Eclogite Facies Regional Metamorphism of Hydrous Mafic Rocks in the Central Alpine Adula Nappe

The Adula Nappe is a slice of Pre-Mesozoic continental basementaffected by Early Alpine (Mesozoic or Lower Tertiary) high-pressuremetamorphism. Mineral compositions in mafic rocks containingomphacite + garnet + quartz record a continuous regional trendof increasing recrystalliza tion temperatures and pressuresthat can be ascribed to this regional high-pressure metamorphicevent. P-T estimates derived from mineral compositions gradefrom about 12 kb and 500 ?C or less in the north of the nappeto more than 20 kb/800 ?C in the south. The regional P-T trend is associated with a mineralogical transitionfrom assemblages containing additional albite and abundant amphiboles,epidote minerals, and white micas in the north (omphacite-garnetamphibolites) to kyanite eclogites containing smaller amountsof hornblende and zoi.site in the south. Textures and mineralcompositional data show that these hydrous and anhydrous silicatesassociated with omphacite + garnet + quartz arc primary partsof the high-pressure assem blages. Observed phase relationsbetween these primary silicates, theoretical Schreinemakersanalysis, and the thermobarometric results, together indicatethat the regional transition from omphacite amphibolites tokyanite eclogites can be described by two simplified reactions: alb+epi+hbl=omp+kya+qtz+par (H₂O-conserving) (15) par+epi+hbl+qtz=omp+kya+H₂O (dehydration) (12) which have the character of isograd reactions. Local variations of water activity (a_H2O) as indicated by isofacialmineral assemblages, and the H₂O character of the reaction (15),are interpreted to reflect largely H and predominantly fluid-absenthigh-pressure metamorphism within the northern part of the nappe.The omphacite amphibolites and paragonite eclogites in thisarea are thought to have formed by H₂O reactions from Pre-Mesozoichigh-grade amphibolites, i.e. from protoliths of similar bulkH₂O-countent. The second ‘isograd’ (12) is interpreted to markthe regional transition from largely fluid-absent metamorphismin the north to fluid-present metamorphism in the south, wheremetamorphic pressures and temperatures in excess of 12-15kband 500-600?C were sufficient for prograde in-situ dehydrationof similar hydrous protoliths to kyanite eclogites. The observationof abundant veins, filled with quartz+kyanite+omphacite, suggeststhat a free fluid coexisted locally with the kyanite eclogitesof the southern Adula Nappe at some time during progressivedehydration.     

冀东地区麻粒岩相变质作用的演化

据冀东迁安－遵化一带麻粒岩相区的变质岩石、变质矿物及其组构特征、变质作用的温度、压力条件,结合同位素年代学资料,以及岩浆作用、构造变形作用和变质作用之间的关系,可将本区太古代变质作用划分为两期。太古代第一期变质作用只限于表壳岩包体岩石中,变质级为高角闪岩相和辉石麻粒岩相,第二期变质作用发生在晚太古代,早期变质阶段是在紫苏花岗岩侵位以后发生的辉石麻粒岩相变质作用,晚期变质阶段发生在稍后侵位的基性侵入岩体、英云闪长岩、奥长花岗岩等深成侵入体中,变质级达角闪麻粒岩相。早元古代第一期角闪石榴二辉麻粒岩型岩脉,遭受了辉石麻粒相变质作用,第二期角闪石榴斜长辉石岩型岩脉经历了角闪麻粒岩相变质作用。这些变质作用在早期岩石中都有不同程度的叠加。麻粒岩相变质作用的温度在７００℃～９２０℃,压力在０．８８～１．１４ＧＰａ。变质作用的ＰＴｔ演化呈现了逆时针近等压冷却的轨迹     

喜马拉雅造山带中段麻粒岩构造侵位过程中变质变形演化

喜马拉雅造山带中段麻粒岩绝大多数呈透镜状、布丁体等弱应变域断续产出,强应变带围岩往往发育糜棱面理和构造片理。部分麻粒岩经历了强烈的韧性剪切构造变形,形成剪切透镜体,并且明显受韧性剪切带控制,显示成带分布、局部集中的特点。根据矿物组合可将产出的麻粒岩分为4种麻粒岩,其主要组成矿物如斜方辉石、单斜辉石、斜长石、角闪石以及石榴石等均不同程度地发生扭折、压扁、拉长扭曲、亚颗粒化及边缘强烈动态重结晶等强烈塑性显微构造变形特征。研究分析表明,麻粒岩的产出与重熔花岗岩的侵位及藏南伸展拆离断层活动有关,在喜马拉雅造山带强烈伸展快速抬升造山的绝热降压大陆动力学过程中,下地壳基性麻粒岩以较快的速率上升到地表,而下地壳层流作用、造山带伸展-隆升-造山导致麻粒岩相变质作用。     

鄂北—豫南地区榴辉岩相岩石变质作用演化特征

鄂北－豫南地区榴辉岩相变质岩石类型多样,其野外产状和岩石化学特征反映了原地变质成因。根据区域地质及榴辉岩相变质岩石的野外产状,结合榴辉岩中石榴石绿辉石的Ｆｅ２＋－Ｍｇ互换温度计所计算出的峰期变质温度,将本区榴辉岩分为两类,一类为中温榴辉岩,产于晚太古界—早元古界大别群,为Ｂ类榴辉岩,由绿帘角闪岩相岩石进变质形成。榴辉岩相变质作用分为两阶段,首先为柯石英榴辉岩相阶段,其峰期变质条件为Ｔ＝６００℃～７００℃,Ｐ＝２．７～３．０ＧＰａ,然后近等温降压,出现蓝闪石等含水矿物,为蓝闪石榴辉岩相阶段,此时水活度在榴辉岩相变质过程中起着重要作用;另一类为低温榴辉岩,产于中元古界七角山组,为Ｃ类榴辉岩,由蓝片岩相岩石进变质形成,其峰期变质条件为Ｔ＝４９０℃～５６０℃,Ｐ＜１．５ＧＰａ。中温榴辉岩与低温榴辉岩具有不同的变质作用特征。最后讨论了本区高压变质带的成因演化。     

Zircon U–Pb Geochronology of Baiyingaolao Formation from the Hadayingzi Region in the southern Great Xing’an Range, Northeast China

Blueschists in the Yilan area, Heilongjiang Province, are known as important parts of the Heilongjiang Complex. However, their metamorphic evolution history is still unclear. Petrographical, and mineral chemical investigations on the blueschists from the Yilan area are carried out in this study. P‐T pseudosections are calculated in the system Na₂O‐CaO‐K₂O‐MnO‐FeO‐MgO‐Al₂O₃‐SiO₂‐H₂O‐TiO₂‐O (Fe₂O₃) (NCKMnFMASHTO) with the PERPLE_X software for three blueschist samples. Peak metamorphic conditions are estimated to be 500‐525°C, 1.14‐1.2 GPa for garnet‐barroisite schist (g‐brs‐wnc‐act‐phn‐chl‐ep‐ab‐stlp); 480°C, 1.4 GPa for chlorite‐epidote glaucophane schist (gl‐brs‐wnc‐act‐chl‐ep‐stlp) and 450‐500°C, 0.95‐1.2 GPa for phengite‐glaucophane schist (gl‐wnc‐phn‐ab‐ep‐chl‐sph), which indicate that they all underwent peak metamorphism in the limit epidote‐blueschist facies conditions. Combined with the previously reported geochemical and geochronological data, the clockwise P‐T paths of the blueschists are constructed. The formation of blueschists in the study area marks the young oceanic crust subduction, and represents the final closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and the beginning of the Paleo‐Pacific tectonic system. The P‐T pseudosection recorded the P‐T increasing process before the metamorphic peak and that the maximum temperature was coincident with the maximum pressure in the process, which indicates that the epidote‐blueschist facies conditions implemented in the process of subduction, rather than exhumation. The retrograde trajectory nearly coincidently retraced the prograde trajectory, which represents the similar geothermal gradient (11‐14°C/km) in the subduction and the relatively slow exhumation process.     

伸展作用过程中石英变形与重结晶的微观机制

在伸展作用过程中，石英的变形主要表现为三种不同类型变形石英的出现：SGR-R型以中高温条件下的亚颗粒旋转与动态重结晶为主要特点；GBM-R型以中低温条件下的局部颗粒边界迁移与重结晶过程为主；FC型以低温条件下破裂和碎裂作用为主要特点。三种石英变形类型及其变形机制主要受三方面的影响：区域伸展环境的存在；伸展抬升作用过程中变化的p-T条件；变形岩石中的微量流体的参与。     

Effects of H2O on the Disequilibrium Breakdown of Muscovite+Quartz

We have examined in detail the effect of H₂O on the texturesand mechanisms produced during the breakdown of muscovite+quartzunder experimental disequilibrium conditions using low-porosityrock samples. Under H₂O conditions (1 wt.% H₂O added) muscovitereacts completely in <5 months at 757?C to a metastable assemblageof peraluminous meltmullite+biotite, a reaction which delaysthe formation of the stable equilibrium assemblage. In contrast,muscovite in the H₂O undersaturated experiments breaks downby both the stable dehydration reaction producing K feldspar+sillimanite+biotiteand by metastable melting reactions in the same sample. Thecom position of the metastable melt is controlled by a numberof kinetic factors which change as a function of time and reactionprogress. Early melts are highly siliceous and sodic due tothe rapid dissolution of quartz relative to muscovite, coupledwith the incongruent melting of the paragonite component ofmuscovite and crystallization of biotite. The delayed nucleationof mullite results in Al supersaturation of the melt, whichinhibits the rate of the melting reaction. Once mullite nucleatesthe degree of Al melt supersaturation is decreased and the rateof muscovite dissolution increases. After complete reactionof muscovite the melt chemistry continues to change as Si diffusesinto the pseudomorphs from adjacent quartz. Even after 5 monthsat 757?C large compositional gradients in Si and Al still persistwithin the melt. In the H₂O experiments metastable melting occursinitially, catalysed by traces of grain boundary fluid or byfluid released from the dehydration of muscovite. However, oncemelting starts any fluid is strongly fractionated into the meltphase, reducing µH₂O Under these conditions further meltingis inhibited and the stable dehydration reaction will continue.Examination of examples of natural muscovite reacted under disequilibriumconditions in xenolithic and contact metamorphic rocks at lowpressures suggests that metastable melting is an important processunder certain geological conditions. It is possible that itis widespread in contact metamorphic rocks, but the texturesindicative of metastable melting reactions are obscured duringthe extended cooling histories of such rocks.     

Fractal Modelling of the Microstructure Property of Quartz Mylonite During Deformation Process

Mylonite is the result of the dynamic metamorphism and minerals in mylonite are deformed gradually with an increase in the degree of metamorphism. Quantifying the degree of deformation including the irregularities of shapes and the frequency distribution of the minerals becomes one of the most challenging efforts in mylonite analysis. Fractal modelling has been demonstrated in this paper to be an effective mean to achieve the above goal. Perimeter-Area fractal model was used to quantify the irregularities in the geometries and Cumulative Number-Area model is used to characterize the irregularities of distribution of quartzs in mylonites, respectively. Examples of quartz from five types of mylonites with different degree of deformation within the foreland of the Moine Thrust Zone in NW Scotland are chosen to study the evolution processes of deformation. As the main mineral component of quartzite mylonite, patterns are extracted from digital photomicrographics of the multiscale-grey image grid data to show quartz grains with different degree of deformation, The areas and perimeters of the quartz grains were calculated by GIS-based image processing technologies. From type one to type five, with an increase in degree of deformation, the corresponding Perimeter-Area exponent increases from 1.20, 1.28, 1.38, 1.46, to 1.60, respectively, the fractal dimension of the perimeter from 1.07, 1.08, 1.17, 1.23, to 1.44, as well as the exponent of Cumulative Number- Area from 0.50, 0.51, 0.58, 0.82, to 0.85, respectively. The result has shown that as increase of the intensity of deformation, the shape of quartz grains tends to be more irregular, grain size tends to be smaller, and the number of grains increases. The results obtained using GSI model has indicated that as an increase in the intensity of deformation, the patterns of quartz grains tends to be more stratified and randomness increases.     

塔里木地块东南缘新太古代安南坝石英闪长片麻岩的成因及其对地壳演化的启示

目前塔里木地块东南缘早前寒武纪岩石形成时代和成因机制研究较为薄弱,制约了人们对塔里木大陆地壳形成和早期演化的认识.岩石地球化学及锆石Hf同位素组成表明塔里木地块东南缘安南坝石英闪长片麻岩原岩岩浆为下地壳变玄武岩部分熔融形成,并有少量幔源物质的加入.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示石英闪长片麻岩成岩年龄为2 662±12 Ma、2 676±15 Ma,结合已有资料综合说明塔里木东南缘太古宙岩石形成时代主要集中在2.55~2.70 Ga,变质年龄分别为1 980±30 Ma、1 828±20 Ma~2 087±29 Ma,是古元古代中晚期与造山作用有关的岩浆-变质事件的地质记录.石英闪长片麻岩中锆石两阶段模式年龄T_DM2为2 954~3 742 Ma,峰值为~3.24 Ga,据此认为~3.2 Ga是塔里木东南缘大陆地壳生长的主要时期,并于2.55~2.70 Ga发生地壳再造,古老地壳再循环可能是该地区新太古代中晚期大陆地壳演化的重要方式.      

Infiltration of Aqueous Fluid and High Fluid: Rock Ratios During Greenschist Facies Metamorphism: A Reply

Wood & Graham (1986) suggest that fluid: rock ratios ofFerry (1984) were over-estimated because the temperature ofthe biotite isograd, inferred from biotite-garnet and calcite-dolomitegeothermometry, was underestimated by {small tilde}40?C. Wood& Graham's critique of calcite-dolomite geothermometry isincomplete because it fails to account for the effect of MnCO₃substitutions in calcite on estimated temperatures. New datathat consider the effects of both FeCO₃ and MnCO₃ substitutionssuggest that published calcite-dolomite temperatures need nosignificant correction. Their proposed correction to biotite-garnettemperatures, based on the garnet solid solution model of Ganguly& Saxena (1984), has an uncertainty of at least 100 percent and is not significantly different from zero. An empiricalscheme that corrects for the effects of grossular and spessartinesubstitution in garnet on estimated temperature, along withthe large uncertainty in Wood and Graham's proposed correction,suggest that published biotite-garnet temperatures also needno significant revision. The preferred temperature for the biotiteisograd remains {small tilde}400?C. In turn, the preferred estimatesof fluid: rock ratios remain unchanged; pelitic phyllites interactedwith at least 1-2 rock volumes fluid during the biotite-formingreaction at 400?C. Varied geologic, petrologic, and isotopic data are reviewedthat support fluid:rock ratios > 1 during low-grade metamorphismboth in south-central Maine and worldwide. Chemical interactionbetween rocks and fluids that are initially out of equilibriummay be an essential driving force behind many instances of low-graderegional metamorphism. Fluid:rock ratios > 1 and recent stableisotope studies should encourage serious consideration of amulti-pass model for metamorphic fluid flow.     

Infiltration of Aqueous Fluid and High Fluid: Rock Ratios During Greenschist Facies Metamorphism: A Discussion

Ferry's (1984) analysis of the biotite isograd in pelitic schistsof the Waterville Formation (south-central Maine, U.S.A.) ledto the conclusion that metamorphism had been caused by infiltrationof 1–2 rock volumes of aqueous fluid. We find that thisimportant observation is extremely sensitive to the assumedtemperature of metamorphism and to corresponding uncertaintiesin the thermodynamic data and solution assumptions. Uncertaintiesin the experimental calibrations of the geothermometers areon the order of ? 30?C. In addition, an analysis of the effectsof minor substituents on calcite-dolomite and garnet-biotitegeothermometers indicates that Ferry's (1980) temperatures areabout 40?C too low in the garnet zone. Correcting the phaseequilibria to higher temperatures by this latter amount lowersfluid:rock ratios by an order of magnitude to about 0?1:1. Sincesmall uncertainties have such great effects it is clearly importantto perform careful uncertainty analyses before using Ferry'sapproach to draw wide-ranging conclusions about fluid-rock interactions.Given a 40?C upward revision of temperature it is not necessaryto invoke pervasive infiltration of aqueous fluid as the majoragent of metamorphism. With these low fluid:rock ratios thewater source could reasonably be a thin sequence of underlyingmetapelites and/or the granitic intrusives which accompaniedthe Acadian orogeny.     

差应力对闪长岩部分熔融熔体分布和成分的影响

探讨差应力对熔体分布和成分演化的关系,利用细粒闪长岩进行高温高压条件下的岩石变形,主要包括静态熔融实验和有差应力参与的动态熔融2种类型。实验首先统计了熔体含量、确定了实验重要参数,然后分别描述了动、静态熔融实验后闪长岩的显微特征;并且通过对动、静态熔融实验结果熔体分布情况的对比,结合熔体成分电子探针数据进行分析。结果表明:在细粒闪长岩的部分熔融中,熔体在差应力的作用下沿一定的方向展布,并从差应力大的地方向差应力小的地方运移,差应力的作用使得高含水矿物(角闪石)先于熔点低的斜长石发生熔融,说明差应力促进了岩石的熔融,使得熔体成分向Si、Al等方向转化,即从基性向酸性转化。     

太行山南段教场闪长岩矿物学特征及其地质意义

太行山南段中生代杂岩体的成因与演化是近几十年来探索的热点话题之一.基于野外调研和电子探针分析,对教场闪长岩的矿物学特征及其意义进行了研究.该闪长岩主要由斜长石、普通角闪石、黑云母、少量单斜辉石和橄榄石组成.SiO₂含量为52.91%~53.39%,具有高Mg#[100×Mg/（Mg+Fe2+）]值（60.28~62.39）、富Na（Na₂O/K₂O=1.18~1.40）特征.斜长石An介于36~60,属于中长石和拉长石,具正环带结构,含量约50%.角闪石具有高CaO（>10%）、MgO（>18%）特征,属富镁普通角闪石,含量约30%.黑云母Mg#[Mg/（Mg+Fe2++Fe3++Mn）]值为0.564~0.582,属镁质黑云母,含量约12%.单斜辉石均属Ca-Mg-Fe辉石族,含量约5%,为幔源岩浆在由深部向浅部运移过程中逐步结晶的产物.橄榄石Fo在76~91,为贵橄榄石和镁橄榄石,含量约2%,属地幔捕虏晶.通过单斜辉石温压计计算获得其岩浆结晶温度为1 060~1 094℃,压力为0.24~0.55 GPa.结果表明,岩浆源区壳幔混源特征,在岩浆上升侵位过程中,发生了弱结晶分异作用.教场闪长岩体现古太平洋板块俯冲及华北克拉通内部伸展的叠加构造背景.      

Raman Spectrum Study on Quartz Exsolution in Omphacite of Eclogite and Its Tectonic Significances

The studies on ultra-microstructue characteristics of quartz exsolution in eclogite and coesite in UHP eclogite of several localities are done with the appliance of laser Raman spectroscopy and Ustage. Research results show that the phase transformation of coesite-quartz in garnet and/or omphacite is a continuous process. Topological relationship is present between quartz exsolution in omphacite and its host mineral which shows orientations of two long axes of quartz exsolution parallel to (100) and (-101) of omphacite. At present, some scholars suggest that thequartz exsolution in omphacite of eclogite is the evidence of UHP metamorphism. However, temperature and pressure condition and the exsolution mechanism of oriented needlelike quartz in omphacite still remain undear. Tnerefore, further study should be enhanced on experimental research on exsolution mechanism of super-silicate clinopyroxene, which could provide experimental quantitative constraint on quartz exsolution as UHP indicator.     

The Defluidization of the Rocks and Genesis of Gold Deposits During Deformation and Metamorphism: an Example From the Jinping Mountain

THE DEFLUIDIZATION OF THE ROCKS AND GENESIS OF GOLD DEPOSITS DURING DEFORMATION AND METAMORPHISM: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE JINPING MOUNTAIN     

榴辉岩中石英出溶体的拉曼光谱学研究及其构造意义

利用拉曼光谱学和费氏台方法对若干地区超高压榴辉岩中柯石英和榴辉岩中石英出溶体的超显微构造特征进行了研究.研究结果表明, 石榴石(或绿辉石) 中柯石英向石英相变是一个连续变化过程.绿辉石中石英出溶体和主晶具有一定的晶体学拓扑关系, 即石英出溶体长轴有两个展布方向: 平行于绿辉石(10 0) 裂理面和平行于绿辉石(- 10 1) 面.目前, 部分学者推断榴辉岩绿辉石中石英出溶体可作为超高压变质作用的标志.笔者认为, 棒状定向石英在绿辉石中出溶的温压条件和出溶机理尚未查明.因此, 需加强过量二氧化硅单斜辉石出溶机理的超高压实验研究, 从而为证实石英出溶体作为超高压标志提供实验定量约束.      

鲁东造山带榴辉岩变质作用特征及其动力学机制

岩相学研究表明,广泛发育鲁东造山逞中的榴辉岩可以划分为四种类型：第一类为含柯石英及其假象榴辉岩;么二类为含蓝晶石 、黝帘石及多硅白云母等榴辉岩;第三类为石榴石－绿辉石－石英组合榴辉岩;第四类为（角闪石）石榴石－辉及有关岩石（非典型“榴辉岩”）。这四类榴辉岩峰期前进变质矿物共生组合及Ｐ－Ｔ条件估算结果均显示它们应属于高温与超高压变质作用产物,其变质作用ＰＴｔ轨迹表现为顺时针演化趋势,反映出板块俯冲碰     

内蒙古大青山北石兰哈达石英闪长岩构造环境讨论

内蒙古大青山北石兰哈达地区的晚古生代黑云石英闪长岩,1:20万区域地质调查时将其置于华力西中期第二次侵入体(δo42(2)),现经岩石学、地球化学、同位素年代学研究,认为该石英闪长岩为早二叠世岩浆活动的产物.岩石具高铝、高钾、高钙的特点,A/CNK<1.1,σ在2.05~2.83之间,为高钾钙碱性岩,属Ⅰ型花岗岩类,产干碰撞后的抬升构造环境.岩石稀土总量偏低,LREE富集,δ Eu=0.8~1.0,稀土曲线呈右倾平滑型,其物质来源很可能是源于软流圈的玄武质岩浆与元古宙地壳物质混合作用的结果.     

西藏安多纳茸矿区石英闪长玢岩成因及地质意义

纳茸矿区位于南羌塘南缘东段,是认识班公湖?怒江成矿带构造?岩浆?成矿作用的理想窗口.以纳茸矿区内出露的石英闪长玢岩为研究对象,对其进行了系统的锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学、锆石原位Hf同位素及全岩Sr-Nd同位素研究.结果显示纳茸矿区石英闪长玢岩形成于晚侏罗世（158~155 Ma）,属于钙碱性系列,具有高Sr（178×10-6~1 086×10-6）含量以及高Sr/Y（15~82）和（La/Yb）_N（17~34）比值,亏损重稀土元素（如Yb=1.05×10-6~1.45×10-6,Y=10.50×10-6~14.78×10-6）,整体呈现出与埃达克质岩石相似的地球化学特征.石英闪长玢岩样品低MgO、Cr、Ni,高Th和Th/U,锆石ε_Hf（t）值在-1.7~4.3之间,（87Sr/86Sr）_i比值为0.705 93~0.706 81,ε_Nd（t）值在-2.67~-0.49之间.结合区域地质资料,指示其是俯冲背景下加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物.将本文研究结果与南羌塘中西段的同期岩浆作用相结合,表明班公湖?怒江洋向北俯冲至羌塘地体之下,在晚侏罗世形成了超过1 200 km的近东西向岩浆弧.纳茸矿区与多龙矿集区内成矿岩体具有相似的锆石Hf同位素组成,锆石微量元素具有高Ce/Ce*、Eu/Eu*比值,全岩微量元素具有较高的Sr/Y、V/Sc比值,显示纳茸矿区具有较好的成矿潜力.      

天山—蒙古—兴安变质地区的变质作用及地壳演化

本区属于西伯利亚地块和塔里木—中朝地块之间的古生代陆间地槽,经历了由活动—稳定—活化解体—再稳定的演化过程,可分为两大变质旋回。在前震旦纪变质旋回中,先后发生了太古期、早元古期和晚元古期变质作用,它们的热流值表现为由高到低的旋回性变化。在古生代变质旋回中,加里东期和华里西期变质作用广泛发育,它们的变质作用类型表现为多样性的特点,变质带则是具有由北部和南部边缘向内部迁移的现象。