甘肃省及邻区Ms4.0以上地震前的电磁波异常特征

本文根据分布在甘肃省河西地区１４个电磁波台站近６年来的观测资料，分析了近几个来发生在甘肃省及邻近地区的１１个Ｍｓ４．０以上地震的电磁波异常特征。结构表明，震前电磁波异常信号主要有低频脉冲和阵发性脉冲两类；异常信号出现的时间强度与地震的大小及距离远近有关，震级大、距离远的地震信号出现的时间早、幅度大；震源浅的地震异常信号强，累计持续时间长，其信号呈脉冲形式，震源深信号相对较弱，并显示低频脉动特征；震     

青海平安电磁辐射在中强震前短期前兆异常特征及预报效能研究

分析和整理了青海平安电磁辐射台自1993年7月以来的资料，发现震前平安单台电磁辐射在中强地震临震前有最大脉冲信号，并通过对无震异常，地震异常的分析判断，对其预报效能进行了R值评价。     

芦山MS7.0地震前的电磁异常信号

对南北地震带18个地电场及电磁扰动观测台站进行了跟踪与研究, 2013年4月20日四川芦山M_S7.0地震前只有其中5个台站观测到了异常电磁信号. 研究表明, 地震前的这些异常信号时空分布非常不均匀. 在时间上表现出震前电磁异常信号在出现的台站上不是同步的, 且随着时间的推移有向震中方向迁移的趋势; 在空间上体现在成都以北的台站都没有记录到震前电磁异常信号, 主要出现在成都及其以南的一些台站. 芦山M_S7.0地震前地震电磁信号出现的最早时间是震前21天, 其次是震前16天; 临震时间则为震前5天、 4天和1天. 通过接地极注入地下的大电流以及以往的震例分析, 认为仙女山台是又一个比较突出的电磁信号观测的敏感点.      

《中国震例》前兆资料的初步研究

《中国震例》一书的60次震例共有前兆异常927项次,分归11类观测手段和75种异常项目。文章介绍了震例和前兆的基本情况,给出了对地震异常数量、不同地区定点观测项目的异常百分比及按观测手段和异常项目进行统计和分析研究的主要结果。在这些工作的基础上,作者进一步总结了我国大陆地震前兆的几条基本的综合特征:地震前兆的多样性与综合性;异常持续时间的长期性与阶段性;前兆分布范围的广泛性与非均匀性;地震异常的统计量与震级间存在正变关系;地震前兆的高度复杂性。文章指出了它们在理论和实践上的意义,与日、美、苏的地震前兆作了分析对比,并建议推进对我国大陆地震前兆的深入研究。     

张北6.2级地震的孕育过程和前兆特征研究

张北地震发生在通常认为稳定的、浅部构造不明显,历史上地震活动微弱的地区,但是根据小震活动条带推测可能在一条ＮＷ走向的深部断裂。张北地震的孕育可能与区域断层的长期活动,中小地震持续活跃以及外围强震的增震作用有关。震前存在地震活动空段、４级地震条带、区域小震群活跃以及平静－收缩－信号震－外围活动增强等特征。有比较丰富的中长趋势异常,持续时间长达３年以上,而短临异常并不突出。对张北地震异常进行信度综合分     

张北6.2级地震前的电磁前兆信号的特征

通过对张北6.2级地震前辽中台接收的电磁信号研究分析，总结出这次距辽中台600km、6级地震前的电磁前兆信号，具有弱－强－弱－平静后发震的总变化过程。异常信息具有异常时间长、信号强、异常范围大的特征。     

1976年唐山7.8级地震前各类地震前兆异常信息熵的场,源兆特征

利用“专家系统”的思想对每一地震前兆异常事件进行了综合评估，以每一异常的最可能发震时间计算发震概率，利用各类地震前兆异常群体信息熵研究了系统熵值与地震场，源兆的关系，分析了１９７６年唐山７．８级地震前各类地震前兆异常的时空分布特征，然后以唐山为中心在空间上划分三个区，近区，中间区和远区，分别计算了三个区各类地震前兆异常信息熵的时间演化值，分析了震前这种信息熵的场，源兆特征，震中近区的信息熵值要比中     

1988年澜沧—耿马地震前地磁异常变化特征

分析了澜沧－耿马地震前地磁异常时间进程中的阶段性，根据形态和速度，可把分为趋势性异常和突发性异常。在空间上，压磁，感磁等机制引起的震效应主要分布在震中附近的有限区域内，震级越大，展布范围也越 大。     

与地壳活动有关的ULF地磁变化：RIKEN-NASDA项目概要和最新结果

尽管地震短临预报极其重要，并且经过了人们多年的努力，但它仍是目前未能解决的问题。近年来，与地震相关的电磁现象被认为是解决地震短临预报的有效途径之一。现在已经积累了大量的地震电磁前兆信号的震例，这些信号分布在很宽的频带范围(DC-VHF)内，其中ULF地磁变化是最有希望的地磁前兆之一。通过监测ULF地磁变化，有望实现地震短临预报。本文将阐述从ULF电磁信号中提取震磁异常变化的方法。     

邢台地震的气象要素异常特征

通过对邢台地震前后河北省数十年气象资料的研究与分析，发现邢台地震前气象要素存在明显的异常特征。大气压力、大气温 度显示出短临震兆信息，降水量呈现了中长期异常，浅层地温的震前异常升温特征则较为突出，文章汇总了邢台地震前各气象要素的异常变化，并进行了讨论。     

ELECTROMAGNETIC ANOMALOUS PULSES BEFORE AND AFTER EARTHQUAKES(M>6.0) IN CHINA CONTINENT IN 2008

In this paper,we provided the electromagnetic anomaly phenomena prior to five earthquakes with magnitude M_W>6.0 occurring in China continent in 2008.The electromagnetic data in frequency bands 800~0.1Hz are recorded at two stations located in Urumqi,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (URQ) and Tonghai,Yunnan Province (TH).The time series of four horizontal components of the electromagnetic field at the stations are converted to the spectra using Fast Fourier Transform.The relationship between the electromagnetic anomalous phenomena and the earthquake events is studied through analyzing the temporal variation of electromagnetic spectra and comparing them with earthquake events.This study provides the new examples for electromagnetic anomaly phenomena before the earthquakes.The following features can be found.①The obvious anomalous power spectrum density (PSD) of electromagnetic fields in frequency band of 128~0.5Hz appeared before earthquakes.The anomalous PSD is related to the earthquake magnitude and the epicenter distance.The anomaly size of magnetic PSD is about 1-3 orders of magnitude bigger than the background field before Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake.② The changes of parameters are also related with frequency of the signal;The ELF signal strength observed at seismic stations is significantly related with distance between the stations or the measured magnetic and electrical field components and the source of earthquake.We also found that the field strength attenuated faster in area closer to the source than in far area.It is clear that the magnetic signals have higher signal noise ratio than the electric data.③ The amplitudes are also related with the azimuth of the earthquake to station and with the frequency of the data.④ The anomalous pulses showed cluster phenomenon in time.     

盈江5.8级和缅甸7.2级地震前电磁异常

本文分析了2010年10月-2011年3月云南通海ELF地震台站观测的电磁场资料,研究发现该资料变化与2011年发生在中国大陆"3·10"盈江5.8级及"3·24"缅甸7.2级地震存在以下关系,(1)470～1 Hz的磁场自功率密度谱(PSD)在2011年盈江5.8和缅甸7.2级地震前出现了脉冲丛集异常,异常幅度分别比正常月份变化约1～3个数量级.异常的幅度与观测点的电极方位和信号的频率有密切的关系.(2)2011年3月10日盈江地震的异常变化是先从地壳的深部向浅部发展,在震前25天2.6 km处的电阻率开始发生变化,震前10天400 m处的电阻率变化,出现了勺形的变化形态,阻抗相位同步变化.3月24日的缅甸7.2级地震,震前10天深部、浅部的电阻率同步发生了大幅度变化,阻抗相位发生转折,这可能是强震的变化特性.     

Experimental study of the features of VLF, MF, HF and VHF electromagnetic radiation accompanying rock fracture

In order to investigate the physical mechanism of seismo-electromagnetic signals, many scholars from China and other countries have carried out laboratory and field experiments of rock samples by loading them up to fracture in recent ten-odd years. In each of these experiments, the phenomenon of electromagnetic radiation was observed during the process of rock sample fracture. However, the experimental results can not explain the non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation in actual observation records. In these records, some stations displayed anomalies but some others did not, and the signals of different frequency bands observed by the same station did not occur simultaneously. This has brought about many difficulties to the application of electromagnetic radiation in earthquake prediction. The experimental result of this paper can explain the phenomenon of non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation. In the experiment of this paper, rock samples are uniaxially compressed up to fracture. The antennas of different frequency bands are installed two meters away from the rock sample in different directions. The electromagnetic signals during the whole process of rock sample fracture are recorded synchronously by a 14-channel tape recorder. The experimental results are as follows: (1) signals of the four frequency bands: VLF, MF, HF and VHF, are all recorded during the main fracturing process of rock samples, but signals of different frequencies may somtimes occur non-synchronously; (2) the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is the highest at the moment when the main fracture occurs, but signals in different directions are of different intensities. The above results are consistent with the non-synchronous electromagnetic radiation observed in real earthquakes. It seems possible to predict the orientation of future seismic source by the electromagnetic method of the LF or VLF frequency bands. Contribution No. 95A0075, Institute of Geophysics, SSB, China. The paper is translated by Prof.Jie-Fan HUANG, Peking University from the Chinese into English version.     

远震前的地电场潮汐波异常

分析了5次远强震前河北省昌黎台、兴济台记录到的电场异常,发现该异常主要集中在震前2个月左右的时段内, 具有很好的短临预报意义. 震前电场呈现不同的异常特征,但与固体地球潮汐波变化关系密切,如半日、半月等潮汐波周期信号增强,引起电场变化幅度增大;或本该正常记录到的潮汐变化幅度突然减小或消失;以及高频信号增多并伴有跃变现象. 分析异常产生机理认为,强震前的这种异常现象是震源区临震孕育过程中岩石弱化产生的电场异常,经自由空间或地壳传播到达地电台站后,与台站记录的电场潮汐波相叠加产生潮汐波增强或减弱现象. 高频异常可能与台站下方岩石孔隙度、渗透率等介质性质的改变有关,反映了强震的远场动态效应.      

Tidal wave anomalies of geoelectrical field before remote earthquakes

Introduction Geoelectrical field is a kind of intrinsic geophysical field of the earth, affected by kinds of current systems in outer space and electric properties of media underground, so it carries abundant interior information of the earth. Since 1981 when the group of “VAN” in Greece carried out the study of electric field observation by multi-polar distances (Varotsos and Alexopoulous, 1984a, b), more and more scientists in the world paid extensive attention to it due to its better re…     

A possible UL Fseismice lectro-magnetic emission

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1999年轮台5.1级地震近场地倾斜资料异常分析

利用小波分析独特的时—频分析特性,对轮台5,1级地震前近场多台地倾斜连续观测资料进行了多尺度分解,分析结果发现在地震前震中附近的地倾斜台站几乎都接收到了相同频段的异常信号,周期为几天到十几天,异常信号出现在各个台站的时间也大致相同,主要集中在震前3-4个月：震前异常具有从外围向震中发展且幅度明显增强的时空演化特征。分析认为：这些异常可能与1999年轮台5,1级地震的孕育过程有关。     

汶川MS8.0级地震前后ULF电磁辐射频谱特征研究

本文基于电磁波频谱理论研究方法,对2008年四川汶川M_S8.0地震前后金河、剑阁及郑州二砂三个电磁波台站的观测资料进行FFT和小波变换分析,研究了电磁辐射数据快速傅里叶频谱变化特征和在不同尺度下小波变化的分解,发现在汶川地震前确实有异常信息存在.结果表明:(1) FFT动态谱图像说明,地震前电磁波频谱变化特征较明显,在时间、频段上均显示了阶段性进程特征,且随着震中距的增大,辐射能量越小,异常出现的时间越晚;(2) 小波分解显示了地震前电磁波异常信号低频部分出现的时间较早;距震中较近的台站,异常信息在高频部分相对明显;距震中稍远的台站,异常信息在低频部分相对明显.     

华北地震活动中短期异常图像研究

系统研究了多种地震活动性方法后认为, 1970年以来华北地区发生的M_S≥5.8中强震前, 约83%具有3级或4级地震异常条带、 孕震空区及信号震出现。 震前有信号震的比例占92%, 83%的信号震距主震150 km以内, 距主震发生时间小于1年的占67%。 条带时间形成进程在2年内的约占90%, 震前条带形成后到主震发生83%在5个月内。 空区形成进程在1年半内的占83%, 空区形成后到主震发生91%在50天内, 为有意义的地震活动图像短期异常特征。 文中还探讨了异常条带图像的定量判别指标及其与未来强震的关联。     

Fracture characteristics of the 1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang, China, earthquake swarm inferred from source spectra

Broadband P and S waves source spectra of 12 MS5.0 earthquakes of the 1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang, China, earthquake swarm recorded at 13 GDSN stations have been analyzed. Rupture size and static stress drop of these earthquakes have been estimated through measuring the corner frequency of the source spectra. Direction of rupture propagation of the earthquake faulting has also been inferred from the azimuthal variation of the corner frequency. The main results are as follows: ①The rupture size of MS6.0 strong earthquakes is in the range of 10～20 km, while that of MS=5.0～5.5 earthquakes is 6～10 km.② The static stress drop of the swarm earthquakes is rather low, being of the order of 0.1 MPa. This implies that the deformation release rate in the source region may be low. ③ Stress drop of the earthquakes appears to be proportional to their seismic moment, and also to be dependent on their focal mechanism. The stress drop of normal faulting earthquakes is usually lower than that of strike-slip type earthquakes. ④ For each MS6.0 earthquake there exists an apparent azimuthal variation of the corner frequencies. Azimuthally variation pattern of corner frequencies of different earthquakes shows that the source rupture pattern of the Jiashi earthquake swarm is complex and no uniform rupture expanding direction exists.