沉积物中~(210)Pb的分析方法研究

“~(210)Pb法是最近廿余年发展起来的测定近百年沉积速度的最可靠方法。它对海洋工程建设、海洋生物、海洋地质和海洋环境的研究、均有重大意义。 ~(210)是~(222)Rn衰变后的一个子体产物。它被大气尘埃、气溶胶或雨、雪吸附后沉降下来,参加陆地水系的循环。在海水中,~(210)Pb很容易被粘土、有机质、或铁、锰氢氧化物吸附,进入海底沉积物。在一个局部地区,~(222)Rn作为一种情性气体,随风飘扬,均匀地分布     

九龙江口沉积物中~(226)Ra和~(210)Pb同步反向分布规律的研究

一、前言 ~(226)Ra和~(210)Pb同属于铀天然放射系的衰变子体,它们的半衰期都相当长,分别为1620年和22.3年。由于它们的来源和半衰期长短不同,所以,它们在海洋学和地球化学研究中的用途,既有共性又有个性。例如,它们都可以作为年代学的有效工具,用来测定沉积物的年龄和沉积速率。其中,~(226)Ra可以测定五千年左右的沉积年龄,而~(210)Pb只能测到一百年左     

长江口及其邻近陆架沉积物中226Ra和210Pb的分布特征

本文利用放射化学分析法测定了长江口及其邻近陆架沉积物中~(226)Ra和~(210)Pb的含量。结果表明,在该海区的沉积物中,~(226)Ra含量的水平分布随经度增加而直线下降,而~(210)Pb含量的水平分布则随经度增加而直线上升,二者形成明显的同步反向分布。     

厦门港海区沉积物中~(226)Ra的测定

一、前言在用~(210)Pb法测定湖泊或近海的现代沉积速率时,由~(226)Ra的放射性强度来计算补偿的~(210)Pb可获得更准确的沉积速率;此外,~(226)Ra是极毒的长寿命亲骨性核素,对人体危害极大,故被列为环境监测的主要对象。鉴于上述原因,建立一种快速、灵敏、可靠的测定沉积物中~(226)Ra的分析方法,具有重要意义。测定~(226)Ra的方法主要有α放射法,射气法,和γ谱法等。由于沉积物中~(226)Ra的含量很低,一般在10~(-12)居里/克以下。因此在分析过程中,必须对沉积物中的~(226)Ra进行分离和富集,同时选择一种既灵敏又准确的分析方法。本文提出了用阴离子交换分离,EDTA再纯化,硫酸钡镭制源,最后进行α计数的测定~(226)Ra的方法。用该方法测定了厦门港海区三个站位沉积岩心中不同层次的~(226)Ra含量,为该海区的环境评价提供了必要的数据。     

试议~(210)Pb总放射性指数拟合法

本文基于~(226)Ra和~(210)Pb的沉积地球化学特征,推导出沉积柱~(210)Pb放射性分布的数学模式。据此,讨论了~(210)Pb法测年数据处理的一种可能的新方法——~(210)Pb总放射性指数拟合法。     

冲绳海槽海底热液喷出口附近海水中210Pb和210Po的行为

讨论了在冲绳海槽伊平屋海岭和南奄西海丘两处海底热液喷出口附近海水中的铀系子体放射性核素210Pb和210Po浓度的垂直分布剖面.在伊平屋海岭,甲烷及222Rn的数据表明海底热液活动不强,总210Pb和210Po放射性均低于它们各自母体的放射性,210Pb和210Po在海水中的平均停留时间分别为20和2～5a,而在以“黑色烟雾”为特征的海底热液活动强烈的南奄西海丘,在”烟雾”中的总210Pb含量(0.167×10-3～2.50×10-3Bq/kg)相对其母体226Ra贫乏,而总210Po含量(1.83×10-3～2.83×10-3Bq/kg)则相对其母体210Pb过剩.该处海水中的210Po的放射性高于东海陆架区及冲绳海槽其他海区,并且显示了210Po过剩.210Pb/226Ra以及210Po/210Pb放射性比值的范围分别为0.1～0.4和1.1～7.8.在热液扩散带中210Pb被优先从海水中清除.控制南奄西海丘海水中210Pb浓度的可能机制涉及到210Pb通过扩散作用的横向输送.在热液扩散带中高210Po/210Pb放射性比值表明210Pb的耗尽及210Po从海底热液喷出口的加入.     

胶州湾表层沉积物放射性核素含量与矿物组成

用HPGeγ谱分析方法测定了胶州湾表层沉积物中放射性核素含量。样品中^40K、^137Cs、^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U的平均含量分别为688，3．28，61．0，26．5，40．3，44．8，39．2Bq／kg；东部海区沉积物^40K和^137Cs含量比其余海区低，但^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U比其他海区高；除湾东部样品中的^210Pb、^226Ra、^228Ra、^228Th和^238U之外，粒径小于0．063mm部分中的放射性核素含量高于粒径大于0．063mm部分。除东部海区外，湾内其余海区表层沉积物中放射性核素含量和矿物组成基本一致，说明东部海区的沉积物的物质来源与其余海区不同。胶州湾表层沉积物与流域土壤放射性核素含量水平一致，所以胶州湾沉积物主要物源为流域陆源碎屑。表层沉积物中放射性核素含量与矿物组成具有相关性。铀和钍放射系衰变不平衡，总体样品和粒径小于0．063mm部分，铀系中^210Pb相对于^226Ra过剩，^226Ra相对于^238U亏损，^228Th相对于^228Ra过剩。     

不平衡铀系和钍系核素的γ谱测定

求解初始时刻子体活度不为零时两个子体级连衰变动力学方程,给出γ谱分析测量不平衡铀系和钍系核素活度的计算公式.作为应用测量了两个沉积物样品中的238U,234Th,226Ra,222Rn,228Ra,228Th,224Ra,212Pb,210Pb和40K的活度.     

Behaviors of 210Pb and 210Po around hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough

Vertical profiles for the uranium-series radioisotopes 210Pb and 210Po were obtained at thetwo hydrothermal vent sites, the Iheya Ridge and the Minami-Ensei Knoll, in the Mid-Okinawa Trough in 1993 and 1994, respectively. In 1995, both radioisotopes were measured at the Minami-Ensei Knoll a-gain. At the Iheya Ridge, where the hydrothermal activity is not active as reflected by the CH_4, and 222Rn data, both the total 210Pb and 210Po activities show deficiency relative to their parents, and the mean residence time of 210Pb and 210Po is approximately equal to 20 and 2-5 a, respectively. At the Minami-Ensei Knoll, which is characterized by black smokers, the total 210Pb(0.167 × 10~(-3)-2.5 × 10~(-3)_ Bq/kg) around the plumes is deficient relative to 226Ra but the total 210Po activities (1.83 × 10 ~(-3) - 2.83 × 10~(-3) Bq/kg) are in excess relative to 210Pb. The 210Po activities are higher than those in the East China Sea and the Okinawa Trough and excess 210Po has been found. The 210Pb/226Ra and 210Po/     

厦门近岸210Po和210Pb的大气沉降通量

为揭示中国东南沿海地区210Po和210Pb的大气沉降时空变化特征,探讨该地区气溶胶的停留时间,于2013年1月至2014年12月对厦门地区210Po和210Pb的大气沉降通量进行了时间序列研究。结果发现,210Po和210Pb的平均日沉降通量分别为（65.38±4.79） mBq/（m2·d）（n=54）和（0.78±0.09） Bq/（m2·d）（n=54）,表现出明显的周年变化。东北季风期间,210Po和210Pb的沉降通量较高,而西南季风期间其通量较低。2013年和2014年,210Po的年沉降通量分别为19.29 Bq/（m2·a）和9.25 Bq/（m2·a）,210Pb的年沉降通量分别为159.2 Bq/（m2·a）和189.6 Bq/（m2·a）。两核素的年沉降通量表现出不同程度的年际差异。210Po与210Pb沉降通量之间存在显著的线性正相关关系,揭示了大气中210Po和210Pb具有相同的迁出机制,降雨和大气中核素含量是影响210Po和210Pb沉降通量的主要因素。该研究结果可以为探求台湾海峡海水中210Po与210Pb的收支平衡提供大气来源项。     

The study of mixing rates and sedimentation rates in Meizhou Bay sediments

-The applicability of the doubie-layer model for 210Pb chronology in coastal marine environments was discussed,which is successfully used in the study of mixing rates and sedimentation rates in Meizhou Bay. Differences among sedimentation rates deduced from 210Pb, 210Po, and 137Cs were compared. Mixing rates in the sediment surface layer were determined by means of excess 234Th.     

胶州湾铅-210比活度的分布模式及百年尺度的沉积速率

2006年6月在胶州湾采集柱状岩心并对岩心沉积物中铅-210比活度进行测试分析,结果表明,铅-210沿岩心的垂向分布具有两段、三段模式和异常的多段、倒置模式等。基于铅-210的CIC(constant initial concentration)计年模式和铯-137时标,并且结合历史海底地形对比,计算出近百年来胶州湾海域的现代沉积速率为1.49~24.96 mm/a,沉积通量为0.17~2.62 g/(cm2.a)。除沧口水道末端个别区域外,胶州湾多数区域(包含水道)的沉积速率较低,量级为100mm/a,湾内水道主要呈现出微淤甚至侵蚀,表明近百年来胶州湾沉积环境相对稳定,在可作为航道资源的湾内水道并未出现显著淤积。     

Polonium-210: Its vertical oceanic transport by zooplankton metabolic activity

An earlier work based on atmospheric input of ²¹⁰Po to oceanic surface waters, in situ production from its radioactive precursors and its measured equilibrium concentration has shown that ²¹⁰Po is removed from the upper mixed layer at a rapid rate, expressible by a turnover (or mean residence) time of 0.6 years. Since ²¹⁰Po is known to be highly concentrated in numerous marine species, a method was devised to assess the importance of marine zooplankton in removing this radio-nuclide from the surface waters. Measurements of ²¹⁰Po losses from living zooplankton lead to a rapid turnover time of the order of 0.9 years due to zooplankton metabolic activity alone. It is shown experimentally that fecal pellet deposition constitutes a major mechanism in transporting the radionuclide from surface to deeper waters.     

Sedimentation rates in Funka Bay,HokkaidÔ

Undisturbed sediment cores were collected by a modified gravity corer from Funka Bay. The sedimentation rate is determined by both²¹⁰Pb and pumice chronological methods. The sedimentation rates by²¹⁰Pb method are concordant with those by pumice methods. The derived rate varies from 0.06 to 0.22 g cm^–2 y^–1, and an average is 0.09 g cm^–2 y^–1.     

杭州湾南岸潮滩的~(210)Pb分布及其沉积学意义

杭州湾南岸潮滩的~(210)Pb垂向分布具有随深度波动的特征。湖滩颗粒物在吸附模拟系统中的~(210)Pb分配系数,主要受颗粒物含量的影响。本文从潮滩沉积~(210)Pb初始比度在低于平衡点一侧波动的机理,以及被沉积间断所分隔的有效封闭段的存在出发,提出选择常态沉积层的高~(210)Pb比度窗口,建立以CIC模式估计潮滩沉积速率的方法。     

山东半岛南部近岸海域富营养化状况的多元评价研究

于2006年至2007年分四个季度月对山东半岛南部近岸海域(35.5°~36.7°N,119.8°~121.3°E)的营养盐和叶绿素a进行了设站调查,分析了该海域上述因子时空分布特征,同时应用主成分分析(PCA)和潜在富营养化评价方法对该海域的富营养化状况进行了分析,初步确定了影响该海域富营养化状况的主要驱动因子。结果表明:(1)在时间分布上,总氮、总磷、活性磷酸盐、溶解态氮与总无机氮和活性硅酸盐的季节变化类似,均表现出秋冬季浓度较高而春夏季较低的趋势,而总磷、溶解态磷的浓度则在冬季最高,在夏秋季较低,叶绿素a浓度的季节变化趋势为春夏季较高,而冬季最低;该海域营养盐与叶绿素a浓度空间分布以胶州湾和丁字湾为中心,总体呈现出由近岸向离岸海域逐渐递减的趋势;(2)应用主成分分析对调查结果进行分析,结果显示10项调查指标(营养盐与叶绿素a)可以转换提取4个主成分,解释82.00%的结果。主成分综合得分可以作为富营养化程度的评价指标,据此得到调查海域富营养化状况的季节变化趋势由高到低依次为秋季、冬季、春季、夏季,总体呈现出以胶州湾和丁字湾为中心,沿岸及北部海域富营养化程度较高的格局;分析结果还表明总无机氮是该海区富营养化形成的主要驱动因子;(3)利用潜在富营养化评价方法对调查海域富营养化状况进行了初步分析,结果表明该海区仅于秋季表现为总体中度营养,在其他季节总体趋势均为贫营养,胶州湾与丁字湾附近海域在春秋季表现为磷限制潜在富营养化。主成分分析法较潜在富营养化评价方法更敏感,不仅能够定量表述海区富营养化状况,而且能够有效确定富营养化驱动因子。     

Distribution of 210Po and export of organic carbon from the euphotic zone in the southwestern East Sea (Sea of Japan)

The distribution of the natural radionuclide ²¹⁰Po in the water column along a horizontal transect of the continental shelf, slope and deep basin regions of the East Sea (Sea of Japan), a marginal sea of the Northwest Pacific Ocean, was investigated, and its behavior is described here. The settling fluxes of particulate ²¹⁰Po in the deep basin along with ²¹⁰Pb, ²³⁴Th and biogenic matter were also determined. ²¹⁰Po inventories in the water column were observed to decrease from winter to summer in all stations, probably due to increased influx of ²¹⁰Po-poor Kuroshio Water of the Northwest Pacific Ocean during summer. Vertical profiles of dissolved and particulate ²¹⁰Po along with the settling fluxes of particulate ²¹⁰Po in the deep basin station have enabled us to evaluate temporal variations and residence times of ²¹⁰Po. In the slope and basin, activities of dissolved ²¹⁰Po generally decreased from the surface to the bottom water, with maximum activity just below the subsurface chlorophyll a maximum at 50–75 m depth in spring and summer. These subsurface peaks of dissolved ²¹⁰Po activity were attributed to the release of ²¹⁰Po from the decomposition of ²¹⁰Po-laden biogenic particulate organic matter. In the deep basin, despite the decrease in total mass flux, the sinking flux of particulate ²¹⁰Po was higher in the deeper trap (2000 m) than in the shallower one (1000 m), probably due to scavenging of dissolved ²¹⁰Po from the water column during particle descent and/or break-down of ²¹⁰Po-depleted particulate matter between 1,000 m and 2,000 m depths. In general, the ratios of the particulate phase to the dissolved phase of ²¹⁰Po (K_d) increased with depth in the slope and basin stations. ²¹⁰Po removal from the water column appears to depend on the primary productivity in the upper waters. There is an inverse relationship between K_d and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration in the water column. From the ²¹⁰Po activity/chlorophyll a concentration ratios, it appears that sinking particles arriving at 1000 m depth were similar to those in the surface waters.     

渤海湾现代沉积速率和沉积过程

本文报道了笔者于渤海湾采集的9个柱样品,用~(210)Pb法测定的现代沉积速率;~(210)Pb剖面揭示出人类和自然原因所产生的沉积事件。并对该湾的沉积过程进行了探讨。 海河口844站~(210)Pb剖面反映出六十年代初,天津新港进行水下工程时出现瞬时堆积的记录;1041站记录了1964年一次雍潮出现的高速沉积带。从而,表明人类和自然对现代沉积作用的贡献,并且,指出这对海洋工程、沉积学及环境科学研究均十分重要。     

Pb and Cs in sediments from Sagami Bay, Japan: sedimentation rates and inventories

Profiles of the radioisotopes ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs were determined in 15 sediment cores collected from Sagami Bay, Japan. The activities of ²¹⁰Pb_ex (unsupported) in core top sediments increased with water depth from 25 dpm g⁻¹ on the upper continental slope off the mouth of Tokyo Bay to an average of 283 dpm g⁻¹ at the deep-sea station SB. The high ²¹⁰Pb trapping efficiency of settling particles expected from the results of the sediment trap experiment near the SB site suggests that effective ²¹⁰Pb enrichment in surface sediments may occur during resuspension and lateral transportation of particles via the benthic nepheloid layer on the continental slope. In several cores, ¹³⁷Cs profiles showed an increase, a distinct peak, and then a decrease to an undetectable level downcore. These profiles can be compared with the temporal change of bomb-produced ¹³⁷Cs fallout.The mean sedimentation rates estimated by the ²¹⁰Pb_ex inventory method, rather than using ²¹⁰Pb_ex profiles, ranged from 0.06 g cm⁻² y⁻¹ to 0.14 g cm⁻² y⁻¹. The average value of the rates in SB cores was calculated to be 0.11 g cm⁻² y⁻¹, which was similar to that calculated under the assumption that the age of the ¹³⁷Cs peak corresponds to its maximum fallout year in 1963.Although ¹³⁷Cs inventories represented one tenth of the anthropogenic fallout of ¹³⁷Cs until 1997, they correlated with the increase in ²¹⁰Pb_ex inventory. This suggests that the scavenging of refractory ¹³⁷Cs as well as ²¹⁰Pb by settling particles in the water column can lead to the formation of a time marker layer even in deep-sea sediment core, such as at the SB site.     

210Pb测年的“延年”与“折寿”

放射性同位素²¹⁰Pb适于百年尺度的定年和沉积速率计算,已经在冰芯、土壤、湖泊、水库、河口、潮滩、潟湖、海湾和浅海陆架等多种环境得到广泛应用。目前,²¹⁰Pb测年方法的应用有两种现象值得注意：一种是“延年”,即根据测算的沉积速率回溯定年的时间,有时回溯的时间跨度可达二、三百年;另一种是“折寿”,即根据测算的表观沉积速率计算得到的²¹⁰Pb本底层位之上的时间跨度不足百年。根据²¹⁰Pb测年的原理和有关仪器的检出限来分析,本文作者认为,²¹⁰Pb直接定年的上限以110 yr~155 yr为宜。因此,“延年”的运用有一定的前提条件,即研究区的沉积环境在回溯的数百年尺度内应该保持稳定,同时回溯的定年结果最好有其他独立的定年方法（如历史文献记录或生物标志物等）来印证、以增加其可靠性。对于²¹⁰Pb测年的“折寿”现象,可能的原因有四种。第一,沉积及取样的压实效应没有在分析和计算过程中得到校正。第二,²¹⁰Pb活度测量的精度和不确定度影响了对本底的判断;为稳妥起见,研究者选定的本底层位一般会比真实的本底年龄要年轻一些,导致定年结果的时间跨度缩小。第三,²¹⁰Pb定年计算模式决定了本底活度值的微小差异将带来计算出来的时间跨度产生显著差异。第四,沉积过程事实上发生了后期的侵蚀和迁移,导致保存在柱样中的沉积记录不完整。为了有效地减少²¹⁰Pb测年法的结果误差,可以采取减小²¹⁰Pb活度测量子样的间距、并同步测量²²⁶Ra活度等技术手段;另外,在计算时应该使用沉积通量而不是表观沉积速率。我们相信,²¹⁰Pb测年方法的正确运用和解译将对物源判断、沉降后的侵蚀和扰动等问题提供一些有益的信息。