河南方城大庄铌-稀土矿床碱性正长岩成矿机理研究

【研究目的】河南方城大庄是新探明的中型铌-稀土矿床（Nb₂O₃资源量16245 t;伴生TRE₂O₃资源量30147 t）,矿体主要赋存在碱性正长岩内。【研究方法】本文在野外地质调查基础上,对含矿碱性正长岩与无矿碱性正长岩开展了岩石学、岩相学和地球化学的对比研究。【研究结果】研究结果表明,含矿与无矿碱性正长岩均富碱、富铝,为典型的A型花岗岩,两类岩石的碱金属含量无明显差别,但（Na₂O+K₂O）/CaO、FeO^*/MgO、K₂O/MgO等参数明显不同。含矿碱性正长岩高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ce、U、Th、Zr、Y明显富集,Ba、Sr、P、Eu明显亏损;无矿碱性正长岩大离子亲石元素Rb、高场强元素Nb、Ta、Y和Th元素明显富集,而Ba、U、Sr、P、Ti和重稀土元素明显亏损,但亏损程度低于含矿碱性正长岩。【结论】方城大庄含矿碱性正长岩不是无矿碱性正长岩热液蚀变（钠长石化）的结果,二者应是同一岩浆体系不同演化阶段溶体固结的产物,含矿碱性正长岩的分异演化程度明显高于无矿化的碱性正长岩。方城大庄稀有稀土元素的富集与岩浆高演化、分异过程密切相关。这一研究可为区域找矿勘查提供一定的地质依据。创新点：岩石学和地球化学对比研究显示大庄Nb-REE矿中含矿碱性正长岩具有比无矿岩体更高的演化程度,表明成矿元素的富集与岩浆高分异演化密切相关,为找矿勘查提供了一定的岩石学证据。     

滇东—黔西沉积型稀土：一种新类型稀土资源及其开发利用潜力

【研究目的】稀土是重要的自然资源,更是宝贵且关键的战略资源。本文通过对滇东—黔西地区沉积型稀土资源野外地质调查及室内综合研究,揭示了该稀土资源的优势及开发利用潜力,既丰富了全球稀土资源工业类型,又支撑了国家关键稀土资源战略储备。【研究方法】本文基于对含矿地层特征、典型矿石特征、稀土元素配分特征以及稀土资源潜力等方面的研究,探讨该稀土资源的成因类型、稀土元素赋存状态以及开发利用潜力。【研究结果】查明含矿地层为二叠系上统宣威组（P₃x）;富稀土矿石的岩性为灰白色铝土质黏土岩和粉砂质黏土岩;其成因属沉积型;在威宁县黑石头—麻乍—哲觉地区,矿体厚度2~18m不等,矿体延伸较连续,稀土氧化物（TREO）含量最高达1.6%,矿体块段稀土（TREO）加权平均品位为0.18%~0.46%,推断资源量超30万t;该稀土资源中“关键稀土元素（CREE）”占比高达22.6%（以∑CREO计）,高于国内外大多数正在开发利用的稀土矿;针对该稀土资源研发了“选择性浸出”新工艺,使稀土回收率达90%以上,该稀土资源有望实现规模化工业利用。【结论】该沉积型稀土资源具有矿体厚度大、矿石品位高、资源潜力大、开采成本低、矿石中关键稀土元素（CREO）占比高、开发利用前景好等优点。     

辽东青城子矿集区白云金矿床煌斑岩的岩石成因：年代学、地球化学与Pb、Hf同位素约束

【研究目的】 白云金矿是辽东地区代表性的大型金矿床之一，通过厘清矿区内基性脉岩的形成时代、成因及其构造背景，有助于深化对区域构造演化过程及矿床成因的认识。【研究方法】 本文基于矿床的野外地质特征，对与矿化有密切关系的煌斑岩开展了岩相学、年代学和地球化学研究。【研究结果】 煌斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为（126.81±0.65） Ma，表明形成于早白垩世。岩石地球化学结果显示，煌斑岩属于碱性系列、钾玄质岩石，具有富镁（MgO=3.63%~4.07%，Mg^#=54~60）、富钾（K₂O/Na₂O=1.26~3.47）、富碱（K₂O+Na₂O=4.41%~5.23%）的特征；富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、Th、U）和轻稀土元素，亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti）和重稀土元素，具有典型的与俯冲有关的弧岩浆岩特征。同位素地球化学结果显示，煌斑岩富集放射性Pb同位素；锆石¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf为0.282117~0.282471，具有负的ε_Hf (t)值（-20.80~-7.81），指示岩浆源区为受俯冲熔体/流体交代的富集岩石圈地幔。【结论】 结合区域大地构造背景，白垩纪时，由于古太平洋板块俯冲后撤产生伸展拉张环境，软流圈地幔物质的上涌可能促使EMII型富集地幔的部分熔融而形成基性岩浆，并沿郯庐深大断裂带及其次一级断裂上侵形成白云矿区煌斑岩。因此，本区早白垩世基性岩浆活动是对该时期华北克拉通东部岩石圈减薄的响应。     

中甸晚三叠世图姆沟组岩石化学与构造环境

本文对中甸东部晚三叠世图姆沟组深水浊积岩和弧火山岩、微量和稀土元素进行研究,投点多落入再旋回造山带物源区;微量和稀土元素与图解中多接近大陆岛弧区;常量元素分析与相关图解接近活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧环境,与火山岩的大地构造环境具有相同的结论。图姆沟组为甘孜—理塘洋盆向西俯冲消减,中甸褶皱带东缘由被动大陆边缘转化为活动大陆边缘过程中形成的岛弧火山—沉积岩系。     

赣南石雷钨锡矿云英岩型锂矿找矿新发现及其区域成矿潜力分析

近年来,随着赣西北云母型锂矿的大规模开发利用,华南云英岩型、蚀变花岗岩型等岩体型锂矿逐渐受到关注。赣南是世界著名石英脉型黑钨矿集区和生产基地,以往勘查研究工作多集中在钨锡矿。【研究目的】为进一步了解石英脉型钨锡矿中是否存在锂矿化及其地质特征。【研究方法】本次研究通过系统的岩矿鉴定和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS）分析,查明了在赣南崇余犹矿集区章源钨业石雷钨锡矿深部存在云英岩型锂矿。【研究结果】研究表明,锂矿体产于石雷矿区深部隐伏花岗岩体的顶部,分布于含钨锡石英脉和长石石英脉的两侧,锂元素主要赋存在白云母—多硅白云母之中。产于角岩化砂岩中的云英岩的Li₂O含量平均为0.25%,二云母花岗岩中石英（长石）脉—云英岩Li₂O含量平均为0.21%,二云母花岗岩中发育的含云母脉云英岩Li₂O平均为0.22%,具有潜在的综合利用价值。【结论】本次研究查明了石雷石英脉型钨锡矿中存在工业意义的云英岩型锂矿化,进一步丰富了赣南石英脉型钨锡矿的成矿理论,拓宽了崇余犹地区云英岩型锂矿的找矿勘查思路,并为进一步拓展华南地区岩体型锂矿的找矿空间提供了依据。     

西准噶尔谢米斯台山中段I型花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素、地球化学特征及构造意义

在西准噶尔谢米斯台中段吉根泰一带原华里西中期花岗岩中解体出一套晚泥盆世花岗岩,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为364.0±6.0Ma,为该地区首次发现的晚泥盆世花岗岩。岩性为含角闪石石英二长岩和含角闪石二长闪长岩,岩石具有较低的TiO₂含量（0.49%~0.54%）和较高的Al₂O₃含量（16.09%~16.74%）,全碱含量较高（7.07%~8.52%）,且具有富钠的特征;稀土元素配分曲线呈先陡后缓的右倾式,富集大离子亲石元素Ba、K、Sr和高场强元素Zr、Hf、Sm,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti。岩石具有正的ε_Hf（t）值（6.09~12.91）。岩石地球化学和矿物学特征表明,岩体为岛弧型I型花岗岩,可能来源于俯冲板片与岛弧底部岩石圈之间剪切带物质的部分熔融,并在上升过程中受到上地壳的混染。该地区晚泥盆世岛弧型I型花岗岩的发现,将前人认为的该区域古生代以来洋盆阶段、俯冲增生阶段和后碰撞3个阶段在时间上有序衔接。     

辽东凤凰山正长花岗岩SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征与陆内伸展作用

【研究目的】 辽宁丹东地区发育着一期A型花岗岩,因其特殊的成因演化,特定的构造背景及其重要的地球动力学意义而备受关注。【研究方法】 本文通过对辽宁丹东凤凰山岩体SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征的分析,探讨了该岩体形成时代、岩石成因及地球动力学背景。【研究结果】 辽东凤凰山黑云母正长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为（122.3±1.7）Ma、（125.0±1.7）Ma、 （122±2）Ma,代表岩浆结晶年龄,凤凰山正长花岗岩侵位时代属于早白垩世。地球化学分析结果显示,SiO₂含量为65.65%～73.62%,K₂O为3.52%～5.76%,Na₂O为3.64%～4.26%,Al₂O₃为13.4%～15.49%,A/CNK值1.02～1.46,属铝过饱和型。碱度率AR在2.71～5.13,基本在铝质A型花岗岩AR值范围内,FeO_t/MgO比值为4.69～18.05,表现为A型花岗岩的A1和A2过渡类型。Rb/Nb比值为6.02～8.64,明显高于大陆壳的Rb/Nb比值2.2～4.7,说明陆壳物质对岩体成岩影响较大,从而导致Rb的含量增加。相对富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th, Zr、Hf,亏损Sr、P、Ba、Ti、Nb。稀土总量较高,轻重稀土之间的分馏不明显,Eu具明显的负异常。【结论】 综上,凤凰山正长花岗岩可能产生于陆内剪切相关的伸展环境,应为自中侏罗世开始由板块俯冲引起的东亚大陆边缘构造过程的响应。     

新疆准噶尔北缘北塔山组火山岩年龄及岩石成因

对准噶尔北缘北塔山组辉石玄武岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄测定, 获得了玄武岩的喷发年龄380.5±2.2Ma,表明北塔山组火山岩形成于中泥盆世。该地层火山岩中辉石玄武岩和无斑玄武岩的SiO₂含量为47.55%~52.97%、Al₂O₃的含量为8.44%~20.00%、TiO₂为0.5%~1.2%,MgO含量为2.8%~15.35%、CaO为3.98%~14.83%、FeO^T为9.46%~19.23%,具有亚碱性拉斑玄武岩的特征。其微量元素显示富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,Eu异常不明显。它们具有极低的初始⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr同位素比值(0.703835~0.704337)和高的ε_Nd(381Ma)值(+6.84~+12.3,t=381Ma)的亏损地幔源区特征。结合区域地质背景,北塔山组火山岩形成于与俯冲作用相关的构造环境,是准噶尔古洋盆于泥盆世时发生的俯冲-消减所引发的岛弧岩浆作用的地质记录。岩浆源区为被流体或沉积物熔体交代改造的地幔楔和软流圈地幔,不同类型的岩石系不同成分的原始岩浆经不同演化过程的产物。     

四川昭觉地区优质偏硅酸地下水的特征、成因及其开发利用建议

【研究目的】近年来,随着生活水平的不断提高,人们对健康饮水的要求也在不断提高,寻找与开发富含H₂SiO₃等矿物质优质地下水已成为关键。【研究方法】本文以昭觉地区水文地质调查工程、地下水污染调查工程所获取的地下水化学数据为基础,探讨了昭觉地区富H₂SiO₃地下水的分布特点、元素水文地球化学特征、形成条件及成因。【研究结果】结果显示：（1）全县富H₂SiO₃（≥25 mg/L）地下水均属于低矿化度偏碱性水,分布在基底岩石为玄武岩的6个片区,H₂SiO₃含量一般介于25.74~46.04 mg/L,pH含量一般介于7.4~8.58,TDS含量一般介于49.4~333 mg/L;（2）玄武岩地下水存在HCO₃－Ca、HCO₃－Ca·Mg、HCO₃－Ca·Na、HCO₃－Ca·Mg·Na、HCO₃－Na等5种水化学类型,总体以HCO₃－Ca · Mg为主,其次为HCO₃－Ca,再次为HCO₃－Ca · Na,三者分别占总采样点数的50.00%、25.76%、12.12%;（3）全县富H₂SiO₃地下水的形成受水岩相互作用、硅酸盐矿物的分布范围及其可溶性、围岩裂隙发育程度、水源涵养及补给条件等四方面因素影响,其中水岩相互作用占据主导作用;（4）在后续开发利用过程中,需进一步揭示影响地下水中H₂SiO₃分布与迁移的因素。【结论】研究结果可以为昭觉地区矿泉水产业的发展及城乡优质水源地的建设提供依据。创新点：系统总结了昭觉县优质偏硅酸地下水空间分布特征和水化学特征;从形成条件与水岩作用的角度探讨了优质偏硅酸地下水的形成机制。     

西准噶尔巴音达拉地区卡拉岗组火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

西准噶尔巴音达拉地区发育一套酸性火山岩,被称为卡拉岗组,岩石组合以流纹岩、英安岩、流纹质熔结凝灰岩等酸性火山岩为主。本文对卡拉岗组火山岩进行高精度锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年,获得英安岩和流纹岩的加权平均²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄分别为（294.4±1.3）Ma（n=9,MSWD=0.8）和（298.4±2.5）Ma（n=9,MSWD=3.4）,其形成于早二叠世。岩石地球化学特征表明,卡拉岗组火山岩岩具有高硅（66.69%~75.21%）,富碱（Na₂O+K₂O：6.98%~8.35%）,低MgO（0.18%~1.32%）,贫钙（0.24%~2.49%）的特征,均属过铝质（A/CNK：1.14~1.33）及高钾钙碱性系列。微量元素数据显示,稀土总量为∑REE为83.82×10^-6~197.61×10^-6,（La/Yb）_N=3.15~12.50,轻、重稀土元素分馏比较明显,轻稀土元素（LREE）较为富集,重稀土元素分布相对平坦,球粒陨石标准化配分模式为右倾型。微量元素富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）Rb、Th、U、K,并亏损高场强元素（HFSE）_Nb、Ta、P、Ti。综合最新区域资料及本文研究成果,文章认为研究区早二叠世卡拉岗组火山岩岩浆来源于壳源物质不同程度的部分熔融,残留相中有少量斜长石和角闪石,为后碰撞伸展阶段的产物。     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.