多世代旋转正断层对断陷盆地沉积迁移的控制——柴达木早、中侏罗世盆地性质

基于盆-山耦合关系、地震剖面解释及盆地沉积特征,认为早侏罗世柴达木为箕状断陷盆地,具“南断北超”性质,中侏罗世亦为箕状断陷盆地,具“北断南超”性质。昆仑山北缘正断层与阿尔金左行、鄂拉山右行走滑断裂,分别控制了早侏罗世柴西、柴东箕状断陷盆地;随着昆仑山隆升向北扩展,北倾的高角度正断层逐渐旋转上凸,柴南早侏罗世地层逐渐剥蚀而缺失,仅残存于柴北缘鄂博梁、冷湖构造带等地区。下侏罗统与基底接触带发育的“鱼鳞式”构造,为地壳不均匀隆升时,多世代旋转正断层先后切割所致。柴西南隆升导致中侏罗世地层向北、北东迁移,并出现反向箕状断陷盆地。因此,柴达木早—中侏罗世箕状断陷盆地的反向与沉积迁移,记录了青藏高原北部地壳由水平拉张转换为垂向隆升并向北扩展的地质过程。     

柴达木盆地西南缘更新世地震事件层年龄测定及意义

柴达木盆地西南缘新近纪以来受昆仑山断裂活动影响,地震活动强烈,发育一系列与地震活动有关的软沉积物变形构造,主要包括:负荷构造、火焰构造、球—枕状构造、地震角砾、震裂缝、层内震褶曲和同沉积微断层等。通过区域地质调查、实测剖面、点上解剖和样品测试分析,初步认为柴达木盆地西南缘区分别于1.8—1.2Ma、0.8Ma、0.15Ma发生过3次强烈构造活动,这些事件均伴随强烈的古地震活动,作为这些隆升事件的沉积和构造响应,盆地更新统中形成了一系列典型软沉积物变形以及相关的震积构造,对于研究青藏高原板内不均匀隆升过程及其隆升构造—地震—沉积效应具有重要意义。     

柴达木盆地西南缘更新世地震事件层年龄测定及意义

柴达木盆地西南缘新近纪以来受昆仑山断裂活动影响,地震活动强烈,发育一系列与地震活动有关的软沉积物变形构造,主要包括: 负荷构造、火焰构造、球—枕状构造、地震角砾、震裂缝、层内震褶曲和同沉积微断层等。通过区域地质调查、实测剖面、点上解剖和样品测试分析,初步认为柴达木盆地西南缘区分别于1.8—1.2,Ma、0.8,Ma、0.15,Ma发生过3次强烈构造活动,这些事件均伴随强烈的古地震活动,作为这些隆升事件的沉积和构造响应,盆地更新统中形成了一系列典型软沉积物变形以及相关的震积构造,对于研究青藏高原板内不均匀隆升过程及其隆升构造—地震—沉积效应具有重要意义。     

北京西山沿河城地区早白垩世火山—沉积盆地的充填过程及构造意义

北京西山沿河城地区的火山—沉积盆地处于太行山与燕山构造带的交汇部位,主要保存了下白垩统东岭台组火山—沉积地层。沉积作用分析表明盆地内沉积相变显著,主体发育了冲积扇、辫状河流和湖泊相,并组成向上渐细的序列,其间具有发育的火山喷发熔岩相和火山碎屑流相。古水流和砾石成分统计表明,盆地发育初期物源主要来自于东部或北东方向的中元古界雾迷山组,之后沉积物主要来自于西部或西南部的元古界,并增加了同时期的火山岩砾石。盆地底部火山碎屑岩锆石U-Pb年龄指示盆地发育起始于140.7 Ma前后,并在132.24 Ma之后发生重大转折。结合区域地质演化、盆缘断层构造、沉积充填过程和东岭台组内正断层特征,认为盆地发育受控于北东走向沿河城断层的左行走滑应力场,以及由此所导致的北西向横岭—沿河口断层的伸展作用。该期左行走滑作用在华北东部晚中生代期间由挤压到伸展转换的过程里起到了重要的调整作用。     

兰州-民和盆地第三纪反"S"形压扭构造初探

本文叙述了兰州 _民和盆地一级构造单元“永登拗陷”内第三纪反“S”形压扭构造 ,并从构造形迹组合、基底断块构造、沉积充填序列、时空变化及构造应力场分析等方面入手 ,论述了其形成机制及对沉积盆地发展演化的影响 ,提出青藏高原隆升效应是本区压扭构造形成的动力来源 ,基底断块构造的潜在影响和区域性左行走滑断裂是其发生演变的重要条件     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘下白垩统铀成矿条件分析

在充分总结前人资料的基础上,笔者通过分析鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘下白垩统铀成矿地质背景,讨论了对砂岩型铀矿成矿具有重要影响的铀源、构造改造、含矿地层、水文地质、古气候及后生蚀变等条件,认为铀成矿主要受铀源、地层岩性结构、构造演化、古气候和后生蚀变等关键因素控制。盆地西南缘具有丰富的铀源,找矿目的层发育有利的构造建造,构造-沉积-古气候演化阶段造就了氧化斜坡带找矿目的层的发育,使盆地西南缘具备了较好的铀成矿地质条件。     

酒泉盆地南缘老君庙构造带应力场数值模拟

老君庙构造带处于酒泉盆地南缘新生代前陆冲断带上,纵向上,叠置于早白垩世断陷盆地的南部隆起和石大凹陷之上。利用构造应力场数值模拟计算,分别对酒泉盆地南缘山前冲断带的老君庙构造带新生代平面断裂系统及老君庙构造带西段北东向地质剖面进行应力场分析。通过与油气分布区域的对比,得出了以下结论:应力场数值模拟X方向位移场显示构造带西侧的断层具有左行走滑性质,构造带中部以逆冲为主,东部断层位移具有右行走滑的性质;Y方向位移场显示断层位移具有左行走滑性质。老君庙构造带上高应力区中所圈闭的低应力区是油气聚集最有利的区域,应该把这些应力圈闭区域作为油气勘探的重点,如庙西背斜、老君庙推覆体中盘、下盘以及老君庙背斜翼部等低应力圈闭区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇县地区含煤有利区构造预测

从沉积-构造演化的角度,以时间为线索,通过区内侏罗系、白垩系及古近系等地层岩相、地层原始沉积厚度、残留厚度的对比与分析,揭示了鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘陇县地区在南北方向上具“翘翘板”式的沉积-构造演化规律。通过构造控煤作用分析,预测出该区存在南北两个含煤有利区,并得到地震勘探验证。      

祁连-柴达木-东昆仑新元古-中生代沉积盆地演化

祁连-柴达木-东昆仑处于中央造山带的中西部, 经历了复杂的构造演化史.将祁连-柴达木-东昆仑地区划分为19个地层分区, 在总结各地层分区沉积盆地特征基础上, 讨论了祁连-柴达木-东昆仑地区的构造-沉积演化史: 新元古代-早古生代, 随着北祁连洋、赛什腾-锡铁山洋、东昆仑洋开始张裂, 研究区为陆缘裂谷、洋盆沉积; 早古生代末3个洋盆陆续消减闭合, 开始造山阶段的前陆盆地和碰撞造山后的陆缘裂陷沉积; 寒武纪-早-中三叠世, 东昆仑阿尼玛卿洋经历了拉张-俯冲-闭合, 之后全区进入陆内断陷、坳陷盆地阶段.研究区各地层分区的沉积盆地特征很好地记录了北祁连洋、赛什腾-锡铁山洋、东昆仑洋的开合及陆内造山等构造过程, 为重大构造事件提供了重要的沉积学证据.      

柴达木旺尕秀煤矿东南晚侏罗世—早白垩世风成砂古风向及古地理意义

柴达木盆地是我国西部地区的主要含油气盆地之一,对其油气勘探和基础地质研究工作已有70余年的历史,取得了大量研究成果,但柴达木中生代原型盆地恢复及构造演化等问题仍存在着诸多争议,影响了盆地的油气勘探进程。项目组对现今柴达木盆地周缘中生代地层开展沉积学、岩石学、沉积相分析等综合地质调查研究,在位于德令哈至都兰国道旺尕秀煤矿东南10 km山沟内原白垩系犬牙沟组地层中,发现一套滨浅湖相风成砂沉积。对其进行1∶100沉积构造厘定和岩石特征剖面实测研究后发现,剖面上发育典型的大型板状斜层理、颗粒流(grain flow)和下降流(fall flow)风成砂构造,并且伴生大量虫迹(traces)、潜穴(burrows)、泥裂和液化弯曲层理潜水位线之下的滨浅湖相沉积构造。同时采集大量组板状交错层理、斜层理等沉积构造古风向产状数据,室内利用古风向数据校正、玫瑰花图绘制进行系统研究,结果显示犬牙沟组风成砂沉积时期应盛行西风和西北风,与中国北方晚侏罗世—白垩纪时期区域研究资料一致。犬牙沟组垂向上显示了风成与水成交互—风成主导—水成主导的变化趋势,表明干湿波动性气候的存在。前人研究认为风成沉积是重要的油气储层,柴达木中生代盆地新发现的一套滨浅湖相风成砂沉积,对于盆地油气勘探有着重要的意义,且能为柴达木中生代盆地原型盆地恢复及构造演化研究提供帮助。     

柴达木盆地东北部新近纪构造旋转及其意义

青藏高原东北缘构造变形的研究是认识高原隆起过程、机制和印度—欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的重要途径。柴达木盆地是印度－欧亚板块碰撞后南北向挤压应力为动力背景的高原东北部内陆盆地,沉积物主要来自于周边山地,完整的保存了新生代以来高原隆升的详细记录。通过柴达木盆地东北部瑙格剖面精细古地磁及构造旋转研究发现,20.1～15.1Ma以及15.1～8.2Ma柴达木盆地分别发生了9.7°±7.4°和6.4°±4.4°的顺时针旋转,约8.2Ma后,柴达木盆地东北部瑙格地区发生了16°±7.5°的逆时针快速旋转。通过分析认为,前两次的顺时针构造旋转事件可能与阿尔金断裂的左旋走滑有关。而约82Ma以来的逆时针旋转事件属于柴达木盆地东北部瑙格地区的局部旋转,可能与温泉断裂的右旋走滑有关,说明青藏高原东北部在昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山三条巨型断裂系左旋相对运动的宏观控制下形成的NNW向温泉右旋走滑断裂开始走滑的年代为约8Ma。     

柴达木盆地及邻区侏罗纪原型盆地恢复及油气勘探前景

侏罗系是柴达木盆地最重要的源储层系之一。通过野外地质、剖面实测、地震解释、显微构造分析等大量系列资料的综合应用与分析,认为研究区自中生代以来,经历了印支期右行逆冲-走滑构造运动、早—中侏罗世伸展运动、早白垩世北西-南东向挤压及新生代南北向挤压运动,它们与早侏罗世至中侏罗世早期(小煤沟组至大煤沟组)在NE向伸展应力场作用下形成的断陷盆地、中侏罗世晚期至晚侏罗世(彩石岭组—洪水沟组)热力沉降坳陷盆地、早白垩世南北向挤压坳陷盆地密切相关。侏罗纪原型盆地发育三类沉积边界,即盆缘不整合边界(缓坡型和陡坡型边界)、盆内正断层边界、后期逆断层改造边界。不同的现存盆地边界类型对原型盆地恢复的作用不同。侏罗纪盆地以东昆仑构造带为界具有"北陆南洋"的古地理格局,柴达木地区的侏罗纪盆地主要发育在沿岸造山带和岛弧带的山前坳陷以及薄弱的柴北缘加里东俯冲碰撞带之上,形成相对分隔的独立盆地群。柴达木早、中、晚侏罗世原型盆地的分布因受到古特提斯洋向北偏东方向的俯冲作用和阿尔金断裂左旋走滑作用的影响,其沉积中心和沉积范围呈现出从早到晚向东北方向逐渐迁移的规律。早侏罗世盆地的沉积沉降中心主要位于柴北缘西部的冷湖—马海一带,中侏罗世盆地的沉积沉降中心主要位于柴北缘中段的大柴旦—怀头他拉一带,而晚侏罗世盆地的沉积沉降中心主要位于德令哈—乌兰一带。     

Oblique convergence during the Cimmerian collision: Evidence from the Triassic Aghdarband Basin,NE Iran

The Lower-Middle Triassic Aghdarband Basin, NE Iran, consists of a strongly deformed arc-related marine succession deposited along the southern margin of Eurasia in a highly mobile tectonic context. This basin is a key-area for the study of the Cimmerian events, as the Triassic units show severe deformations, which occurred short time after the collision of Iran with Eurasia, and were sealed by the Middle Jurassic succession. In this work, we document the structural setting and evolution of this area, based on detailed mesoscopic structural analyses of faults and folds, paleostress reconstruction and revision of the Triassic stratigraphy. The Triassic sequences are deeply involved in a N-verging thrust stack interacting with an important left-lateral transpressional fault zone characterized by strike-slip faults, vertical folds and high angle reverse faults generating intricate positive flowers. Systematic folds asymmetry indicates that they developed in a left-lateral transpressional zone coeval to thrust imbrication to the south, due to a marked strain partitioning.The extent of the transpressional zone shows that important left-lateral movements developed parallel to the belt during the Cimmerian collision, in response to oblique convergence between Iran and Eurasia. Inversion of Triassic syn-sedimentary faults, possibly inherited from Palaeozoic structures of the Kopeh Dagh basement and favouring strain partitioning, is suggested by unconformities, significant differences in the sedimentary successions, repeated olistoliths, scarp-related coarse breccias and rapid tectonic drowning, occurring especially along the northern tectonic boundary of the basin. Paleostress analyses point to a complex stress pattern showing a 45° rotation of the stress field along the left-lateral fault system, related to a complete deformation partitioning in two domains respectively characterized by pure reverse dip-slip and strike-slip motions. The main direction of compression, possibly oriented NE–SW in present days coordinates, favoured the development of large shear zones disrupting the eastern portion of the Cimmerian orogen.     

柴达木盆地西部中—新生代沉积构造演化

通过柴达木盆地西部茫崖-赛什腾山地表地质、航磁、重力、大地电磁测深和地震资料的综合分析,认为柴达木盆地夹持在昆北地块与赛什腾构造带之间,其中包括柴达木地块与祁连地块南缘2个一级构造单元和昆北地体北缘,柴达木盆地,赛什腾构造带和祁连地块南部的苏干湖盆地等4个二级构造单元。盆地的总体结构表现为东昆仑山和祁连山相向向盆地挤压对冲,盆地中部沉降的构造格局。盆地内部的构造样式以自盆地边缘至中心以此形成背斜构造为显著特征,背斜两翼多发育逆断层,构成“两断夹-隆”的构造格局。挤压应力主要来自南西方向、北东方向起阻挡作用。在两侧造山带的强烈挤压作用下,侏罗纪时期在祁连造山带南缘形成并不典型的前陆盆地,古近纪至新近纪时期则在祁连造山带与昆仑造山带之间形成双侧前陆盆地,第四纪属挤压坳陷盆地。     

Tectonic stress regimes,rift extension and transform motion: The South Iceland Seismic Zone

The South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) is located at the junction of three rift segments in southwestern Iceland. The presence of different types of faulting and of differently orientated subgroups in Upper Pliocene to Holocene formations indicate polyphase tectonism. We measured 736 minor faults at 25 sites. Two types of relationships between stress regimes are represented. The first type, named IDS (inhomogeneous data set), is characterized by the presence of two types of fault mechanisms, normal and strike-slip, consistent with a single direction of extension. The second type, named OSR (opposite stress regimes), is characterized by the presence of perpendicular directions of extensions for a single type (normal or strike-slip) of faulting. Because of contradictory chronological criteria, we infer that the OSR alternated during the brittle tectonic activity of the SISZ. Two stress regimes, primary and secondary, are characterized by directions of extension NW-SE and NE-SW, respectively. The general fracture pattern characterized for the primary stress regime in the SISZ includes NNE-SSW trending right-lateral strike-slip faults, conjugate ENE-WSW trending left-lateral faults and NE-SW normal faults. This distribution is quite consistent with a Riedeltype model of fault pattern in a left-lateral shear zone. The stress states characterized based on analysis of both the earthquake focal mechanisms and the recent faulting show great similarity in terms of stress directions. The main difference is the larger ratio of strike-slip motions representing 71 % of the total population in the case of earthquake focal mechanisms, whereas for the whole set of faults the proportion of strike-slip faulting was 50 %. We explain that a temporal evolution of the tectonic regime in the SISZ region, accompanied by a gradual change in stress field, starts with rift-type pure extension and progressively leads to development of preferentially strike-slip structures in the kinematic context of leftlateral transform motion.     

Late Quaternary and current deformation in the western Tunka system of basins: evidence from structural geomorphology and seismology

Integrated seismological and structural geomorphological studies of the western Tunka system of basins in the southwestern Baikal rift show that the historic seismicity reflects the general Late Quaternary evolution trend of structures. Crustal deformation occurs mainly as transpression. Compression follows block boundaries and the northern mountainous borders of basins, whereas extension acts upon basin inner parts which remain in “tectonic shadow” during left-lateral strike-slip motions on W-E faults. Principal stresses inferred from earthquake mechanisms are most often a combination of horizontal NW extension and oblique or vertical compression in the basins and vertical extension with horizontal NE compression in the bordering ridges and along block boundaries. The general deformation style in the region is dominated by strike-slip faulting, and compression (shortening) dominates over extension.     

阿尔金断裂晚新生代左旋走滑位错的地质新证据

通过对沿阿尔金断裂中段 (位于东经 88°至 92°)发育的晚第三纪走滑盆地沉积历史和走滑变形过程的野外观测以及对第四纪索尔库里盆地形成和演化过程的沉积环境复原的分析 ,提出了阿尔金断裂中段晚新生代左旋走滑位错的地质新证据。研究表明 ,晚第三纪走滑盆地经历了中新世晚期至上新世早期斜张走滑拉分和上新世晚期以来左旋错动的演化过程 ,沉积体沿断裂的错位分布特征指示至少发生了 80 km的左旋走滑位错。发育于阿尔金山链内部的索尔库里盆地起源于晚第三纪早期强烈的侵蚀作用 ,成为柴达木盆地快速沉积的主要物源区。该侵蚀盆地于中晚更新世闭合并演化成一个独立的沉积盆地。通过侵蚀盆地外流通道的复原指示阿尔金断裂自晚第三纪以来累积了 80～ 1 0 0 km的左旋位错。在此基础上 ,结合穿越断裂构造的 级区域水系形成的洪积裙宽度和主干河道沿断裂迹线的拐折长度 ,探讨了阿尔金断裂晚新生代左旋走滑位错量沿走向分布的特征 ,估算了左旋走滑速率     

柴达木盆地西南缘乌南油田新近系古地震纪录及储集性能研究

柴达木盆地为一新生代以来形成的叠合盆地,由于多期构造活动,盆内形成了多组断裂系统。受新近纪昆仑山北侧断裂活动的影响,盆地西南缘乌南地区地震活动强烈,发育一系列与地震有关的震积岩,形成多种类型的与地震活动有关的软沉积物变形构造。乌南油田新近系的软沉积物变形构造主要包括重荷模、火焰构造、震积砂枕、砂球构造、假结核、枕状层、液化砂泥岩脉、泄水构造、层内错断、地裂缝、串珠状构造、微褶皱纹理等。本区震积岩的岩石类型主要包括震褶岩、震裂岩、震塌岩、自碎屑角砾岩等。地震活动使岩层产生大量的微裂缝,裂缝沟通了原有的孔隙。尽管储集层孔隙度没有大幅度增加,但能够极大地改善储集层渗透性,使渗透率大幅度增加。震积岩特别是震裂岩和震碎角砾岩是一种潜在的油气储层,为油气勘探和开发提供了新的视角和领域。     

渤海湾盆地莱州湾凹陷新生代盆地演化

利用莱州湾凹陷及其围区现有的地震、钻井等勘探资料,通过地层展布特点分析、构造恢复、单井埋藏史-沉降史分析等手段,对凹陷的新生代构造演化进行了详细研究。对地层与构造的研究分析发现,新生代存在两期构造应力场变革对莱州湾凹陷的形成演化起到至关重要的作用,即沙三期前后应力场转换(40Ma左右)与古近纪、新近纪之间的应力场转换(20Ma左右),其中前者与郯庐断裂由左旋转为右旋这一事件相耦合,而可能与之具有一定内在联系。对于盆地性质的分析认为,莱州湾凹陷并非典型的右旋走滑拉分盆地,而是受走滑作用影响的以伸展作用主控的裂谷盆地,其中沙三期之前可能为左旋走滑影响下的断陷盆地,而之后则为右旋走滑作用改造下的断陷-坳陷盆地。综合分析后,最终将凹陷在新生代的演化分为断陷期(孔店-沙四期—沙三期)、断拗期(沙二-沙一期—东营期)、坳陷期(东一期—馆陶期)、新构造活动影响期(明化镇期至今)4个阶段。     

Tectonic stress regimes,rift extension and transform motion: the South Iceland Seismic Zone

Abstract

The South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) is located at the junction of three rift segments in southwestern Iceland. The presence of different types of faulting and of differently orientated subgroups in Upper Pliocene to Holocene formations indicate polyphase tectonism. We measured 736 minor faults at 25 sites. Two types of relationships between stress regimes are represented. The first type, named IDS (inhomogeneous data set), is characterized by the presence of two types of fault mechanisms, normal and strike-slip, consistent with a single direction of extension. The second type, named OSR (opposite stress regimes), is characterized by the presence of perpendicular directions of extensions for a single type (normal or strike-slip) of faulting. Because of contradictory chronological criteria, we infer that the OSR alternated during the brittle tectonic activity of the SISZ. Two stress regimes, primary and secondary, are characterized by directions of extension NW-SE and NE-SW, respectively. The general fracture pattern characterized for the primary stress regime in the SISZ includes NNE-SSW trending right-lateral strike-slip faults, conjugate ENE-WSW trending left-lateral faults and NE-SW normal faults. This distribution is quite consistent with a Riedel- type model of fault pattern in a left-lateral shear zone. The stress states characterized based on analysis of both the earthquake focal mechanisms and the recent faulting sow great similarity in terms of stress directions. The main difference is the larger ratio of strike-slip motions representing 71% of the total population in the case of earthquake focal mechanisms, whereas for the whole set of faults the proportion of strike-slip faulting was 50 %. We explain that a témpora evolution of the tectonic regime in the SISZ region, accompanied by a gradual change in stress field, starts with rift-type pure extension and progressively leads to development of preferentially strike-slip structures in the kinematic context of left- lateral transform motion. © Elsevier, Paris