中德海洋空间规划法律体系建设及启示

文章针对中国海洋空间规划涉及的法律、行政法规和地方法规,以及德国海洋空间规划相关领域法律法规进行梳理。在核心法律、立法体系层次、涉及海域、与陆地空间规划的联系4个方面对两国海洋空间规划法律体系进行异同分析,探讨我国未来可行的海洋空间规划法制建设方向。提出推动海洋空间规划专项立法,规范地方立法建设,重视专属经济区与大陆架空间规划,有机结合陆海空间规划等建议。同时展望了我国和世界海洋空间规划法律体系的建设趋势。     

不断加强法制建设 提高依法行政水平

青岛市海洋与渔业局是市政府主管海洋事务和水产行政的职能部门,肩负着贯彻执行海洋与渔业法律法规的重任。长期以来,在市委市政府的正确领导下,在上级业务主管部门的指导和支持下,以“三个代表”重要思想为指导,与时俱进,勇于创新,以维护群众根本利益为出发点和落脚点,不断加强法制建设,促进依法行政工作的开展。在加强海洋与渔业立法、法制宣传教育、执法监督等法制建设工作中做出了一定成绩。2002年,青岛市海洋与渔业局被评为全省法制工作先进单位、全市法制工作先进集体。立法调研报告获全市法制工作优秀调研成果三等奖,行政审批改革方…     

区域海洋管理局的自我完善和发展

实施区域海洋行政管理,是我国行政管理体系中的一种重要形式,认真研究区域海洋行政管理的客观规律,做好区域海洋管理局的自我完善和发展,以达到在各方面都形成与社会主义初级阶段基本国情和海洋行政管理的实践情况相适应的比较成熟、比较定型、比较完善的制度和体系,使生产关系更加适应生产力的发展,使上层建筑更加适应经济基础的发展。这是我们每一位海洋工作者的责任和义务。一、区域海洋管理局在海洋行政管理中的国家层级定位1.区域海洋管理局是介于国家局与地方局之间的一级具有行政主体资格的海洋行政组织我国宪法确定了国家权力机关和…     

我国海洋立法现状及其完善对策

从我国海洋立法角度研究我国现行的海洋法律制度,分析海洋法律制度的特点并指出我国海洋立法中存在的问题,在此基础上提出了完善我国海洋法律制度的对策.     

认真履行海洋行政管理职责 全国海洋工作取得丰硕成果

在党中央、国务院的正确领导下,国家海洋局认真落实国务院副总理温家宝同志关于“国家海洋局要把工作重点放在规划、立法和管理上。按照‘三定’方案,加强与有关部门的配合,认真履行海洋行政管理职责”的重要指示精神,使我国海洋事业取得了重大进展。过去的五年,是党和国家高度重视海洋工作的五年,是各级海洋行政主管部门和广大海洋工作者开拓奋进的五年,是海洋形势发生深刻变化的五年,是全国海洋工作硕果累累的五年。     

国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动的协调研究

为适应国际海洋事务发展形势,促进我国积极参与国际海底区域活动,文章通过分析国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动的内涵、范围适用、支配原则和理论依据等,提出二者产生冲突的原因,并探讨协调途径。研究结果表明：国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动产生冲突的本质是人类共同继承财产原则与公海自由原则适用的冲突;公海自由原则不适用于国际海底区域;协调国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动的核心是坚持国际海底区域的人类共同继承财产原则,发挥国际海底管理局职能,促进国际合作,相关国际组织和国际海底区域组织建立沟通机制,进一步建立健全国际和国内的立法和技术规范。     

制度视阈下我国海洋循环经济的立法模式构建

我国海洋循环经济的发展需要相应的法律体系作为保障,但当前我国对于海洋循环经济的立法模式尚未确立,尤其在制度领域尚不健全,因此需要逐步明确我国海洋循环经济立法模式,完善现有法律制度,构建制度视阁下我国海洋循环经济的立法体系.     

海洋综合管理的理论与实践——兼论与海洋行政管理的关系

通过对不同学者关于海洋综合管理的论述和界定,及其与海洋行政管理的关系梳理,理解海洋综合管理的理论内涵.分析美国和韩国等海洋强国实施海洋综合管理的实践,为实施海洋综合管理提供借鉴.     

我国海洋自然保护区的发展和分布特征分析

对我国海洋自然保护区发展动态和分布特征进行了分析.根据海洋自然保护区的数量和面积,将其发展过程划分为零发展、零星发展、停滞发展、恢复与快速发展和高速发展5个阶段.基于遥感信息,文章绘制了我国海洋自然保护区分布图,并深入分析了海洋自然保护区的行政分布、类型分布和地理分布的特征.文章还分析了影响海洋自然保护区发展与分布的因素.     

加拿大海洋环境管理

加拿大是世界上最早进行海洋综合立法的国家,也是最早制定国家行动计划来保护海洋环境陆源活动污染的国家.在联邦环境保护法和海洋法的基础上,形成了联邦和地方政府密切合作的海洋环境保护规制与政策实施体系,以海洋可持续发展为目标,预防性方法为原则,协调联邦与地方政府的管理职责,通过"海洋环境质量"计划与海洋保护区网络发展计划,实现海洋资源开发与海洋环境保护的协调发展.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.