桑沟湾经济贝类有机氯农药和多氯联苯残留水平及分布特征

采用气相色谱法定量测定了桑沟湾海域2009年4月-2009年12月的经济贝类中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留量。结果显示：该海域贝类中 HCHs 为 N.D.~2.04×10-9,均值为0.30×10-9; DDTs 为(0.13~3.36)×10-9,均值为0.97×10-9;PCBs为(0.01~3.20)×10-9,均值为0.59×10-9,有机氯物质含量均低于相关国家标准值,符合食用安全要求。经济贝类中的有机氯农药的组分特征为HCHs中b-HCH占优势, DDTs中p, p′-DDT占相对优势; PCBs中多为5~7个氯原子。与北海等6个海域相比,桑沟湾海域经济贝类有机氯污染物中, HCHs、DDTs和PCBs的残留量都处于中等水平。     

桑沟湾水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平及分布特征

以气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC/ECD)分析并结合外标法,定量测定了桑沟湾海域水体中15种有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的含量.结果表明:桑沟湾海域表层水体中有机氯农药浓度范围为20.34～52.86 ng/L,底层水中的浓度范围为31.7～58.68 ng/L.该海域水体中共检出有机氯农药6种,DDTs类化合物是水体...     

单体牡蛎诱导变态的研究

为了得到壳型规则、大小均一的单体牡蛎,作者以葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)眼点幼虫为材料,从肾上腺素(EPI)浓度梯度、处理时间梯度和眼点幼虫密度梯度3个因素诱导产生不固着变态的单体牡蛎。结果表明,葡萄牙牡蛎用EPI处理24 h的最适浓度为5×10–4 mol/L,不固着变态率为72.8%,在该最适浓度下,最佳处理时间为12 h,不固着变态率为82.7%。长牡蛎用EPI处理6 h的最适浓度为5×10–5 mol/L,不固着变态率为53.2%,在该最适浓度下,最佳处理时间为8h,不固着变态率为56.8%,眼点幼虫密度在80个/m L以下EPI处理效果没有显著性差异。对长牡蛎幼虫进行后续生长测定,结果显示EPI处理组幼虫的壳长、壳高和存活率要高于对照组,表明EPI可能促进牡蛎幼虫变态长出次生壳并提高其生存能力。     

莱州湾海域水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平和分布特征

以固相萃取/气相色谱法测定了莱州湾海域水体中22种有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的浓度水平和分布特征。结果表明,莱州湾海域表层水体中有机氯农药浓度范围为N.D.~32.7ng/L,底层水中的浓度范围为N.D.~11.7ng/L。在该海域水体中共检出有机氯农药3种,β-666是水体中主要的有机氯农药污染物。多氯联苯类在底层水样中检出2种,总浓度范围在4.5~27.7ng/L之间。该海域有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征是近岸高,离岸低,由近岸向湾外延伸方向依次递减。并对莱州湾表层水中总有机氯农药与海水盐度、氯度、溶解氧和pH间的关系作了初步探讨,得出总有机氯农药与盐度、氯度间有一定的相关关系,相关系数均为0.59。方法测定5种有机氯农药化合物的空白加标回收率为97.3%~126.0%,相对标准偏差为2.8%~8.6%;测定5种多氯联苯类化合物的空白加标回收率为88.6%~151.8%,相对标准偏差为6.7%~10.4%。     

湛江港近江牡蛎的生态研究

湛江港石门海区的近江牡蛎Crassostrea rivularis(Gould)养殖,出现苗种大批死亡、生产不稳定等现象。本文对该海区近江牡蛎的生活环境和个体生态进行了调查研究,并对它的采苗、养成、生物敌害的防除等问题作了初步探讨。     

重金属Cd2+胁迫对近江牡蛎超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

探讨了将近江牡蛎抗氧化酶防御体系参数作为海洋重金属污染生物监测指标的可行性。在实验室条件下,研究重金属Cd2 胁迫对近江牡蛎Crassostrea rivularis鳃和消化腺组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的诱导作用。结果表明,Cd2 对近江牡蛎消化腺组织SOD活性诱导的剂量效应呈抛物线型,而对鳃组织SOD活性诱导曲线呈非抛物线型,由于二者结构和功能的不同,前者的SOD活性高于后者;低浓度Cd2 (0.1mg.L-1)对近江牡蛎鳃组织SOD活性表现为显著诱导,中(0.5mg.L-1)、高(1.5mg.L-1)浓度Cd2 对近江牡蛎鳃组织SOD活性诱导呈先升后降的变化趋势;低、中浓度Cd2 对近江牡蛎消化腺组织SOD活性均表现为显著诱导,高浓度Cd2 对近江牡蛎消化腺组织SOD活性诱导呈先升后降的变化趋势。研究表明,对于水体中单一因子的Cd2 污染物而言,近江牡蛎消化腺组织中的SOD活性对其有一定的指示意义,但将其作为指标应用到实际养殖水体尚须进一步研究。     

近江牡蛎鳃细胞的原代培养

采用改良的DMEM(HG)培养基,建立了近江牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)鳃细胞体外培养技术,包括鳃组织块培养法和胰酶消化培养法。结果表明,组织块培养法接种6 h后,细胞开始从组织块中迁出,细胞形态较小,呈圆形、椭圆形或多边形,直径3～6μm。培养至3 d时,细胞在组织块周围形成生长晕。培养至6 d时可进行细胞传代,本次实验细胞已传至第6代。胰酶消化法接种约2 h后,细胞逐渐贴壁,从形态上主要分为两类,一类为小型细胞,形态为圆形、椭圆形或多边形,直径3～6μm,数量多,增殖速度较快;另一类为大型细胞,形态为圆形、椭圆形或多边形,直径10～20μm,部分细胞内部含有颗粒,数量较少,增殖速度较慢。培养至2 d时可进行细胞传代,传代培养物中的优势细胞皆为小型细胞。本次实验细胞已传至第6代。     

长牡蛎可溶性黑色素的脱盐研究

该研究是继天然长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)黑色素的提取、可溶性长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)黑色素的制备之后,对牡蛎黑色素提纯方面的进一步拓展和延伸。运用半透化学材料分离的方法,选取纳滤透析膜为分离介质,对可溶性长牡蛎黑色素的制取产物中多余的盐类无机物进行分离剔除,进而得到纯度较高、品质优良的可溶性长牡蛎黑色素晶体,通过称质量和盐度测量,计算得出该方法对黑色素脱盐率达到98%,证明了该方法可以进行贝类黑色素的脱盐处理工作。     

厦门港湾沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的垂直分布特征

从厦门港海区采集两根沉积柱样，研究有机氯农药六六六（ＨＣＨｓ），滴滴涕（ＤＤＴｓ）和多氯联苯（ＰＣＢｓ）在沉积物中的垂直分布，ＨＣＨｓ，ＤＤＴｓ及ＰＣＢｓ含量用ＧＣ法测定，取自厦门港湾口的１号柱样ＨＣＨｓ，ＤＤＴｓ和ＰＣＢｓ的含量范围分别为０．１２～ ０．３２ｎｇ／ｇ，４．６４～１０．５ｎｇ／ｇ和０．０９～０．４６ｎｇ／ｇ取自厦门西港内湾的５号柱样采分别为０．１７～０．３１ｎｇ／ｇ，３．６５     

厦门岛东部和闽江口沿岸经济贝类中持久性有机氯农药和多氯联苯的残留水平

1995－1996年间，在厦门岛东部和闽江口沿岸养殖区的7个站点采集了贝类样品，样品先去壳匀浆，再经冷冻干燥，萃取浓缩和净化分离后，用GC法分析测定其六六六（HCHs)，滴滴涕（DDTs)和多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量，厦门岛东部HCHs，DDTs和PCBs的含量范围分别为0．18－345，75．2－2143，ND－234ng/g干重；闽江口分别为ND－5．07，21．5－2396，ND－6．78ng/g干重，结果表明，贝类样品的有机氯污染物含量因不同采样地点，不同生物种类及不同采样时间而异，但总体上高于沉积物，牡蛎对DDT的富集尤为显著，本文除了对调研区经济贝类的HCHs,DDTs和PCBs含量与组成分布进行分析评价，还就海区有机氯污染生物监测的可行性，经济贝类的食用卫生水平等问题作了探讨。     

氮磷营养变化对钦州湾球形棕囊藻藻体生长的影响

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)是我国北部湾海域主要的有害藻华原因种,囊体的生长是藻华发生和持续的关键。为了研究在富营养化日趋严重的钦州湾海域中营养盐输入对球形棕囊藻藻华形成的影响,采集钦州湾含球形棕囊藻的表层海水进行了添加不同营养盐的室内培养实验。根据钦州湾历史调查数据,进行了不同营养盐、不同氮磷比和不同添加方式的培养。结果表明,同时添加氮和磷显著促进浮游植物的生长,球形棕囊藻囊体继浮游植物细胞密度高峰期后大量形成。一次性添加磷对囊体生长的刺激作用较添加氮时强,丰度最高可达4.8×10³ colonies·L^-1,囊体平均直径为(115±84)μm,且具有较高囊体细胞密度,但囊体衰退较快。单独添加氮时,囊体细胞分布稀疏,囊体数量及直径皆较低。每天添加磷的方式相比一次性添加更有利于囊体丰度的维持。总体上,磷营养的添加能刺激囊体数量、囊体细胞数和囊体直径的生长。在具有较高N/P比值的钦州湾,应加强磷的排放管理,避免突发性磷污染对球形棕囊藻囊体生长的刺激作用。     

Response of a benthic suspension feeder (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) to three centuries of anthropogenic eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay

Biogenic reefs built by oysters and other suspension feeders are vital components of estuarine ecosystems. By consuming phytoplankton, suspension feeders act to suppress accumulation of organic matter in the water column. Nutrient loading increases the rate of primary production, thereby causing eutrophication. As suspension feeders consume more organic matter from increasing abundance of phytoplankton, their rate of growth should also increase if they are food limited. We show here that the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), from St. Mary's and Patuxent rivers, Chesapeake Bay, grew faster during anthropogenic eutrophication relative to C. virginica before eutrophication. Growth of shell height, shell thickness and adductor muscle increased after eutrophication began in the late 18th century. After 1860, growth decreased, perhaps reflecting the negative effects of hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, disease and fishing on oyster growth. These results are consistent with the view that an increasing supply of phytoplankton resulting from eutrophication enhanced growth of C. virginica between 1760 and 1860, before oyster reefs were degraded by destructive fishing practices between 1870 and 1930. Alternative factors, such as changes in water temperature, salinity, and fishing are less likely to be responsible for this pattern. These results have implications for restoration of oyster reefs in order to mitigate the effects of eutrophication in estuaries, as well as the paleoecological relationship between suspension feeders and paleoproductivity.     

香港巨牡蛎ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及优化

以香港巨牡蛎（Crassostreahongkongensis）基因组DNA为模板,采用正交设计及单因素比较试验,分别对Mg^2＋、dNTPs、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶和DNA模板浓度的PCR原料进行优化,并通过温度梯度PCR,筛选适宜的退火温度。确立了香港巨牡蛎的最适ISSR—PCR反应体系：25μL反应体系中含PC...     

不同长牡蛎群体对海水酸化的生理响应差异分析

海水酸化暴露可对海洋生物产生多层面的影响。本研究以潮间带野生与潮下带养殖长牡蛎(不同生境背景)的不同组织(鳃、外套膜及消化腺)为研究对象,分析在室内调控p CO2模拟海水酸化暴露条件下,其基础代谢活动、能量代谢以及氧化应激相关指标的变化情况。结果显示:海水酸化暴露后,两种长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的基础代谢过程均受到了一定抑制作用且受影响程度差异明显。潮间带野生与潮下带养殖长牡蛎的关键生理过程(能量代谢及氧化应激)对海水酸化暴露存在不同的响应变化,表明两种长牡蛎应对海水酸化的调节机制可能存在差异。依据PLS-DA分析结果显示,在所有生理指标中,对样本的差异贡献较高(VIP值>1)的指标为:SDH、AST、ATPase、ATP含量、糖原含量、CAT、GST及SOD,表明海水酸化暴露后,在两种长牡蛎的3种组织中上述指标的响应变化程度更大。综合评价分析多个生理指标的整体变化揭示:在海水酸化暴露条件下,潮间带野生长牡蛎比潮下带养殖长牡蛎对海水酸化的生理响应更为剧烈;相比于鳃及消化腺组织,长牡蛎外套膜组织可能受影响更大。     

糖原含量与糖原磷酸化酶基因(GPH)和己糖激酶基因(HK)的表达在福建牡蛎生殖周期中的相关性分析

Glycogen, a polymer of glucose, is an important means of storing energy. It is degraded by glycogen phosphorylase (GPH) and hexokinase (HK), glycogen phosphorylase, and hexokinase cDNAs (Ca-GPH andCa-H...     

长牡蛎外套膜色遗传规律初步研究

比较了长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)不同外套膜色家系的受精率与孵化率,不同生长阶段的生长与存活及外套膜色在子代个体中的分布规律。结果表明,不同家系的卵径、受精率和孵化率无显著差异(P0.05);壳高在60和150日龄稚贝阶段略有差异(P0.05),在350和450日龄成体阶段差异不显著(P0.05);不同生长阶段的存活率差异不显著(P0.05)。外套膜纯黑BB家系的子代外套膜基本全部为4级着色;外套膜纯黄YY1家系子代的外套膜基本全部为1级着色,YY2家系子代的外套膜黄色与黑色比例约为3∶1,符合孟德尔分离定律。由此推测长牡蛎外套膜色可能由一个主效基因控制,且黄色对黑色具有显性上位效应。研究结果可以为长牡蛎外套膜色的人工选育提供理论依据。     

PCB uptake and accumulation by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) exposed via a contaminated algal diet

Reproductively active oysters were fed daily with 0.2 g algal paste containing 0, 0.1, and 1.0 μg polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (1:1:1 mixture of Aroclor 1242, 1254 and 1260) for either 15 or 30 days, and accumulation of PCBs in different organ tissues and eggs assessed. The effects of PCB exposure on lipid content, lipid class and fatty acid composition were also evaluated. PCBs were accumulated by the oysters and transferred to the eggs. PCB accumulation in oysters was dose, time and tissue dependent. Mean PCB contents were 3150, 1970, and 250 ng/g dry wt., respectively, in the visceral mass, gills+mantle and muscle of oysters fed algal paste containing 1.0 μg PCBs for 30 days. The PCBs in the eggs from the same oysters reached 671 ng PCBs/g dry wt. Feeding oysters with PCB-sorbed algal paste for 30 days significantly increased phospholipid and free fatty acid contents in gills+mantle tissues compared to the same tissues in the undosed control.     

The effect of PCBs on glycogen reserves in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica

Recent declines in Chesapeake Bay oyster populations have been attributed to disease, and reduced water quality from pollution. The stress associated with pollutant exposure may reduce energy available for growth and reproduction. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are lipophilic contaminants that may potentially affect mobilization of lipid reserves, increasing reliance on glycogen stores, which could otherwise be utilized to supply energy for gametogenesis. Thus, PCBs may indirectly affect glycogen stores in oysters in a deleterious manner. To test for this effect, reproductively inactive oysters were exposed to PCBs by feeding individuals 0.7 g of algal paste containing 0, 0.35, or 3.5 μg PCBs daily for 8 weeks. Additionally, a group of oysters was exposed to PCBs (0, 0.35, and 3.5 μg) plus 0.3 g of non-toxic artificial sediment to examine interactive effects of sediment particles and PCBs. Adductor muscle, mantle, and gonadal tissues were analyzed for glycogen content. Results suggest that glycogen content is reduced in the adductor muscle with increasing PCB exposure, but there are no effects of PCBs in the mantle and gonadal tissues.