为-0.07,标准偏差为0.05。本文处理了2008年—2010年的AVHRR数据,结合第4次北极科学考察现场观测数据研究了北极冰面月平均反照率的变化,从降雪和冰脊两个方面分析了反照率的变化,结果显示反照率在冰雪融化过程中变化约为0.3,变化较大且较为迅速,表面粗糙的多年冰海域和较为平滑的一年冰海域的反照率在雪融化时期变化约为0.2且变化相对缓慢。研究结果表明,由冰雪融化引起的反照率变化较为快速且幅度较大,是引起北极反照率变化的主导因素。     

利用中国通量网和MODIS数据评估MISR地表反照率产品

地表反照率是反映地表能量平衡的重要参数。本文通过中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络的实测反照率和MODIS的地表反照率产品对MISR的短波反照率数据进行验证和分析:提取了中国通量网中的8个站点的数据和对应的MODIS、MISR的反照率产品用于验证。验证的结果显示,在多数站点,MISR短波反照率能与地面数据相吻合,大部分的反演误差都集中在0.04以内;MISR与MODIS短波反照率的吻合度更高,总体的误差为0.018,均方根误差在0.04左右。总的来说,MISR地表反照率产品具有较高的反演质量。