考虑温度损伤的盐岩蠕变本构关系研究

根据统计力学原理,以分形岩石力学为桥梁,对盐岩在温度与应力耦合作用下蠕变特性进行了研究,导出了考虑围压效应的损伤变量表达式。综合前人的成果,推导出温度–应力耦合下的盐岩损伤方程。对盐岩在温度与三轴应力共同作用下的蠕变试验数据进行研究,分析了盐岩蠕变过程中衰减蠕变阶段、稳态蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段的各自特征。对于广义Bingham 蠕变模型在衰减和稳态蠕变阶段引入一非线性函数,在加速蠕变阶段引入损伤,建立了盐岩考虑温度损伤的蠕变本构关系。利用盐岩的三轴蠕变试验数据对新的蠕变损伤模型参数进行辩识与比较分析。结果表明,该模型能够很好地反映在不同温度作用下盐岩的衰减蠕变阶段、稳态蠕变阶段和加速蠕变阶段的规律,验证了该模型的合理性和正确性。     

盐岩储气库蠕变损伤分析

通过对盐岩本构关系的实验研究,对Norton Power 盐岩蠕变本构模型引入损伤变量,在损伤等效应力中引入考虑偏应力和围压影响的函数,建立了一种能反映盐岩蠕变和加速蠕变的本构模型。通过对某盐矿盐岩实验数据进行拟合,获得了本构模型的参数,理论曲线与实验曲线吻合得较好。通过三维数值模拟方法,应用该本构模型对某盐矿天然气储存库进行了数值模拟研究,探讨了该盐矿盐岩储气库最低内压工况下,腔周损伤区的扩展、变形规律及最长持续运行时间。研究结果表明：（1）盐岩本构模型在盐岩加速蠕变期具有较好的数值稳定性;（2）在最低运行压力下,腔周盐岩进入加速蠕变期后,储气库损伤区的扩展速度非常快,储气库最危险部位位于腔体顶部;（3）腔周盐岩进行加速蠕变期后,盐岩的腔体体积收敛变形主要表现为损伤蠕变体积收敛,稳态蠕变体积收敛趋于稳定;（4）该盐矿盐岩储气库在该压力下最长持续运行时间约为3个月。     

考虑硬化和损伤效应的盐岩蠕变本构模型研究

盐岩是储存化石能源和高放射性核废料的理想介质,研究盐岩蠕变力学特性对地下盐岩储库的安全营运具有重要意义。为合理反映盐岩蠕变过程存在的损伤和硬化两种机制,以元件组合模型为基础,结合分数阶微积分理论建立了一种考虑损伤和硬化效应的盐岩蠕变本构模型。该模型采用考虑时效损伤的弹性元件描述盐岩加载初期的损伤变形,采用分数阶村山体描述盐岩衰减蠕变阶段的黏弹塑性蠕变力学行为;通过引入描述盐岩屈服强度随时间强化的硬化函数来反映盐岩硬化机制;采用瞬时塑性元件描述不可恢复的瞬时变形。基于Kachanov蠕变损伤定律与Lemaitre应变等价原理构造了一种带有应变触发的非线性黏壶元件,该元件能够较好描述盐岩加速蠕变阶段的非线性变形特征。基于组合模型理论推导了考虑硬化和损伤效应的盐岩一维、三维蠕变方程;通过分析已有盐岩单、三轴蠕变试验等时应力-应变曲线特征,确定了村山体启动应力阈值;结合等时应力-应变曲线和蠕变试验数据对模型中的参数进行了辨识。结果表明：建立的蠕变本构模型仅用一组参数即能描述不同应力状态下盐岩的蠕变力学特性,可为预测盐岩蠕变变形特征提供一定的理论依据。     

低频循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变的Burgers模型分析

为了研究盐岩在低频循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性,采用恒轴压、循环围压的应力加载方式对盐岩开展了低频循环荷载蠕变试验。试验结果显示,当蠕变时间较短时,盐岩轴向蠕变曲线近似为平滑曲线,波动性不大;当时间增加到一定程度以后,盐岩变形随围压变化而发生明显的波动。总体来看,循环荷载下盐岩轴向蠕变曲线与Burgers模型蠕变曲线较为相似。将Burgers模型分解为Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型,忽略材料的疲劳效应,分别推导了恒轴压、循环围压应力加载方式下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程,分析了荷载循环周期对模型蠕变性的影响规律;将循环荷载下Maxwell模型和Kelvin模型的轴向蠕变方程进行叠加,得到了循环荷载下Burgers模型的轴向蠕变方程,并利用盐岩蠕变试验结果对其合理性进行了验证。结果表明:拟合曲线和试验曲线吻合良好,该模型能够较好地反映盐岩在循环荷载作用下的蠕变特性和荷载变化对盐岩蠕变性的重要影响,特别是能够反映出不同荷载循环周期下盐岩变形随荷载变化而发生的明显的波动现象。     

软岩流变的一种新力学模型

软岩在低应力水平下表现为弹性和粘弹性;在较高的应力水平下表现为弹性、塑性和粘弹性;在高应力水平下表现为弹性、塑性、粘弹性和粘塑性。为了对其进行全面描述,首先,提出了两种非线性元件-蠕变体和裂隙塑性体,并将它们和描述衰减蠕变特性的开尔文体及描述瞬弹性的虎克体相结合,得到了一种新的复合流变力学模型。然后,通过其采用的软岩蠕变的分级增量循环加卸载试验证明,该模型可很好地描述软岩在不同应力水平下的蠕变特性特别是裂隙闭合阶段和加速蠕变阶段的特性,可在工程实际中推广应用。     

基于声发射特征的盐岩蠕变本构模型研究

针对盐岩作为储库介质在长期运营下的变形行为,开展了历时359 d的层状盐岩室内单轴蠕变试验,实时监测了试验过程中的声发射信号规律。研究表明,盐岩单轴蠕变试验中声发射表现出特征明显不同的3个阶段,累计声发射事件定位显示,各阶段声发射信号的分布与试件的变形及破坏位置基本一致,并且累计声发射事件数与蠕变应变近似满足线性关系,验证了基于声发射事件数来建立盐岩蠕变本构模型的合理性。进一步构建了基于声发射的盐岩损伤演化本构模型,并采用最小二乘法拟合本试验数据获得本构模型中的参数,由拟合曲线可知,基于声发射的盐岩蠕变本构模型能够较好地描述盐岩蠕变的3个特征阶段。     

基于断裂及高温损伤的岩石蠕变模型研究

为了反映热-力耦合作用下岩石蠕变变形的全过程,依据断裂力学原理提出了岩石裂纹扩展的临界损伤应力和一个新的可描述岩石在稳态蠕变阶段与临界损伤应力相关的非线性黏性分量,在传统西原模型和Burgers模型的基础上,将指数形式的损伤变量、临界损伤应力以及与其有关的非线性黏性分量引入到流变微分方程,通过叠加原理推导了考虑温度效应的单轴和三轴压缩条件下岩石的流变本构关系,建立了岩石的热-力耦合损伤蠕变本构模型。利用不同温度、不同应力条件下花岗岩的三轴蠕变试验曲线和本文蠕变模型的计算曲线进行比较,结果表明本文蠕变模型能够较好地模拟岩石在初始瞬态、稳态和加速蠕变阶段全过程的变形规律,验证了所建模型的有效性和合理性。该模型为分析高温、高应力环境下岩石工程的长期变形和稳定情况提供了理论依据。     

热−水−力耦合条件下黏土岩蠕变特性研究

黏土岩作为放射性核废料处置的备选介质,长期处于热-水-力耦合的复杂条件下。为研究围岩的长期稳定性,开展了一系列不同围压和偏应力下的黏土岩加温-降温排水蠕变试验。得出以下结论：温度的升高会提升黏土岩的蠕变速率,延长衰减蠕变阶段的时间,但是降温过程中试样主要以冷缩变形为主,并未见明显的蠕变变形;围压的降低以及偏应力的增加会提高黏土岩的蠕变速率,并且这种影响会随温度的升高明显加剧。基于试验结果,在Perzyna过应力理论的基础上引入蠕变硬化、蠕变损伤以及热损伤,建立了黏土岩热-水-力耦合蠕变模型。通过ABAQUS软件及其子程序对该模型进行数值实现,模拟结果与试验结果的对比初步表明该模型可以很好地描述热-水-力耦合条件下黏土岩的蠕变特性。     

热-水-力耦合条件下黏土岩蠕变特性研究

黏土岩作为放射性核废料处置的备选介质,长期处于热-水-力耦合的复杂条件下。为研究围岩的长期稳定性,本文开展一系列不同围压和偏应力下的黏土岩加温-降温排水蠕变试验,得出以下结论:温度的升高会提升黏土岩的蠕变速率,延长衰减蠕变阶段的时间,但是降温过程中试样主要以冷缩变形为主并未见明显的蠕变变形;围压的降低以及偏应力的增加会提高黏土岩的蠕变速率,并且这种影响会随温度的升高明显加剧。基于试验结果,在Perzyna过应力理论的基础上引入蠕变硬化、蠕变损伤以及热损伤,建立了黏土岩热-水-力耦合蠕变模型。通过ABAQUS软件及其子程序对该模型进行数值实现,模拟结果与试验结果的对比初步表明该模型可以很好地描述热-水-力耦合条件下黏土岩的蠕变特性。     

盐岩蠕变特性和本构关系研究

对金坛盐岩蠕变规律进行了试验研究,分析了不同应力状态和温度对盐岩蠕变特性的影响,通过试验获取了蠕变曲线和蠕变特征参数。根据其蠕变曲线特征,用黏弹塑性理论建立了盐岩蠕变本构模型。试验结果表明,稳态蠕变率是偏应力和温度的非线性函数关系,并提出盐岩的稳态蠕变本构方程。通过试验数据拟合得到本构方程中的参数,将理论和试验结果进行比较,结果表明两者的吻合性较好。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861