流场中的奇异线(点)特征与汛期广西暴雨分析

利用热带地区风矢量场和分解的uv分量(流线和等风速线)的基本型式,对1996~2002年4~9月169例影响广西的暴雨流场特征进行了分析。结果表明流场中的奇异线特征(如切变线、辐合线、等风速密集区)和奇异点特征(如低涡、气旋性拐点)等与暴雨过程和强度有较好的关系。在实际预报业务中,结合数值预报产品和卫星云图资料的使用,对提高广西暴雨过程的强度预报有较好指导作用。     

On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and rain drops: IV. A wind tunnel and theoretical study of the absorption of SO2 in the ppb(v) range by water drops in the presence of H2O2

An experimental study involving the Mainz vertical wind tunnel is described where the rate of SO₂ removed from the air by freely suspended water drops was measured for SO₂ concentrations in the gas phase ranging between 50 and 500 ppb, and for various H₂O₂ concentrations in the liquid phase. In a first set of experiments, the pH inside the SO₂ absorbing drops was monitored by means of colour pH indicators added to the drops. In a second set of experiments, the amount of SO₂ scavenged by the drops was determined as sulfate by an ionchromatograph after the drops had been removed from the vertical air stream of the wind tunnel after various times of exposure to SO₂. The results of our experimental study were compared with the theoretical gas diffusion model of Walcek and Pruppacher which was reformulated for the case of SO₂ concentrations in the ppbv(v) range for which the main resistance to diffusion lies in the gas phase surrounding the drop. Excellent agreement between experiment and theory was obtained. Encouraged by this agreement, the theory was used to investigate the rate of sulfate production inside a drop as a function of pH. The sulfate production rate, which includes transport and oxidation, was compared with the production rate based on bulk equilibrium, as cited in the literature.