石膏矿采空区充填加固技术的试验研究

石膏矿采空区的处理是一项技术难度大、不确定因素多、工艺复杂的工程,本文通过深入调查研究、总结前期加固处理经验及大量的室内试验,确定了以粘土、石膏、水泥、水玻璃为固化剂的充填加固方案,固化浆液分自流式充填浆液和接顶时的充填浆液,其粘土浆液浓度分别为57．59％和56．7％,室内试验确定的固化剂的最佳配方均为：水泥占7．5％,石膏占7．5％,水玻璃占3．0％,并结合固化剂类型确定了固化充填技术方案。     

粘土固化注浆堵水试验研究

论述了粘土（湖泥）固化注浆技术在矿山堵水中的试验研究情况，包括矿区水文地质情况，注浆浆液的配制及性能研究，制浆及注浆施工，质量检查和经济效益分析。     

铜矿山尾矿坝帷幕防渗技术研究

为满足矿山尾矿坝的渗漏治理,从抗酸稳定性、防渗等级和帷幕完整性三个方面阐述了尾矿坝防渗帷幕的性能要求,基于矿物晶体结构的理论分析和对纯水与酸性渗透液的对比试验,分析了粘土固化浆液的抗酸稳定性,研究了粘土固化注浆帷幕的防渗特性,并结合工程实例,介绍了尾矿坝基础防渗中粘土固化注浆帷幕的设计、施工工艺和质量控制措施.通过对实际工程的质量检查,验证了该防渗技术应用在矿山尾矿坝中的有效性和可靠性.     

正交法在注浆材料优化设计中的应用

应用正交试验设计法，对粘土固化浆液的配比进行了优化，得到了最佳配比，并将其应用于洛湛铁路益娄段岩溶路基的注浆加固，收到了很好的整治效果。     

粘土水泥固化浆液在某垃圾卫生填埋场防渗帷幕注浆工程中的应用

城市垃圾卫生填埋场对防渗帷幕注浆的要求较高,单纯的水泥注浆,由于水泥颗粒较粗、水泥浆液凝固时的析水率较高、水泥固结体抗酸稳定性较差,很难满足设计对防渗的要求．采用粘土水泥固化浆液相关性能均能满足垃圾填埋场防渗帷幕的要求。在长沙市垃圾卫生填埋场中应用实践行之有效,为此类帷幕注浆工程提供了一种较好的注浆方法。     

大水矿山截水帷幕注浆工程施工关键技术

大水矿山开采的难点之一是防治水,如何进行有效治理乃是困扰这些矿山开采的重要课题,也是一项系统性工程。通过对新桥硫铁矿二期扩建防治水工程的实践,重点讨论了新型粘土改性固化浆液帷幕注浆工程成功应用的经验,对富水矿山的治理工程进行了有益探索,具有探索性的意义。     

复杂地层钻进中可控复合浆液的研制

复杂地层钻进中常用的注浆材料需要良好的时间可控性和固结体强度,因此研制一种可控时间、增加固结体强度、效果良好的注浆浆液是有意义的。针对以上问题,利用正交试验的方法研制了一种复合注浆材料。在不饱和聚酯中添加水泥及引发剂、促进剂使浆液在要求时间内固化,最终配方的固化时间为62 min,抗压强度为32.6 MPa。该浆液作为化学浆液具有可注性好、浆液粘度低、能注入到细微裂隙中的优点,固结体强度高,并且塑性性能良好,由于在浆液中添加了水泥,降低了成本,较之一些化学浆液有一定的优势。     

粘土水泥浆材料的选择

为了首次制定出具有中国特色的CL-C型浆液材料选择的技术标准,首先研究了CL-C型浆液的凝结过程及主要化学反应,然后根据注浆工程对浆液的要求及研究的CL-C型浆液的三态变化特点,结合近8年来在华东地区施工的6个大型注浆工程所选用的CL-C型浆液材料的理化特征、注浆效果,通过进一步分析研究与应用,提出了CL-C型浆液材料使用的粘土选择宜采用8项、水泥选择宜采用3项、水玻璃选择宜采用2项、水选择宜采用2项等浆液材料选择技术标准。      

铁路岩溶路基加固的一种新方法

介绍了洛-湛铁路岩溶路基加固的工程实例。在该工程中采用粘土固化浆液，通过钻孔注浆的方式，在路基底部的土一石界面处形成一道厚度为5m左右的水平堵水帷幕，从而隔断地下水活动对路基的潜蚀作用。同时，提高了地基承载力，保证了行车安全。在类似条件下进行大规模压浆形成封闭基底，这在国内尚属首次。     

水泥-粘土浆液护壁堵漏工艺研究及其工程应用

钻探工程中钻孔漏失常用纯水泥浆液进行堵漏,而针对矿区复杂地层钻进,漏失严重,易垮孔卡钻,为防止漏失及井内事故发生,必须使用高效的水泥堵漏浆液及合理的堵漏工艺。以道真新民铝土矿区为例,对水泥-粘土浆液护壁堵漏工艺进行研究,分析了水泥浆液中加入膨润土、水玻璃、减水剂后性能的变化规律,得出水泥堵漏浆液的优化配方。实际工程应用中取得了良好效果,大大提高了钻进效率。     

掺复合浆液堆石料压缩特性试验研究

针对高堆石坝坝体变形大且持续时间长的问题,提出了一种提高堆石体压缩模量、减缓流变变形的方法,即利用易流动、后期硬化的高掺粉煤灰水泥砂浆（简称复合浆液）在堆石体摊铺过程中充填堆石体孔隙,在施工碾压的基础上进一步减小堆石体孔隙率。首先,通过观测复合浆液在透明玻璃球中的流动性态,研究不同配比与掺量对复合浆液流动特性的影响;然后,通过侧限压缩和流变试验,研究掺复合浆液堆石料的压缩模量、流变变形的变化规律。试验结果表明：复合浆液在颗粒体孔隙中的流动性能与粉煤灰掺比、水胶比、砂粒最大粒径以及掺量有关;复合浆液的掺入能有效提高堆石料压缩模量,减少流变变形,且对于软岩料、级配不良料效果更为明显;复合浆液在堆石料中主要起到了充填、胶结与润滑作用。     

An FEM/VOF hybrid formulation for fracture grouting modelling

A numerical model using a hybrid formulation of a finite element method (FEM) coupled with the volume of fluid (VOF) technique to simulate the fracture grouting processes in soils is described. The numerical model considered the couplings of the stress distribution, with two-phase fluid flows, and the mesh element damage. The hardening of grout in soil is described by a time-dependent Young’s modulus and viscosity. Crack initiation, branching, propagation, and grout vein growth in homogeneous and heterogeneous soils can be numerically reproduced. Although the method is developed particularly for simulating fracture grouting, the processes of compaction grouting and permeation grouting can also be numerically simulated. Some grouting cases have been simulated with results similar to the experimental results. This further confirms the adequacy and the power of the numerical approach.     

On the Evaluation of Settlement Measurements Using Borehole Extensometers

Borehole extensometers are commonly utilized in field monitoring programs to measure settlement. In order to secure the targets of the extensometer, the borehole is typically backfilled with cement-bentonite grout. In the absence of standards for grout mix designs and due to non-universality of the properties of the backfilling grout, the accuracy of settlement furnished by borehole extensometers may be questionable. A preliminary parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of grout stiffness on settlement measurements using borehole extensometers. The finite element program ABAQUS was used to model a borehole extensometer installed in an isotropic homogeneous elastic soil layer of a finite depth subjected to a uniform surface surcharge. Effect of the grout?Csoil elastic moduli ratio, soil/grout interface parameters (friction angle and shear strength), and extensometer embedment depth were investigated. Soil/grout interface behavior was assumed to comply with the elastic-perfectly plastic Coulomb friction model. The mechanism of measuring settlement using borehole extensometers was studied. The numerical study revealed that minimum errors in settlement can be obtained if the grout?Csoil elastic moduli ratio is made equal to about 1.0. Depending on the grout?Csoil moduli ratio, larger grout/soil interface friction angle and interface shear strength are generally associated with smaller settlement errors. Compared to fully embedded extensometers, partial embedment yields smaller settlement errors for grout?Csoil moduli ratio significantly above unity. In view of the findings of this preliminary parametric study, it is suggested to adopt the grout?Csoil moduli ratio in conjunction with grout compressive strength as the controlling criterion rather than the grout compressive strength only (current standard of practice). Additionally, it is evident that cement-bentonite grout mix should be carefully designed as part of the settlement monitoring programs to match the expected deformability (stiffness) of the soil mass under consideration. Future laboratory, field and numerical studies are needed to investigate more complex soil stratifications and to evaluate the behavior of various grout mixes.     

An investigation of the effects of important grouting and rock parameters on the grouting process

Today, grouting is used as an aid in ground improvement in most civil and mining engineering projects. Groutability and grout penetration depth are among the most important issues that are considered in grouting operation. Various parameters such as in-situ stress, pore water pressure, joint geometric and geomechanical characteristics, grout properties (viscosity and yield stress) and technical factors such as grouting pressure and flow rate affect the groutability and grout penetration depth in a jointed rock mass. Knowledge of the effect of these parameters has advantages in the prediction of grouting results. Typically, cement-based grout is used in jointed rock masses. Unlike water, stable cement-based grout usually acts as a Bingham fluid. In this study the effect of important parameters on grouting process in a jointed rock mass was investigated numerically using the DEM method. In the conducted study, the problem geometry represents a horizontal section in a regularly jointed rock mass with two joint sets. The analyses results show that the grout penetration depth and intake increase as joint aperture, normal stiffness and grouting pressure increase and in-situ stress and pore water pressure decrease. Increase in joint spacing does not have any effect on the grout penetration depth but decreases the grout intake. The effect of joint orientation on grouting process is strongly dependent on in-situ stress state. On the other hand, increase in grout yield stress decreases the grout penetration depth and intake, while grout viscosity does not have any effect on maximum grout penetration depth and intake. To further investigate the above mechanisms, the grouting process conducted in Gotvand dam-Iran was simulated numerically.     

考虑时变性影响的盾构壁后注浆浆液固结及消散机制研究

在盾构管片壁后注浆时,由于浆液渗透压的存在,浆液会向外渗透,浆体本身逐渐固结,作用在管片上的注浆压力逐渐消散。考虑到浆液往周边地层渗透过程中由于黏度的变化会引起地层渗透系数的变化,推导了基于浆液黏度时变性的浆体固结变形方程和浆液压力消散方程,分析了浆液固结、消散及浆液压力沿管片外壁分布规律,为精细化分析施工阶段管片受力提供了计算依据。计算结果表明：浆液从注浆口喷出后,浆液黏性的增大使浆液流动性减小,注浆压力消散幅度减小,浆液消散持续时间变短。浆液配比与围岩渗透系数变化对注浆压力消散幅度及消散持续时间存在一定影响。现场实测结果与理论计算结果较为一致。在进行壁后注浆时,应充分考虑时变作用下浆液消散作用的影响。     

新型硫木质素复合浆液的研制及其性质研究

在原硫木质素浆液的基础上，通过加入适量的无机物（D）可以得到一种新型硫木质素复合浆液，与以前的硫木质素液相比，硫木质素复合浆液强度更高，价格更低廉，浆液胶凝时间更易调控，这种性能优良的新型复合浆液在工程中将有良好的应用前景。     

水泥基速凝浆液裂隙扩散机制与压力特性试验研究

水泥基速凝浆液广泛应用于富水裂隙围岩注浆工程。为研究水泥基速凝浆液在裂隙注浆中的扩散机制与压力特性,选取水泥-水玻璃浆液及高聚物改性水泥浆液,采用不同水灰比及混合体积,开展了静水条件下单一平板裂隙的注浆扩散模型试验,通过监测浆液的注浆扩散形态和注浆过程中不同测点的压力变化,研究了水泥基速凝浆液的静水扩散规律和注浆扩散压力分布规律。试验结果表明,水泥-水玻璃浆液和高聚物改性水泥浆液具有相似的扩散形态和压力分布变化,两者的显著差别在于高聚物改性水泥浆液扩散所需的注浆压力明显小于水泥-水玻璃浆液,且凝结固化时间相对较长,有利于延长注浆扩散距离。研究结果应用于张马屯铁矿注浆堵水工程,解决了裂隙岩体渗漏水问题,实现了围岩稳定性控制。研究成果具有一定的理论和实践意义,对类似工程具有参考价值。     

Assessment of Relationship Between Grouted Values and Calculated Values in the Bazoft Dam Site

Seepage through foundation and abutments of a dam can potentially result in a waste of the water stored in dam reservoir, erosion of foundation materials, and development of uplift pressure in dam foundation which, consequently, threatens the long-term stability of the dam. In this study, the grout volume is estimated based on parameters such as joint aperture, the maximum penetration length of the grout, and calculated grout take in Bazoft dam site. Bazoft Dam is a hydroelectric supply and double-curvature arch dam with a height of 211 m located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province of Iran. The bedrock of Bazoft dam site consists of Asemari Formation (limy marl and marly lime), in the middle and upper parts of left abutment, and Jahrom Formation (limestone and dolomite) in the right abutment, river bed, and lower part of left abutment. The joint apertures were calculated based on the permeability and the joint spacing. Next, the maximum penetration length of the grout and grout volume were calculated. Using a statistical analysis, the relationship of the joint aperture, maximum penetration length, and the calculated grout volume with real grout take was also investigated. The results show that the grout take can be predicted with appropriate accuracy based on the calculated grout volume.     

Application of New Theories and Technology for Grouting of Dams and Foundations on Rock

Permeation grouting is used to improve rock conditions under dams and foundations. During recent decades, there has been a substantial increase of understanding of the mechanism behind grout spread in fractured rock. It is the penetrability of the grout mix and the spread in the joints which will be the governing factors for the quality of the grout curtain. The flow properties and the pressure will give the required time to achieve the quality. The empirical based refusal and completion criteria of today can be replaced by a more engineering based grouting process. An active control method has been developed in order to govern the grout spread during the grouting operation based on the new theory of spreading of grout. The concept is called the ??real time grouting control method??. The concept and the latest finding of the mechanism of spreading of the grout in the fractures of the rock mass are presented in the paper. The application of the method on two dam projects is also presented.     

油页岩原位开采区注浆封闭浆液优化及其防渗效果实验

为提高油页岩原位转化加热效率、减少油气污染,采用注浆技术对油页岩开采区进行封闭止水。基于扶余油页岩开采区地质条件,对优化封闭浆液配方与封闭效果进行实验研究。首先基于正交试验,获得了不同指标下的优化配方,进而通过综合分析法,选出符合此封闭区要求的优化配方;为了验证优化浆液的封闭效果,对比分析了浆液充填前后油页岩试样渗透率的变化。结果表明：浆液优化配方为水灰质量比0.85,w（钠基膨润土）4.0%、w（微硅粉）6.0%、w（聚羧酸减水剂）0.5%;当围压为扶余油页岩开采区地应力时,充填浆液试样的渗透率均约为0.1×10^-3 μm²,远低于未充填的试样,优化浆液封堵试样裂缝效果较好。