海岸带主体功能区划的指标体系与模型研究

文章阐述海岸带主体功能区划的背景、原则、程序及研究现状,构建海岸带主体功能区划的指标体系,给出数据标准化方法和海岸带主体功能区划的综合评价模型.     

海洋主体功能区划方法研究

探讨了海洋主体功能区划的分类、分区、分级、评价单元等基本问题,构建了海洋主体功能区划的评价指标体系,并分别依据我国内水和领海海域、海岛、专属经济区和大陆架等3个区域的特点提出了海洋主体功能区划的方法和路径,以期为海洋主体功能区划工作提供理论和方法借鉴。     

福建省海岸带主体功能区划评价指标体系构建与应用研究

研究了福建省海岸带主体功能区划边界范围的确定、基本单元的划分、评价指标体系的构建及评价方法等关键问题.研究结果表明,海岸带主体功能区划的范围必须涵盖海洋资源开发活动的集中区域,福建省海岸带主体功能区划边界范围为:陆域界限为海岸线向陆一侧的沿海县(市、区)行政管理界线,海域界限为海岸线至海湾外20 m(等深线);划分海岸带主体功能区划基本单元时把海域及依托的陆域作为一个整体,把沿海县(市、区)行政管辖的陆域和海域作为基本评价单元,福建省海岸带主体功能区划的基本单元为24个,区划陆域面积为27 689 km2,海域面积为13 393km2;筛选了23个评价指标构建了海岸带主体功能区划评价指标体系,具体包括土地面积、海域面积、森林覆盖率、人均海岸线长度等;用层次分析法(AHP)确定每个评价指标的权重(W),应用综合评价模型对资源环境承载力、现有开发密度和发展潜力进行综合评价,并采用层次聚类分析法对综合指数进行等级划分(低、中、较高、高4个等级),最后得出福建省海岸带区域各基本单元的资源环境承载力(A1)、现有开发密度(A2)和发展潜力(A3).研究结果基本符合海岸带区域管理实际,为其他海岸带主体功能区划研究提供参考.     

海洋国土主体功能区划规划若干关键问题的思考

作为国土重要组成部分的海洋,在全国开展的主体功能区划规划工作中也是重要的工作地域之一.但无论从自然角度,还是从管理角度,海洋都具有其独特的特性,要求其主体功能区划规划工作与有所不同.文章从区划指导思想、区划类型、区划范围、区划指标体系、区划分区和区划管理六个方面讨论了海洋主体功能区划的特殊性及要求,并从整体上给出解决方案.     

海洋生态功能区划初探——以庄河市周边海域为例

通过海洋生态功能区划与海洋功能区划的对比,总结海洋生态功能区划的内涵;并根据海洋生态功能区划目标和依据,对海洋生态功能区划方法进行分析。文章以庄河市周边海域为例,依据辽宁省海洋功能区划和庄河生态市建设规划的相关数据,对庄河市近海海域进行了海洋生态功能区划。     

基于多维决策分析的海湾海岸带主体功能区划技术研究

文章根据海岸带区域特征,剖析了主体功能区划内涵,遵循基于生态系统管理以及海陆统筹等原则,构建了基于多维决策分析的海湾海岸带主体功能区划技术方法,包括海湾海岸带主体功能区划原则、技术框架和分析方法。     

海洋功能区开发潜力评价方法

借鉴海洋资源开发潜力、旅游开发潜力、土地开发潜力、主体功能区开发潜力、可持续发展能力和多指标综合评价等方面的研究方法和指标体系,首次提出了海洋功能区开发潜力的概念、构成和指标,并分析了层次分析法在海洋功能区开发潜力评价中的适用性,总结了海洋功能区开发潜力评价的方法、步骤和存在的问题。     

海洋主体功能区划与海洋功能区划关系研究

开展海洋主体功能区划与海洋功能区划的关系和衔接研究,是保障两者在我国海洋事业中充分发挥各自作用的基础.本文从编制及实施2个方面理顺海洋主体功能区划与海洋功能区划的关系,促进两者在实际工作中的相互结合.     

爱尔兰海域多用途区划的启示

对爱尔兰海域多用途区划的研究背景进行了介绍,研究了区划的发展历程、边界和不足之处.得出爱尔兰海域多用途区划对我国海洋功能区划、海洋主体功能区规划等工作的启示.     

海洋空间规划及主体功能区划研究进展

海洋空间规划是解决海域各种人类活动之间以及人类活动与海洋生态环境保护之间矛盾的有效工具,是基于生态系统的多用途海域使用管理手段。文章综述了国内外海洋空间规划及主体功能区划的研究进展,对海洋空间规划及主体功能区划的基本理论、原则、内涵和技术路线进行了总结,并对海洋空间规划边界以及基本单元的划分原则和方法进行了总结。通过总结可知,现有海洋空间规划的基本技术路线有两种:一是基于空间叠置分析的技术路线;二是基于指标体系的技术路线。基于生态系统的海洋空间规划要求其边界必须尊重生态系统边界,然而出于实践管理的需要,通常按照行政管理边界来划分。基本单元可依据基本行政单元(市、县、乡)、自然地理特征(地形)和公里网格等进行划分。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.