构造应力对裂缝形成与流体流动的影响

裂缝是低渗透储层流体流动的主要通道,控制了低渗透油气藏的渗流系统。低渗透储层裂缝的形成与流体密切相关,高流体压力引起岩石内部的有效正应力下降,导致岩石剪切破裂强度下降,使岩石容易产生裂缝。高孔隙流体压力还造成某一点的应力摩尔圆向左移动,可以使其最小主应力(σ3)由压应力状态变成拉张应力状态,从而在岩石中形成拉张裂缝。裂缝的渗透性受现今应力场的影响,通常与现今应力场最大主压应力近平行分布的裂缝呈拉张状态,连通性好,开度大,渗透率高,是主渗透裂缝方向。构造应力对沉积盆地流体流动的影响主要表现在三个方面:(1)构造应力导致的岩石变形,不仅提供了流体流动的通道,而且还改变了岩石的渗透性能;(2)在构造强烈活动时期,构造应力的快速变化是流体流动的重要驱动力;(3)岩石中应力状态影响多孔介质的有效应力,从而影响介质中的渗流场。当作用在含流体介质上的构造应力发生改变时,岩石孔隙体积变小,构造应力首先由岩石的骨架来承担;当岩石孔隙体积减小到一定程度时,构造应力由孔隙流体来承担,从而影响岩层渗流场的变化。     

基于CT扫描的致密砂岩渗流特征及应力敏感性研究

认识低渗透储层的渗流特征对油气开采和储层改造具有重要意义。为此,研究利用微CT扫描技术对致密砂岩岩样进行扫描,据此建立了能够精细刻画岩样的微观模型,运用COMSOL模拟了流体在岩石孔隙中的渗流特征,研究了致密砂岩的渗流特征及应力敏感性。研究结果表明:流体入口和出口间压差固定时,岩石的渗透率保持不变,与入口出口压力的具体数值无关;不同方向的岩石模型计算渗透率处在同一数量级但有微小差异;在侧向压力作用下,渗流路径变窄,通过渗流路径的整体速度下降,渗透率下降,但在孔隙相对较大的地方,由于路径变窄,流体速度较未加压力前略有上升。      

岩石细观统计渗流模型研究(Ⅰ): 理论模型

渗流模型是岩石流固耦合研究的一个关键问题。岩石在裂纹开始产生至裂纹充分贯通前，其渗透性质受内部孔隙和不断演化的微裂纹的共同控制。目前，岩石的渗流模型一般只是针对单纯的裂隙（或裂隙网络）或孔隙建立的，因此，不能很好地描述岩石裂纹扩展演化过程中的渗透性质和现象。针对这一问题，提出了岩石细观统计渗流模型，该模型将岩石裂纹演化过程中的渗透性视为一个非线性动态过程，同时，考虑了裂纹扩展演化和孔隙渗流的共同作用。因此，该模型可用于分析岩石裂纹扩展过程中的渗透性演化。     

基于数字岩心技术研究低渗砂岩渗流特征

以传统岩石物理实验研究低孔、低渗、高复杂性孔隙结构储层的宏观岩石物理性质,不仅成本高、周期长、误差大且难以定量研究储层微观因素对岩石物理属性的影像规律。通过Micro-CT扫描与高级成像处理技术,构建与真实岩心相等价的精确代表性孔隙空间模型,利用Avizo-XLab求解器数值模拟计算以N-S为控制方程的孔隙流体流动及以达西定律计算岩石渗流参数。通过计算结果的可视化处理,以三维流线展示孔隙空间流体流动,以高度梯度图展示孔隙压力分布场,使模拟结果清晰直观。研究表明,基于数字平台仿真孔隙微流动及测量岩石渗流参数具有高可信度。该研究方式弥补了传统岩石物理实验的不足,为数字化研究岩石物理属性提供借鉴。     

基于等效岩石组分理论的低渗透储层渗透率模型研究

为了更精确地预测低渗透储层的渗透率,首先从岩石导电的物理机理角度考虑,把岩石孔隙等效为串联和并联2种组分,即等效岩石组分理论,然后根据流体渗流和电流传输的相似性,引入了有效流动孔隙度概念,提出了利用地层因素、束缚水饱和度和孔隙度计算储层渗透率的新方法。对我国西部某油田低渗透储层岩心进行了岩石物理实验分析及三维数字岩心重建,并利用新方法计算了低渗透储层岩心的渗透率。结果表明:计算渗透率与实验室岩心测量渗透率符合性很好,精度优于核磁共振Coates模型,这对利用测井资料更精确地预测低渗透储层渗透率具有重要的意义。     

低渗透岩体饱和渗流研究进展

低渗透介质中的水流会影响水文地质系统和地球化学系统的演化,影响石油和矿藏的形成。低渗透介质在废弃物的处置和填埋、工程安全以及环境变化方面都是非常重要的。长期以来,人们在分析中一直以达西定律为基础,却没有在符合实际的低压力梯度下对其进行验证。由于低渗透介质中的水文地质条件的复杂性以及在测量水头和孔隙流体取样上的难度,分析比较困难。通过对低渗透介质饱和渗流研究的回顾,就非达西流、多因素作用下的耦合渗流以及渗透和超滤现象进行了讨论,对影响和阻碍低渗透渗流研究的因素进行探讨,并就开展进一步研究提出了相应的建议。     

基于CT的数字岩心三维建模

为研究储层微观孔隙结构和建立微观渗流模型,本文通过对东营凹陷沙三中亚段H152井区的典型低渗透储层岩样进行CT（computed tomography）扫描及图像处理,建立了微观尺度的数字岩心模型;继而经过对该模型进行分析和计算,提取了储层孔喉网络模型,在三维空间上直观、清晰地显示了不同尺度的孔隙及喉道的形态、大小和分布;最后通过对孔隙结构特征、孔隙度、渗透率和压降等动静态参数的分析和计算,建立了储层岩样的微观渗流模型。根据算法对比和参数分析结果认为：与传统中值滤波相比,非局部均值滤波算法可在相似性比较的基础上进行滤波处理,从而提高模型的准确性;基于CT的数字岩心建模可为地质研究提供可靠的数字模型;根据近似等压面假设的微观渗流数值模拟分析了流体渗流特征,为揭示低渗透储层流体渗流规律提供了一种新的途径。     

超低渗透储层孔隙结构对渗流特征的影响

为认识特低渗透储层成岩相分布以及微观渗流特性,尤其是孔隙结构对岩石渗流能力的控制作用,以合水地区长6层为研究对象,利用油水相渗、真实砂岩微观水驱油、核磁共振等实验,分析了不同成岩相储层的渗流特征,并结合恒速压汞、高压压汞实验测试结果及产油能力,探讨了不同成岩相孔隙结构与渗流规律的内在联系。结果表明,储层岩石孔隙中的油能否被驱出主要取决于连通孔隙的喉道参数,优势成岩相储层孔喉半径及有效喉道体积大,流体易于流动,驱油效率高;孔喉半径比大、孔喉分布范围窄、孔隙结构非均质性强是不利成岩相储层渗流能力差和驱油效率低的主要原因。     

多场耦合作用下致密储层渗流特性研究

储层岩石的渗流特性对致密砂岩储层的评价及开发具有重要意义。为此,研究构建热流固耦合控制方程,采用COMSOL Multiphyics软件,针对准噶尔盆地中部4区块某三维区致密储层不同开采时间下流体渗流速度和地层孔隙压力的分布规律开展了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明,流体渗流速度最大值出现在井口及其周围地区,断层破碎过渡带流体渗流速度高于周围连续地层和断层核部;随着与井口距离的增加,开采过程中流体渗流速度变化规律由先增加后减小最后趋于稳定逐步转化为先缓慢增加后逐步趋于稳定;在开采初期,孔隙压力等压线在井口周围呈环形分布,而后低应力区沿断层的开展方向进行扩展;孔隙压力随着开采时间的增加而不断减小,同时间节点下,距离井口越远,孔隙压力越大且下降幅度越小。研究成果为正确预测开发生产指标,为提高致密油气勘探开发效果提供技术支撑。      

岩石微观孔隙结构研究方法综述

孔隙是流体赋存于岩石中的基本储集空间,吼道则是连通孔隙的细小通道,控制了流体在岩石中的流通。储集层岩石的孔隙结构特征是影响储集层流体(油气水)的储集能力和开采油气资源的主控因素,它不仅控制了石油的运移和储集,而且影响采收率,因此研究孔隙结构对认识和评价储集层及油气层产能的预测、油气层改造等具有重要意义。介绍了岩石孔隙结构研究方法:毛细管压力曲线法(半渗透隔板法、压汞法和离心机法等)、铸体薄片法、扫描电镜法及CT扫描法和利用测井资料研究岩石孔隙结构特征以及三维孔隙结构模拟法。介绍了它们基本原理和优缺点。     

重塑饱和黄土长期渗流劣化机制及其渗透性分析

为研究重塑饱和黄土在长期渗流条件下的劣化机制,以杨凌Q3黄土为研究对象,用pH=4的稀乙酸溶液作为渗透液加速劣化,通过长时间的常规渗透试验和不同围压下的三轴渗透试验,测量了渗透系数随时间的变化过程,分析了渗透系数随时间的变化规律,探讨了重塑饱和黄土在长期渗流条件下的劣化机制。结果表明：渗透系数随着渗透时间持续减小,与时间符合幂函数关系;渗透系数是反映黄土劣化最敏感的参数;最小孔隙比面的孔隙比决定了渗透系数的大小;最小孔隙比面的孔隙比与初始孔隙比的比值可以用来描述黄土长期渗流的劣化程度,其比值定义为黄土长期渗流劣化率;结合黄土的非线性渗透模型提出了在一定围压下三轴渗透试验渗透系数与黄土长期渗流劣化率的关系式,进而推导出黄土长期渗流劣化率随时间的变化关系式。     

Simulation of fluid percolation in a rough-walled rock fracture

A comparison of experimental and numerical results is presented addressing two-phase immiscible displacement in rough fractures. Quasi-static, capillary displacement in a rough fracture is modeled using the modified invasion percolation approach proposed by Glass et al (1998), and the results are compared against experimental observations obtained from two-phase flow through a rock fracture using x-ray computed-tomography scanning. The model is based on an algorithm seeking the least resistant pathway for the advancement of the invading fluid using the Young-Laplace equation and accounting for local in-plane curvature of the advancing fluid front. The saturation distribution map generated by the model yields good agreement with the experimental phase distribution and presents more realistic phase structures than those obtained from the conventional invasion percolation approach. The improvement in the results obtained with the modified invasion percolation approach is attributed to the contribution of the in-plane curvature term, which captures the effect of regionalized apertures, rather than single-point apertures, on the shape of the invading front. Glass RJ, Nicholl MJ, Yarrington L (1998) A modified invasion percolation model for low-capillary number immiscible displacements in horizontal rough-walled fractures: influence of local in-plane curvature. Water Resour Res 34:3215–3234     

Robust iterative schemes for non-linear poromechanics

We consider a non-linear extension of Biot’s model for poromechanics, wherein both the fluid flow and mechanical deformation are allowed to be non-linear. Specifically, we study the case when the volumetric stress and the fluid density are non-linear functions satisfying certain assumptions. We perform an implicit discretization in time (backward Euler) and propose two iterative schemes for solving the non-linear problems appearing within each time step: a splitting algorithm extending the undrained split and fixed stress methods to non-linear problems, and a monolithic L-scheme. The convergence of both schemes are shown rigorously. Illustrative numerical examples are presented to confirm the applicability of the schemes and validate the theoretical results.     

Elastic wave velocities and permeability of cracked rocks

Cracks play a major role in most rocks submitted to crustal conditions. Mechanically, cracks make the rock much more compliant. They also make it much easier for fluid to flow through any rock body. Relying on Fracture Mechanics and Statistical Physics, we introduce a few key concepts, which allow to understand and quantify how cracks do modify both the elastic and transport properties of rocks. The main different schemes, which can be used to derive the elastic effective moduli of a rock, are presented. It is shown from experimental results that an excellent approximation is the so-called non-interactive scheme. The main consequences of the existence of cracks on the elastic waves is the development of elastic anisotropy (due to the anisotropic distribution of crack orientations) and the dispersion effect (due to microscopic local fluid flow). At a larger scale, macroscopic fluid flow takes place through the crack network above the percolation threshold. Two macroscopic fluid flow regimes can be distinguished: the percolative regime close to the percolation threshold and the connected regime well above it. Experimental data on very different rock types show both of these behaviors.     

剪切带构造-流体-成矿系统动力学模拟

剪切带构造成矿系统动力学模拟可以定量,并能展示成矿系统时空结构与发展,从而揭示其本质。可从质量平衡、输运反应耦合、转换界面成矿和动力分形弥散等四个方面对剪切带构造成矿系统动力学进行理论分析与数值模拟。质量平衡分析指出：（１）剪切蚀变作用过程中,各种物质组分发生了不同程度的迁移;（２）体积应变为增加型,金矿床定位于剪切带的扩容带中;（３）存在较大的流体与岩石比值,金矿体定位于流体流量最大部位。耦合成矿动力学模拟表明：（１）金属硫化物成矿作用发生于剪压构造变形岩相向剪张构造变形岩相转换的时空界面;（２）其决定因素是成矿元素的地球化学特性及成矿流体的特征和性状;（３）岩浆侵入后,形成以岩体为中心的温度梯度带,是热液成矿作用的主要动力之一;（４）成矿流体的流速可以促进混合热液的生长,剪切破碎带是强烈输运反应耦合成矿的有利场所。动力弥散作用过程理论分析与计算机模拟指出：（１）点源淀积弥散机制,Ｃ＝Ａρｖ２ｄｘｄｙｄｔｅ－ｋｒ／［２π（ｈ２－ｖ２ｔ）ｄｌ］;（２）分形弥散度,αｍ＝ｘｓ２Ｄ－１σ２（εｃ１－Ｄ）／２;（３）剪切带构造成矿系统是自相似的变形变质系统,在动力系统作用下,矿源系统与输运系统耦合,弥散作用发生;?     

Sedimentary stylolite networks and connectivity in limestone: Large-scale field observations and implications for structure evolution

Stylolites are rough surfaces, formed by localized rock dissolution, and prevalent in carbonates and other sedimentary rocks. Their impact on porosity and permeability, and capacity to accommodate compactive strain, are well documented. This paper presents a meso-scale field study on sedimentary stylolites in carbonates, characterizing large-scale distributions of stylolites, including measurements conducted on longer than kilometer-long stylolites. Our field study suggests that on large scales connections between stylolites become important. Since connectivity, and also lack of connectivity, are expected to play a significant role in strain accommodation and hydraulic rock properties, we suggest that large-scale analysis may require a new characterization scheme for “stylolite populations”, based on their connectivity. We therefore divide sedimentary stylolite populations into three end-member types, which are correlated with the three possibilities for percolation of such systems: isolated stylolites (with zero percolation/connectivity), long-parallel stylolites (with 2-dimensional percolation/connectivity), and interconnected stylolite networks (with 3-dimensional percolation/connectivity). New statistical parameters and measures are devised and used to quantitatively characterize the different population types. Schematic mechanistic models are then offered to explain the evolution of the three end-member connectivity-classes. In addition we discuss the effect on fluid flow of the different population types.     

地热储层单裂隙岩体渗流传热数值模拟研究

研究地热储层裂隙岩体中的渗流传热过程对干热岩地热资源的开采具有重要的意义。本文以干热岩地热工程为背景,采用COMSOL Multiphysics数值模拟软件对地热储层单裂隙岩体中渗流传热机理进行了研究,并分析了流体注入速度和温度对岩体温度场的影响及其对干热岩地热工程的影响。研究发现流体参数对岩体温度场的影响主要体现在两个方面：一方面是对岩体温度场受扰动区域以及幅度的影响,另一方面是对岩体温度场达到稳态所需要时间的影响。流体注入速度的提升会降低系统的寿命和寿命期的出口法向总热量值,当考虑出口法向总热通量时,存在最佳流体注入速度,本研究中最佳流体注入速度为0.011m/s。流体注入温度的提升会增加系统的寿命和系统的出口法向总热通量和总热量。研究为干热岩自热资源的开发与利用提供了理论依据,为工程运行参数的设计提供了参考依据。     

新生代贡嘎山花岗岩中的流体包裹体面测试及其应力场分析

贡嘎山花岗岩侵位年代距今12.8±1.4Ma,是平行青藏高原东缘大型活动左旋走滑断裂——鲜水河断裂展布的同构造花岗岩。沿横穿岩体的川藏公路剖面和牦牛沟—塔公草原剖面采集了10个点的定向样品。利用费氏台测试统计的流体包裹体面（FIP）产状数据显示,贡嘎岩体中的FIP主要是东西走向,倾角近于直立,推断贡嘎岩体遭受了近东西方向的水平挤压应力,这与鲜水河断裂的左行走滑相吻合。显微激光拉曼分析和冷热台测温数据表明,FIP中流体包裹体主要是NaCl-H2O包裹体,可以划分两种类型：A型冰点温度－9.0~－8.2℃（盐度11.9%~12.8%）,均一温度为126.0~197.0℃;B型冰点温度为－4.7~－0.5℃（盐度0.9%~7.4%）,均一温度144.0~314.6℃。贡嘎岩体中的FIP记录了两期地质流体的填充作用,两期流体都表现出由高温高盐度向低温低盐度演化的趋势。深入研究贡嘎山同构造岩浆作用及其与鲜水河断裂关系,对于认识青藏高原内部变形机制具有重要科学意义。     

Rock Type Connectivity Estimation Using Percolation Theory

Complicated sedimentary processes control the spatial distribution of geological heterogeneities. This serves to make the nature of the fluid flow in the hydrocarbon reservoirs immensely complex. Proper modeling of these heterogeneities and evaluation of their connectivity are crucial and affects all aspects of fluid flow. Since the natural variability of heterogeneity occurs in a myriad of length scales, accurate modeling of the rock type connectivity requires a very fine scheme, which is computationally very expensive. Hence, this makes other alternative methods such as the percolation approach attractive and necessary. The percolation approach considers the hypothesis that a reservoir can be split into either permeable (sand/fracture) or impermeable rocks (shale/matrix). In this approach, the connectivity of the permeable fraction governs the flow. This method links the global properties of the system to the density of the permeable objects distributed randomly in the system. Moreover, this approach reduces many results to some simple master curves from which all-possible outcomes can be predicted by simple algebraic transformations. The current study contributes to extending the applicability of the methodology to anisotropic systems as well as using the complicated and more realistic sandbody shapes (for example, ellipsoids). This enables us to attain a better assessment of the connectivity and its associated uncertainty of the complicated rock types. Furthermore, to validate the approach, the Burgan reservoir dataset of the Norouz offshore oil field in the south of Iran was used. The findings are in conformity with the percolation approach predictions.